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We can use the rules of logarithms given above to derive the following
information about limits.
lim ln x = , lim ln x = .
x x0
I
cos x
=
sin x
Using Chain Rule for Differentiation : Example 2
Differentiate
ln | 3 x 1|.
d 1
I We can simplify this to finding dx 3 ln |x 1| , since
ln | 3 x 1| = ln |x 1|1/3
I
d 1 1 1 d 1
ln |x 1| = (x 1) =
dx 3 3 (x 1) dx 3(x 1)
Using Substitution
Reversing our rules of differentiation above, we get:
Z Z 0
1 g (x)
dx = ln |x| + C and dx = ln |g (x)| + C
x g (x)
R x
I Example Find the integral 3x 2 dx
I Using substitution, we let u = 3 x 2 .
du
du = 2x dx, x dx = ,
2
I Z Z
x 1
dx = du
3 x2 2(u)
I
1 1
= ln |u| + C = ln |3 x 2 | + C
2 2