Intestinal Nematodes

Ancylostoma
Strongyloides stercoralis Ancylostoma doudenale Necator americanus Ancylostoma braziliense Ancylostoma caninum
ceylanicum
Threadworm Old World Hookworm American hookworm
Strongyloides American murderer
intestinalis New world hookworm
Anguillula stercoralis
Synonym
tiny nematode in soil
and in animal intestines

Cosmopolitan Europe, Asia; becoming Worldwide

Prevalent in tropical and worldwide but America
Geographic temperate regions restricted Australia
Distribution where sanitation is poor Middle East, North
Africa, Southern Europe

Indirect
Periods in
Direct
Development
Autoinfection
cylindroidal and stout attenuated at the
vertical curvature, anterior end
directed dorso-anteriad buccal capsule has
(bends in the same ventral and dorsal
direction as the body cutting plates
curvature) worms are strongly
pinkish or creamy in flexed dorsal ward the
Adult worm color anterior end
covered w/ tough amphidial, excretory,
cuticle and esophageal glands
has 5 glands all serve an exodigestive
Esophageal gland function
secretes ferment

campanulate bursa 7-9mm long 8mm 8mm 10mm

consisting of 3 lobes (1 bursa is long and wide
dorsal and 2 lateral) dorsal ray divides into 2
dorsal ray - 3 rays (bipartite)
(tripartite) copulatory spicules are
2 externodorsal rays- 2 long and slender and
lateral lobes contains 10 fused at the tip, forming
Male worm
rays a delicate barb
total no. of rays:13
2 spicules and cloaca;
spicules regulated by
the gubernaculum

conoidal posterior 9-11 mm long 10mm 14mm 14mm

has subterminal anal Vulva: middle or
opening somewhat anterior
Vulva: midadvertently at
Female worm the beginning of the
distal third of the body

/pavjumamilAMDG+ Page 1 5/7/2015

 Intestinal Nematodes
oval or elliptical in shape resembles A. duodenale
65x40 microns but tend to be longer
colorless (not bile and somewhat
stained) elongated
2 layers (vitelline and daily egg output 9,000
hyaline membrane) eggs
Has segmented
protoplasm with 4 cannot be differentiated
blastomere with A. duodenale
Eggs
floats in saturated
solution of common salt
eggs not infective to
man
lays 25,000-30,000
eggs/day

2.2mm in length
semitransparent
filariform nematode w/
fine striated cuticle
Anterior: Slender
Posterior: short conical
end
Parasitic female Vulva: 1/3 from
posterior end
M
Uteri: single file 8-12
o
thin shelled, transparent
r
segmented ova
p
h
o
l Rhabditoid in form
o Parasitic male larger buccal chamber
g
y 0.7mm long
smaller than female
tail is curved ventrad
2 equal copulatory
Free living male
spicules
has gubernaculums
no caudal alae

1mm long
smaller than parasitic
female
typical rhabditoid free-
living nematode
double-bulbed muscular
esophageal pharynx
Free living intestine is straight
female Vulva: 2/5 from
posterior
Uteri: single column of
thin shelled, transparent
segmented ova

/pavjumamilAMDG+ Page 2 5/7/2015

 Intestinal Nematodes
225x16 microns larger than S. stercoralis
Anterior: Club shaped More attenuated
w/ post median posteriorly
constriction and a longer buccal cavity
posterior bulbus Smaller genital
esophagus primordium
conspicuous
primordium on the
Rhabditoid larva
ventral side halfway
down the midgut
buccal cavity: short
open mouth
Molt 4 times to become
free living adult

long, slender, non- larger than S. stercoralis

feeding pointed posterior end
550 microns in length infective stage to man
close mouth (urocanic acid)
long esophagus may remain viable in the
Filariform larva
tail with a notched soil for several weeks
appearance
infective to man
can swim in water

Adults are larger and Smaller and more

Size
thicker slender
Bends in the same Opposite direction to
Anterior end direction as the body body curvature
curvature
6 teeth large ventral 4 ventral semilunar Pair of large outer teeth Pair of larger outer 3 pairs of ventrad teeth
cutting teeth cutting plate Pair of small median teeth; pair of
Buccal capsule
teeth inconspicuous teeth

No of rays: 13 No of rays: 14 Broader, lateral rays, Small almost as broad as Long moderately
Dorsal ray: tripartite Dorsal ray: bipartite more curved, ray long, with short stunted slender rays
Copulatory Has 2 separate spicules, Has 2 spicules fused at supports are plump rays
bursa long and bristle like the tip forming a
delicate barb

Posterior end of Spine is present No spine

female
walking barefoot, larvae Skin penetration of Skin penetration of
can directly penetrate filariform larvae filariform larvae
Mode of Infection
exposed skin

Strongyloidiasis Ancylostomiasis Necatoriasis

Infection/Pathogen
Cochin China diarrhea Uncinariasis
esis

dermatitis: swelling, iron-deficiency anemia Classic hookworm

itching, larva currens hypothermia diseases
and mild hemorrhage at eosinophilia
the site where the skin protein malnutrition
has been penetrated stunted growth
Loffler's syndrome mental retardation
pneumonia like
symptoms
Clinical Symptoms tissue damage
sepsis
ulcers
Hyperinfection syndrom
(90% mortality rate)

/pavjumamilAMDG+ Page 3 5/7/2015

 Intestinal Nematodes
1. Free living Cycle Filariform - adults - Filariform - adults -
2. Parasitic Cycle copulate - immature copulate - immature
2.1. Filariform larvae eggs (passed out with eggs (passed out with
Life Cycle 2.2. Rhabditoid feces) - mature eggs (in feces) - mature eggs (in
larvae soil) - rhabditoid larvae - soil) - rhabditoid larvae -
filariform larvae filariform larvae

Life Span 5-7 years 4-20 years

Feces stool stool
Sputum
Specimen of Choice duodenal or gastric
aspirates
Infective Stage Filariform Larvae Filariform Larvae Filariform Larvae
PAPS smears of Ovum Ovum
duodenal or gastric
aspirate - eggs,
rhabditoid larvae,
filariform larvae,
parasitic adult female
Ascitic fluid, CSF, feces,
and sputum - Filariform
Diagnostic Stage larvae
Stools and duodenal
aspirates - rhabditoid
larvae
Sputum- rhabditoid
larvae (pulmonary
infection)

Ivermectin with Benzimidazole Benzimidazole

albendazole antihelminthic such as antihelminthic such as
Treatment improved sanitation albendazole or albendazole or
practicing good hygiene mebendazole mebendazole

Pathogenicity More pathogenic less pathogenic

Hosts Man Man Dogs and cats Dogs and Cats Dogs
Habitat Large Intestine Large intestine
Immunologic tests: IHAT food of the worm: Cutaneous larva Cutaneous larva Cutaneous larva
and ELISA mucous membrane, free migrans: migrans: migrans:
Other diagnostic cells, plasma Does not produce larva produce larva migrans in produce larva migrans in
techniques: migrans in man man man
Other info
direct fecal smears
culturing fecal samples
on agar plates

/pavjumamilAMDG+ Page 4 5/7/2015