Telecommunications Engineering I - Fourier Representations and Time-Frequency Domain Relations

Lecture notes Telecommunications Engineering I by Jorma Kekalainen
Telecommunications
Engineering I
Jorma Kekalainen
363
Telecommunications
Engineering I
Fourier representations
364
Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 1

Signal classifications:
Deterministic vs. random
Deterministic signals: can be modeled as completely specified
functions, no uncertainty at all
Example: x(t) = Asin(t+)
Random signals: take random value at any time

Example: Noise-corrupted channel output
Probability distribution is needed to analyze the signal

It is more useful to look at the statistics of the signal:
Average, variance
365
Periodic vs. aperiodic
Periodic: A signal x(t) is periodic if and only

if we can find some constant T0 such that
x(t+T0) = x(t), -< t <.
Fundamental period: the smallest T0 satisfying
the equation above.
Aperiodic: Any signal not satisfying the
previous equation is called aperiodic.
366

Energy and power signals

Power and energy of arbitrary signal x(t):
Power is the average amount of energy transferred per unit of

time.
For a periodic signal:
Its energy is
367
Energy signal vs. power signal
368

Energy signals vs. power signals

A signal is called energy signal if its energy is finite
0<E< (so P = 0)
x(t) = 0 at infinity
A signal is called power signal if its power is finite
0<P< (so E = )
Periodic signals are power signals, but not energy signals.

369
Types of Fourier series and

transforms
Continuous-time signals:
Aperiodic: Fourier transform
Periodic: Fourier series
Discrete-time signals:
Aperiodic: Discrete-time Fourier transform
Periodic: Discrete-time Fourier series
370

Fourier Transform (FT)
For aperiodic, continuous-time signal:
: continuous
In terms of frequency f: Note = 2f
371
Amplitude and phase spectra
372
Note: |G(f)| is also called a magnitude spectrum.

Properties of FT: Conjugation
373
Symmetry property
374

Example: Unit rectangular function

(gate function)
375
Example: Rectangular pulse
376

Dilatation property
Proof:
The change of integral range when a<0.
Note: Compress in time expand in frequency

Expand in time compress in frequency 377
Example
378

Application of dilatation
If in addition g(t) is real, G(f) is conjugate symmetric,
379
Useful application
380

Example: Rectangular pulse
We know that
Find the FT of
Now a = 1/T:
381
Duality property
Proof:
Since t and f are independent variables, we can

interchange t and f (by ignoring their physical meanings)
So the FT of G(t) is g(-f) or

382

Duality: Application
Apply duality to
Then
So
Correspondingly
Note: G(f) = 0 for |f| > W, i.e., G(f) is band-limited,

but g(t) spans over infinite region.
383
Time functions and spectra dualism
Time-limited, not
band-limited
Band-limited, not
time-limited
384

Example
385and
Note: Duality can be used when we study single sideband (SSB) communications
Hilbert transform.
Time shifting or delay property
386
Note: Time delay only affects the phase spectrum.

Frequency shifting
387
Note: Frequency shifting is very useful in telecommunications.
Example
388

Differentiation
389
Note: This property is used in FM demodulation
Convolution
Note: Be careful using the convolution. It is very easy to make mistake about this 390
formula.

Convolution
391
Modulation
392

Parsevals theorem
(Rayleighs energy theorem )
393
Note: Energy can be calculated in either domain.
Diracs delta function
394

Unit impulse
395
Note: Delta function can be defined by sifting property directly.
Unit impulse
396

Impulse function
The delta function has the fundamental property that
and, in fact,
For .
397
Impulse function
Additional identities include
for , as well as
(
4
)
More generally, the delta function of a function of x is given by
where the xi s are the roots of g .

398

Example
Examine
(
8
Then , so and )
giving
399
Derivative of (t)
The fundamental equation that defines derivatives of the delta
function is
Letting in this definition, it follows that
(*)
where the second term can be dropped since
, so (*) implies 400

More generally
In general, the same procedure gives
but since any power of x times (t) integrates to 0, it follows that

only the constant coefficient term contributes.
Therefore, all terms multiplied by derivatives of (x) vanish,
leaving n!(x), so
which implies
401
LTI system
402

Impulse response
403
Convolution of input and impulse

response
404

(t) 1
405
1 ()
406

exp(j20t) (-0)
407
Note: A pure complex exponential signal only has one frequency component.
FT of sinusoids
408

FT of sinusoids
409
Fourier series
410

Example
411
Appendix: Fourier
Transform and Fourier
Series
A more detailed review
412

Telecommunications
Engineering I
A more detailed review:
Fourier Transform
413
F-series
414

Derivation of F-transforms
415
Note: The Fourier transform X (f) is a complex-valued of f that it can be

represented using the magnitude |X(f)| and the phase arg{X(f)} or X(f).
416

417
F{rect(t)}
418

Spectrum of rect(t)
419
F{(t)}
420

IF{(f-f0)}
421
IF{(f+f0)}
422

F-transform properties I
423
Example: Linearity
424

Example: Linearity
425
Example: DC value
426

F-transform properties II
427
Example: Scaling
428

Example: Scaling
429
Example: Time reversal
430

F-transform properties III
431
Example: Conjugation
432

Example: Duality
433
Example: Duality
434

Example: Duality
435
F-transform properties IV
436

Example: Time shifting
437
Frequency shifting
438

F-transform properties V
439
Example: Modulation
440

Example: Modulation
441
F-transform properties VI
442

Example: Time differentiation
443
Example: Time integration
444

F-transform properties VII
445
Example: Convolution in time domain
446

Example: Multiplication in time domain
447
448

449
Definition of transfer function
The transfer function or Laplacian frequency

function H(s) of the system is defined as a ratio
y(t) is a system time

where response to a system input
x(t) and L{y(t)} is a
Laplacian transform of a
system time response.
In studies of transfer functions all initial conditions
a[re assumed to be zeros.
450

Frequency response
The frequency response of the system is obtained setting s=j

in transfer function H(s) expression.
As a complex quantity the frequency response can be written
|H()| is the amplitude (magnitude) response of the system

and () is the phase response of the system.
451
Frequency response calculation
The amplitude response of the system |H()|

and the phase response of the system () are
calculated with formulas
452

Circuit elements in s-domain
The expressions of the passive circuit elements

in s-domain are obtained by means of
generalized Ohms law
Resistance R:
453
Circuit elements in s-domain
Inductance L:
Capacitance C:
454

Example
Derive a) transfer function, b) frequency

response, c) amplitude response, d) phase
response
455
Solution
456

Solution
457
Example
458

Example
459
Example
460

Example
461
Example
Note. Buffer implementation using a voltage follower: 462

Example
463
Example
464

Example
465
Solution
466

Solution
467
Solution
468

Solution
469
Solution
470

Solution
471
Telecommunications
Engineering I
A more detailed review:
Fourier Series
472

Example
473
Solution
474

Solution
475
Solution
476

Solution
477
Example
478

Solution
479
Solution
480

Definitions I
481
Definitions II
482

Definitions III
483
Line spectra
484

Cosine-sine form
485
Polar form
486

Complex form
487
Conversions between different F-series

forms
488


forms
489
Conversions between different F-series forms
490


forms
491
Harmonic analysis
492

Example
493
Example
494

Example
495
Example
496

Example
497
Line spectra of periodic rectangular pulses
498

Line spectrum of the periodic rectangular

pulse
499
Even symmetry
500

Example: Even symmetry
501
Odd symmetry
502

Example: Odd symmetry
503
Properties of the F-series
504

505
506

Example: Time shifting
507
Power of periodic signals
508

RMS value using F-coefficients
509
RMS value using F-coefficients
510

RMS power
511
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
512

Example
513
Solution
514

Example
515
Analysis procedure
516

F-series expansion of the input signal
517
Example
518

Example
519
Example
520

Example
521
Example
522

Example
523
Example
524

Example
525
Telecommunications
Engineering I
Correlation and spectrum
functions
526

Recap: Energy signals vs. power signals
527
Theorems: Convolution vs. Correlation
528

Rayleighs energy theorem
529
Rayleighs energy theorem
530

Autocorrelation
Note: Later we will define the autocorrelation of a random process using statistical
531
expectation.
Special case
Note: is real non-negative value.

532
Its unit is (J/Hz)

Wiener-Khintchine Theorem
533
Wiener-Khintchine Theorem
534

Example
535
Filtering effect
536

Cross-correlation
537
Special case: Orthogonality
538

Cross spectral density
539
Note: In general, cross spectral
densities are NOT real numbers.
Power spectral density
540

Power spectral density
541
Deterministic signals
542

Telecommunications
Engineering I
Some bandwidth definitions
and spectrum examples
543
Bandwidth
544

Null-to-null bandwidth
545
3 dB bandwidth
546

Root Mean-Square (RMS)

bandwidth
547
Radio spectrum
Radio spectrum is a scarce and expensive

resource:
US license fees: ~ $100 billions / year
Communications systems should provide the
desired quality of service with the minimum
bandwidth.
548

Spectra: Original, DSB and SSB
549
Double Sideband Modulation (DSB)
550

DSB spectrum
551
DSB spectrum
552

Modulation and demodulation of DSB
553
Synchronous demodulation
(coherent detection)
554

Modulation and demodulation of DSB
555
Telecommunications
Engineering I
Hilbert Transform and
analytic signal
556

Concepts
In telecommunication we often need to look at
relationships between real and imaginary parts of a
complex signal.
These relationships are generally described by Hilbert
transforms.
Hilbert transform not only helps us relate the I and Q
components, but it is also used to create a special
class of causal signals called analytic.
The analytic signals help us to represent bandpass
signals as complex signals which have specially
attractive properties for signal processing.
557
Hilbert transform in modulation
The role of Hilbert transform in modulation is

to take the carrier which is a cosine wave and
create a sine wave out of it.
558

Fourier spectrum of real signals
Amplitude: even function

Phase: odd function
Only needs to know half of the spectrum
559
Spectra: DSB and SSB
560

Implementation of SSB
Note: Proof of the Hilbert transform needs sgn(t), sgn(f), exponential function, and561
duality property
Analytic signal (pre-envelope)
562

Hilbert transform (HT)
563
Properties of HT
564

Derivation of HT
565
Derivation of HT
566

Derivation of HT
567
Derivation of HT
568

Example
569
Example
570

SSB signal
571
Example
572

Analytic signal xn(t) Xn()
573
Recap: Spectra
574

USB signal
575
USB signal
576

LSB signal
577
USB and LSB
578

Waveform
579
Example
580

Example waveforms
581
Telecommunications
Engineering I
Complex representation
582

Recap: Analytic signal
583
Complex envelope representation of

bandpass systems
584

Complex envelope
585
Example: Complex envelope
586

Example
587
Example
588

In-phase (I) and Quadrature (Q)

components
589
Extraction/construction of
quadrature components
590

Low-frequency envelope
591
Three envelopes
592

Application of complex envelope
593
Application of complex envelope
594

Telecommunications Engineering I - Fourier Representations and Time-Frequency Domain Relations

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Telecommunications Engineering I - Fourier Representations and Time-Frequency Domain Relations

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Lecture notes Telecommunications Engineering I by Jorma Kekalainen

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 1

Random signals: take random value at any time

Probability distribution is needed to analyze the signal

Periodic vs. aperiodic

Periodic: A signal x(t) is periodic if and only

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 2

Energy and power signals

Power is the average amount of energy transferred per unit of

For a periodic signal:

Energy signal vs. power signal

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 3

Energy signals vs. power signals

A signal is called power signal if its power is finite

Periodic signals are power signals, but not energy signals.

Types of Fourier series and

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 4

Fourier Transform (FT)

For aperiodic, continuous-time signal:

In terms of frequency f: Note = 2f

Amplitude and phase spectra

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 5

Properties of FT: Conjugation

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 6

Example: Unit rectangular function

Example: Rectangular pulse

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 7

The change of integral range when a<0.

Note: Compress in time expand in frequency

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 8

If in addition g(t) is real, G(f) is conjugate symmetric,

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 9

Example: Rectangular pulse

Since t and f are independent variables, we can

So the FT of G(t) is g(-f) or

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 10

Note: G(f) = 0 for |f| > W, i.e., G(f) is band-limited,

Time functions and spectra dualism

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 11

Time shifting or delay property

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 12

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 13

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 14

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 15

Diracs delta function

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 16

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 17

More generally, the delta function of a function of x is given by

where the xi s are the roots of g .

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 18

Letting in this definition, it follows that

where the second term can be dropped since

, so (*) implies 400

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 19

but since any power of x times (t) integrates to 0, it follows that

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 20

Convolution of input and impulse

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 21

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 22

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 23

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 24

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 25

Fourier representations and time-frequency domain relations 26

Note: The Fourier transform X (f) is a complex-valued of f that it can be