2001/3/3

BBC 2001 2 20 J. Saffran

absolute pitch
70%
40%Hurni-
Schlegel1983 Miyazaki1988
Profita1988

perfect pitch
Hz

1
 C. Stump1883

Lang1993Rvsz 1913Meyer1899Abraham1901/1902
Copp1916

Gregerson1998
relative
pitchHurni-Schlegel1983

Costall1985
Verlernen lernen ver
Verlernen

1 Prgung

95% 5%Sergeant1969

Crozier1977

Fourier transformation

spectrum

1
K. Lorenz
Lorenz
Lorenz imprinting
K. Lorenz
2
20%Chouard1990

2
oval window 20000Hzapex
20Hz

/a//e//i//o//u/

/e/ 250Hz2000Hz 2600Hz formant

formant formant
/e//e/
/a/ 250Hz2000Hz 2600Hz
/e/

/e/250Hz2000Hz2600Hz /e/ formant

formant

formant

psychoacoustics virtual
pitch

spectral pitch
virtual pitch

3
 E. Terhardt 19741978 3

FFT
virtual pitch

4
5
schema
Krumhansl1991 6

auditory cortex
Zatorre1988
Zatorre1991
Zatorre1998

dorsolateral frontal cortex

conditional associative learning

3
virtual pitch

virtual pitch Terhardt1982 virtual pitch
spectral pitch Zwicker1999:111-124
virtual pitchpure tone
spectral pitchWard1982Miyazaki1989
4
temperate lobe

Milner1962Zatorre1988Johnsrude2000
5
Spatial-temporal versus language-analytic reasoning: the role of music training.
(http://www.educationthroughmusic.com/musicbrain.htm)
6

4
 inferior frontal cortex

formant
intonation
tone language

animal bioacousticsHulse1985
D'Amato1987/1988Tooze1990
9
Hulse1988 10

7
G. Schlaug 1995 magnetic resonance imaging
PTplanum temperate
PT Schlaug1995
PT
Hirata1999 Schlaug Zatorre 1998Schlaug
2000
PT
PT
PT Chen2000
8
D. Deutsch
Deutsch 1999

9


10
Richards1984
Hulse1986

11
12

inner and outer hair cells
feedback

otoacoustic emission

otoacoustic emission
Chouard1990 otoacoustic emission

13

14

11
O. Sacks
12


13

Takeuchi1993
Trehub1987

14
Grove psychology of music S. E. Trehub
V, 3(v): Early development:

sematic
spatial

Saffran

15
16

Perception in infancy & beyond

Rice1990
Gartner1993
440Hz La La

15



16

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YAMAHA

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......Slonimsky1988

Wolfgang Auhagen

Periodendauernanalyse
virtual pitch
virtual pitch

Kirnberger mitteltnig
a'=415Hz a'=439Hz
a'=440Hz 445Hz
a'=415Hz a'=445Hz

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BBC News, 20/02/2001, 09:18 GMT. Perfect pitch may help babies speak.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/in_depth/sci_tech/2001/san_francisco/newsid_1179000/1179664.stm
Chi Chen, Andrea Halpern, Ben Bly, Robert Edelman, Gottfried Schlaug. (2000). Planum Temporale
Asymmetry And Absolute Pitch. http://www.academicpress.com/www/journal/hbm2000/7233.html
Diana Deutsch, Trevor Henthorn, Mark Dolson. (1999). Tone Language Speakers Possess Absolute Pitch.
http://www.acoustics.org/138th/deutsch.htm
Perfect Pitch on the Internet. http://www.provide.net/~bfield/abs_pitch.html
Robert Zatorre's Homepage. http://www.zlab.mcgill.ca/