Aphasmid Nematodes

Trichenella spiralis Trichuris trichiura Capillaria philippinensis

Trichina spiralis Trichocephalus trichiuris
Threadworm (Common Name) Trichocephalus dispar
Synonym
smallest nematode parasitizing human Whipworm (Common Name)

Trichinosis Trichuriasis Intestinal Capillariasis

Disease Caused
Trichinelliasis Trichocephaliasis whipworm infection
Geographic Distribution Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan
countries where pork is eaten raw or Warm, moist regions of the world Northern Luzon, Leyte, Thailand
Prevalent in
insufficiently cooked common in PHL
*80-120 microns at birth
*800-1300 microns in the muscle fiber
(encyst in muscle fiber)
*has a burrowing tip (spear-like at the
tapering anterior end)
Larva
*mature larva has digestive tract, similar to
adult worms
*reproductive organs not fully developed,
often possible to identify sex

No eggs (viviparous) *barrel shape, 50-54 microns by 22-23 Typical - eggs have thick shell, striated
microns bipolar plugs - peanut shaped
Eggs *has mucoid plugs (bipolar), unstained
intralaminar prominences, 4 layers, Atypical - thin shell without polar plugs like
*unsegmented when laid hookworm eggs
*Small worm with a slender anterior end, *flesh colored
minute and threadlike *Covered by transversely striated cuticle
*Mouth bears protrusible stylet *fleshy in posterior end
*cephalic papillae *attenuated in the anterior 3/5
M *anterior part largely filled with stichosome *spear like projection at its anterior
Adult
o *Stichosome - a compact cord of linearly extremity
r arranged gland like cells called stichocytes *enables worm to penetrate and anchor
p itself to the intestinal mucosa
h *esophagus has stichocytes
o
l *post extremity *30-45 mm 2.3 - 3.17 mm
o *curved ventrad *caudal extremity coiled 360 degrees or *has caudal alae
g *bears a pair of conspicious conical papillae more *spicule
y *long sacculate testes *long non spiny sheath - extends beyond the
TESTIS *single lancoelate spicule, protrudes though posterior end
Male *single a refractile sheath
*at short distance from the posterior end of
the body
*midbody - joins genital tube
*posterior - cloaca

*2.2mm (2x the length of the male) 1.5 as *35-50 mm 2.5-4.3 mm

broad
OVARY
*Single genital system
*Extreme posterior part of the body
Female *continuous w/ oviduct, uterus, vagina, as a
straight channel to the vulva
*Vulva - situated in the ventral side about
1/4 the body length from the anterior end
*posterior end - bluntly rounded
*single genital system
*vulva lies ventrally at the anterior extremity
of the fleshy portion of the worm
*1000 eggs/female/day
*body is divided into 2 almost equal parts:
*Anterior - esophagus and stichosome
*Posterior - intestine and reproductive
system
*Vulva - slightly prominent
*Produce larvae eggs - thick shelled, thin
shelled

Infective Stage Viable infective stage larva Embryonated eggs encysted larvae
Ingestion of inaduately cooked or improperly Ingestion of embryonated eggs in eating raw fresh water fish containing
processed infected lean meat with larva contaminated food and drinks encysted larvae
Mode of Transmission
ingestion of larvaw passed in feces of
infected carnivores

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 Aphasmid Nematodes
man, hogs, rats, bears, foxes, dogs, and cats, Man
Hosts but any carnivorous animal
Muscles
Habitat
Ingestion - stomach - cysts are digested free
from tissues - larvae excystation in
stomach/doudenum/jejunum - invade
mucousal epithelium - 4 larval stages - adult
(2nd day of infection) - mating - female
produce eggs - minute larvae in uterus -
Life Cycle
female deposits motile larvae - migrate into
intestinal lymphatics or mesenteric venules -
distributed throughout the body - blood
stream - striated muscles
Accidental Host - man
Intermediate Host - fish
Definitive host - birds
Cecum and other parts of the large intestine *gland and mucosa of lower 3rd of
duodenum
*jejunum - glands and adjacent tissues of the
lamina propia
*proximal 3rd of ileum
*a portion of adult worm protrudes into the
lumen
Ingestion - excysts in SI - larva matures -
adult - copulate - female lay eggs - passed
out with feces - embryonated in the
environment (fresh water) - eggs are
ingested by fish - hatch in fish intestine -
encysts in flesh - infective larval stage

*detection of the larval worms in the muscles
*Muscle Biopsy
*Xenodiagnosis=albino rats
*Bachman intradermal test
Diagnosis
*serologic test (BF test, CFT, IHAT)
*same animals acts a both final and IH
*Site of predilection - striated muscles
(superficial)
*5 larvae/g body muscle = Death
Other info
*demo of characteristic eggs in feces with
quantification
*has Charcot Leyden crystals
*Rectal prolapse
Resistance:
*egg is much less resistant to dessication and male from ilocos norte
heat than are those of Ascaris
*does not develop into infective stage on
hard clay and ashes
*will not survive under direct sun rays and
intense cold
Light infection = < 10 eggs/smear
Heavy = >50 eggs per smear
Massive = TNTC
Stool exam
*adult
*eggs - light infection - floatation
Demonstration of adult
*Scrappings from the intestinal wall
*Intestinal contents(small intestine)
*Intradermal skin test - sensitive and species
specific
discovered in the Philippines first case 1963 -
*in Pudoc river, Ilocos Sur
*All stages are seen in the feces
*Internal autoinfection is normal
*confined in the instetine
*10-14 days to embryonate
*2 weeks development to the IS in fish

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