Single Phase Circuit

Single phase circuit a I b

components:
L VL
V
AC circuits Voltage or current sources
Impedances (resistance,
R VR

Single-phase Circuits inductance, and capacitance) g

The components are 10 Vo

connected in series or in 5

parallel. v (t) 0
5
The figure shows a simple
10
circuit where a voltage source 0 60 120 180 240 300 360

(generator) supplies a load deg

T
(resistance and inductance in
1 series). 2

Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

The voltage source produces a sinusoidal
voltage wave The rms value is calculated by:
v (t ) = 2 Vrms cos( t + )
where: Vrms is the rms value of the voltage (volts) 1 T
is the angular frequency (rad/sec) Vrms = v(t) dt
2

T 0
2 1
= 2 f = rad/sec f= Hz The peak value (max value) of the voltage is:
T T

f is the frequency (60 Hz in USA, 50 Hz in Europe). V 0 = 2 V rms

T is the time period (seconds).
3 4

Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

Complex Notation
The current is also sinusoidal
i (t) = 2 I rms sin ( t - ) Voltage phasor:
V= V e j or
where: I rms is the rms value of the current.
is the phase-shift between current and V= V = V cos + j V sin
voltage.
where : V is the rms value, and is the phase
The rms current is calculated by the angle
Ohms Law: V
I = rms rms
Note: The supply voltage phase angle is often
where: Z is the impedance Z selected as the reference with = 0
5 6

1
 Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit
The sinusoidal current, voltage is expressed in
Complex Notation complex form:
Current phasor
j
V Ve
j
Vo I rms e V rms ( cos ( ) + j sin( ) )
= [cos ( ) + j sin ( )]
V j ( ) V
I= = j
= e
Z Ze Z Z

.
j
Io Irms e Irms ( cos ( ) + j sin ( ) )

7 8

Single Phase Circuit

Vo I o Z o
The Ohm law
Impedances . states:V V o rms j ( ) Vrms j ( )
Zo e e
Io Irms Irms

Zo Z ( cos ( ) + 1j sin( ) )

Zo is the impedance

9 10

Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

Impedance Triangle
The impedance has resistive and reactive part,
The reactance depend on the frequency:
Ro + j Xo( )
.
Zo Z = Z e j

The absolute value and phase angle is: Z= R 2+ X2

Xo .
atan
R o + X o( )
2 2 X
= a tan ( )
Zo
Ro R

11 12

2
 Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit
The impedances (in Ohms) Series connection
are :
a) Resistance (R)
j Lind
N

b) Inductive reactance . XL
Ze Zk
c) Capacitive reactance 1
k =1
Xc
j C cap

13 14

Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

Series connection Example: (resistance, Parallel connection
capacitor, and inductance connected in series)

1
Z e = Z R + Z L + Z C = R + j Lind +
j C cap
= Z e j = Z [cos( ) + j sin( )]

1 1
1
2 Lind
C cap


Ze =
Z = R 2 + Lind = arctan N
1
Z

C cap
R


k =1 k
15 16

Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

Parallel connection
Delta-wye
Impedance phasor: (resistance, capacitor, transformation
and inductance connected in parallel)
Zb
a
Z

1 1 1
Z= = = Z1 Z 2
Y 1 1 1 1 1 Za =
+ + + + jC Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3
R j L 1 R j L
Z1 Z 3 Za Zb + Zb Zc + Zc Za
j C Zb = Z1 =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 Reverse Zc
Two impedances connected in parallel Z2 Z3 Za Zb + Zb Zc + Zc Za
Zc = Z2 =
1 Z1 Z 2 Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 Zb
Z= = Za Zb + Zb Zc + Zc Z a
1 1 Z1 + Z 2 Z3 =
+
Z1 Z1 Same values Z = 3 ZY Za

17 18

3
 Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit
Example: Calculate the impedance of a motor and
capacitor connected in parallel Example: Calculate the impedance of a motor and
capacitor connected in parallel
Xmot := 23 Rmot := 20 C comp_M := 500F

f := 60Hz := 2 f = 376.991Hz

X mot_C :=
1 X mot_C = 5.305i
1j C mot_C
Fig. 2.7
1
Fig 2.6 Z mot :=
1
+
1
+
1
Z mot = 2.125 6.163i .
1jX mot R mot X mot_C
Xmot := 23 Rmot := 20 C comp_M := 500F

19 20

Single Phase Circuit

Single Phase Circuit
Instantaneous power is the product of the
instantaneous voltage and current

p(t ) = v(t ) i (t ) = 2 Vrms cos( t + ) 2 I rms cos( t + )

Power Using the trigonometric identity
cos( ) cos( ) = 12 cos( ) + 12 cos( + )
The instantaneous power is:

p (t ) = Vrms I rms [cos ( ) + cos ( 2 t + + )]

21 22

Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

The average or active power is the integral Power Factor , Should be more than 0.8
T
1 P P
P=
T p (t ) dt = V
0
rms I rms cos ( ) pf = = = cos ( )
Vrms I rms S

Apparent power S = Vrms *I rms Power triangle

Complex power:
S = Vrms I *rms = Vrms e j I rms e j S
Q
= Vrms I rms cos( ) + j Vrms I rms sin( )
= P + jQ P
23 24

4
 Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

General impedance load:

AC Circuit
Power on a resistive load
2
Vrms
P = I rms
2
R=
R
25 26

Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

The circuit has voltage source and impedances Lagging and leading current

Generator
current and
voltage are in the
same direction
Load: current
and voltage are in
Example single phase circuit opposite direction

27 28

Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

The current is calculated by the Ohm Law Transmission line supplies a load
The load voltage must be +/-
5% of the generator voltage
Vrms Voltage regulation is
I rms = calculated

Z The loss must be minimized

Load served by a line

The efficiency of transmission

is calculated
Z = R 2 + X ind
2

Equivalent circuit
29 30

5
 Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

Voltage regulation
The load current is: Vno load Vload
V load Voltage Regulation = 100%
I load I line Vload
Z load
Vgen Vload
Voltage Regulation = 100%
Vload
The source voltage using loop equation is:
Pgen Ploss
(
V gen := V load + I line R line + j X line ) Efficiency efficiency =
Pnet
Pgen
=
Pgen

31 32

Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

Kirchhoff s laws:
I2 The sum of the currents entering any
Currents: The sum of
I1 I3 node point is zero I A
the currents entering A

any node point is zero I5 IAB ICA

I4
node A : I A + I CA I AB = 0 IB IBC

N N node B : I B + I AB I BC = 0
i I
B C

k (t ) = 0 or k =0 node C : I C + I BC I CA = 0 IC
k =1 k =1

33 34

Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

IT
Current division Nodal analysis Network 1 Network 2

Line 1 Line 2
I1 I 3 + I 2 = 0
Z par I1
Z1
I2
Z2 ZN
IN
Ik = IT V1 V3 V3 V V3 Capacitor
+ 2 =0
R1 + j X 1 j X cap R2 + j X 2
Zk V1 V2
+
R1 + j X 1 R2 + j X 2
V3 =
1 1 1
Z2 + +
R1 + j X 1 j X cap R2 + j X 2
Two elements I1 = I T
Z1 + Z 2 V1 V3 V2 V3 V3
I1 = I2 = I3 =
R1 + j X 1 R2 + j X 2 j X cap
35 36

6
 Single Phase Circuit Kirchhoffs Current low
Nodal analysis
V1 := 7.2kV V2 := 7.2 e
j 60deg
kV := 2 60Hz
Kirchhoff s laws:
X1 := 11 X2 := X1 Voltages:
Guess value
R1 := 4 R2 := R1
V3 = 6.2V-j4.5V The sum of the voltages around any
1
Ccap := 100F Xcap :=
Ccap
loop is zero.
Given
V1 V3 V3 V V3
Other formulation is:
+ 2 =0
R1 + j X 1 j X cap R2 + j X 2 The sum of generator voltages is
equal to the sum of load voltages.
( )
Find V3 = 6.381 4.54jkV V3 = 7.831kV ( )
arg V3 = 35.434deg

37 38

Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

Voltage division Voltage division

VS VR VX = 0
or
VS = I R + I j X
Zk
Vk = VT
Z ser
39 40

Single Phase Circuit Single Phase Circuit

Loop Analysis Thevenins theorem

The source is the open circuit voltage of the

V1 I L1 (R1 + j X 1 ) (I L1 + I L2 ) j X cap = 0 network.
V2 I L2 (R2 + j X 2 ) (I L2 + I L1 ) j X cap = 0 The impedance is the short circuit impedance of
the network.
R1 + j (X 1 + X cap ) j X cap I L1 V1 A power network short circuit impedance is an
=

j X cap R2 + j (X 2 + X cap ) I L2 V2 inductive reactance, the open-circuit voltage is
the rated line-to-neutral voltage
Vln
Xnet = j
I=Z V
-1
Solution I short
41 42

7
 Single Phase Circuit

Loads
S Load = VLoad I *Load = Vrms _ load I rms _ load e j Load
Constant power
PLoad j Load
Constant power = S Load e j Load = e
pf Load
factor
*
Voltage within +/- S
5% I Load = Load
VLoad
Phase angle:
Positive ---Lagging PLoad
I Load = e m j arccos( pf Load )
Negative---Leading VLoad pf Load

43