A Technical Seminar Report

on

NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION

Submitted by
THOKALA NAGI REDDY

(13641A0522)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHONOLOGY
IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Bollikunta, Warangal.
(2016-2017)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the technical seminar report entitled NEAR FIELD

COMMUNICATION being submitted by T.NAGI REDDY bearing Roll Number:

13641A0522 in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Computer Science & Engineering in academic year 2016-17 to the Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Hyderabad is a record of bonafied work carried out under my
guidance and supervision.

Seminar Coordinator Head of the Department

Assoc Prof.K.Goutham Raj Prof.Dr.V.Janaki

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to my seminar coordinator

Mr.K.Goutham Raj, Assoc. Prof of COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING
department for her valuable guidance, inspiration and constant encouragement throughout the
course of this work.

My special thanks to Mrs.V.Janaki, Head of CSE department and to all the faculty
members for their valuable assistance extended during the entire seminar period.

Last but not least, I would like to express heartfelt gratitude to all others and especially my
classmates who directly and indirectly helped me in bringing out this seminar successfully

With Sincere Thanks From

T.Nagi Reddy

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 INDEX

1.Abstract ........... 5

2.Introduction 6

3.Working Of NFC ... 7

4.Unique Features .. 10

5.Applications Of NFC ....................... 12

6.Comparison With Other Technology.15

7.Comparison With Bluetooth And Infrared.................. 16

8.Advantages Of NFC . .17

9.Future Scope ..18

10.Conclusion ..... .20

11.References . .21

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 ABSTRACT

NFC is one of the latest wireless communication technologies. As a short-range wireless

connectivity technology, NFC offers safe yet simple and intuitive communication between
electronic devices. Users of NFC-enabled devices can simply point or touch their devices to
other NFC-enabled elements in the environment to communicate with them, making
application and data usage easy and convenient.

With NFC technology, communication occurs when an NFC- compatible device is brought
within a few centimeters of another NFC device or an NFC tag. The big advantage of the
short transmission range is that it inhibits eavesdropping on NFC-enabled transactions.NFC
technology opens up exciting new usage scenarios for mobile device .

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 INTRODUCTION

Near Field Communication(NFC) is a technology for contactless short-range communication.

Based on the Radio Frequency Identification(RFID),it uses magnetic field induction to
enable communication between electronic devices. The number of short-range applications
for NFC technology is growing continuously, appearing in all areas of life. Especially the use
in conjunction with mobile phones offers great opportunities.

One of the main goals of NFC technology has been to make the benefits of short-range
contactless communications available to consumers globally. The existing radio
frequency(RF) technology base has so far been driven by various business needs, such as
logistics and item tracking. While the technology behind NFC is found in existing
applications, there has been a shift in focus most notably, in how the technology is used and
what it offers to consumers.

With just a point or a touch, NFC enables effortless use of the devices and gadgets we use
daily. Here are some examples of what a user can do with an NFC mobile phone in an NFC-
enabled environment:

Download music or video from a smart poster.

Exchange business cards with another phone.

Pay bus or train fare.

Use a point-of-sale terminal to pay for a purchase, the same way as with a standard
contactless credit card.

Pair two Bluetooth devices.

An NFC-enabled phone functions much like standard contactless smart cards that are used
world wide in credit cards and in tickets for public transit systems. Once an application, such
as a credit card application, has been securely provisioned to the NFC-enabled phone, the
customer can pay by simply waving the phone at a point-of-sale reader. The NFC phone also
offers enhanced security, enabling the user to protect the secure applications through the
phone's user interface features

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 WORKING OF NFC

I know Ive said my piece about NFC safety and security in the past, but to just quickly
reiterate: NFC is safe, most think even more so than credit cards. On top of that it is faster
and more efficient.

Many would say the widespread implementation of NFC has just barely started or maybe
isnt even here yet. In Japan, NFC technology has been mainstream for quite a while and has
proven to be quite successful.

NFC Technology is made possible by the NFC enabled computer chips that are built into the
device. The chip sends and receives electronic data and information a short distance, which is
usually about 4 centimeters. Whats impressive about these chips is there is so much
crammed into such a small space. They need to do this so they can fit into cellular devices
and smart phones without being a burden to the manufacturer. The phone designer shouldnt
have to make a phone bigger then they want to just to fit a clumsy chip. It is this impressive
chip that communicates with the NFC receiver.

Smart tags or NFC spots contain a message such as a URL that communicates with the device
that can do things such as unlocking doors in hotels, purchasing items, automatically
connecting to customer service lines, and even sending media to your friends or collecting
videos from NFC spots such as the trailer to the next big movie coming out. NFC technology
is definitely comparable to bluetooth however NFC doesnt use as much electricity and it
connects much easier however it unfortunately doesnt transfer data as quickly. This means
slower downloads. Fortunately, Near-field communication wont be relied on as much for
large scale downloading as bluetooth is. Some NFC chips are looking to completely replace
the current SIM card.

In Japan, NFC chips are used in the train system pass cards so users need only swipe the pre-
paid card past the gate to be allowed entry. This technology doesnt even require they remove
the cards from their purse or wallets. Some local eateries and grocery stores even allow the
subway pass cards to be used as legal pre paid tender. Whether the same type of system will
be implemented here remains to be seen but you can only imagine the possibilities there will
be.

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Companies can give NFC chips to employees to allow them key card access to certain areas
of the office as well as for access for hotel rooms in place of keys. In some cases, nfc chips
and receivers are the basis of a homes security system. Airlines have used them in place of
boarding passes. When uploaded onto the NFC chip on your smart phone you could get to the
airport and get on your air plane in only 15 minutes. If you can imagine a world where you
dont have to show up at the airport 3 hours early Im sure everyone would move there.

Some eateries around the world are adding NFC chips to their menus so people who dont
speak the local language can swipe their phones by the menu to see the menu in their
language or even hear a translation read to them by specific applications! Also some stores
have NFC spots at the end of the isle and this would allow the customer to see what items are
featured in the isle and what items are on sale or what the specials are for the week. All of the
cool things Ive mentioned above are currently implemented in Japan. Its up to us to get this
to happen here.

Im hoping we are just late to hop on the NFC bandwagon and we will also eventually get to
this point. There is speculation that it wont catch on here but based on what weve seen so
far I think were only a few years away.

Now that all my readers should be fully familiar with NFC let us take one last look at
everything that will likely be revolutionized by near field communication. Im warning you
now: the content of this article may cause you to immediately run out to the store and buy an
NFC enabled cell phone. Honestly, I cant give myself that much credit but I hope to at least
help to sway you towards considering getting on board with near field communication.

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Tickets!

Imagine going to the baseball field and simply waving your phone past the check in booth to
gain entry to a major league game. Imagine boarding a train or bus by simply waving your
phone past an NFC hotspot. All of these things can and most likely will be possible with
NFC. NFC can be utilised anywhere a ticket needs to be acquired to gain entry, an NFC
phone and reader would be able to do the same thing. Lots of ticketing companies are already
using passive NFC tags inside tickets to allow entry into their stadiums. Using a phone would
just be the next logical step, which saves posting the ticket out, and from makes the path from
purchase to redemption seamless and secure.

Key Cards!

Any fan of video games will know full well the importance of having the right key card to
enter the specific door. Now instead of needing a specific key or a specific card, all of the
areas you are cleared to enter or even your own house or apartment can be accessed by
simply waving your phone past the receiver placed next to the door. This technology should
probably be paired with another form of biometrics as it seems anyone with your phone could
access anywhere. Perhaps a fingerprint scan, retina scan or even something as simple as a few
digits to enter on your cell phone as a password would be practical. Lots of offices already
have key fobs that you scan to gain access into the building, and these could be replaced with
NFC capable phones. This technology can also be used for access to your home, cars and
hotels.

And, last but not least, MONEY!

I know Ive touched on this before and it may seem like Im beating a dead horse but using
NFC to replace your wallet or even to make occasional purchases is the most practical and
impressive feature that NFC can bring to the consumer. Simply needing to swipe your phone
past the card reader to pay for your products is quicker, easier and much more fun than any
other form of payment especially because the customer will probably already be talking or
texting on that phone at the time of the transaction anyway! The exchange of money is a
little more complicated, as there are multiple levels of security to implement and your NFC
phone would have to be registered with a wireless payment system like Barclaycard
Contactless.

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 UNIQUE FEATURES

What makes the communication between the devices so easy is that the NFC protocol
provides some features not found in other general-purpose protocols.First of all,it is a very
short-range protocol. It supports communication at distances measured in centimeters. The
devices have to be literally almost touched to establish the link between them. This has two
important consequences:

(1) The devices can rely on the protocol to be inherently secured since the devices must be
placed very close to each other. It is easy to control whether the two devices communicate by
simply placing them next to each other or keeping them apart.

(2) The procedure of establishing the protocol is inherently familiar to people: you want
something to communicate touch it. This allows for the establishment of the network
connection between the devices be completely automated and happen in a transparent
manner. The whole process feels then like if devices recognize each other by touch and
connect to each other once touched.

OPERATING MODES OF NFC:

NFC is a proximity coupling technology closely linked to the standard of proximity smart
cards as specified in ISO 14443. NFC Devices are capable of 3 different operating modes

PEER-TO-PEER MODE (NFC) :

This mode is the classic NFC mode, allowing data connection for up to 424kBit/sec.

READER/WRITER MODE (PCD):

NFC devices can be used as a reader/writer for tags and smart cards. In this case the NFC
device acts as an initiator and the passive tag is the target. In reader/writer mode data rates of
106 kBit/sec are possible.

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TAG EMULATION MODE (PICC):

In this mode the NFC device emulates an ISO14443 smart card or a smart card chip
integrated in the mobile devices is connected to the antenna of the NFC module. A legacy
reader cant distinguish a mobile ph one operating in tag emulation mode from an ordinary
smart card. This is an advantage of NFC technology as already existing reader
infrastructures do not need to be replaced. The smart card chip used for tag emulation
is also referred to as secure element.

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 APPLICATIONS OF NFC

Banking applications:

The banks do not remain still facing a plethora of service offers and eMoney is likely to
develop in two technological directions. Indeed, electronic financial transactions are no
longer an exclusive monopoly of banking institutions, which see new entrants appearing in
their turf.

Banking institutions are facing an increasing competition not only from mobile network
operators, but also from other financial institutions, retailers, large groups of telcos, internet
service providers, card manufacturers and other startups like PayByPhone, etc.

Closed-loop commercial transactions:

Close-loop payments comprise commercial transactions that do not involve financial and
payment transactions, and where financial institutions or banks are not involved. In this case,
transactions do not rely on currencies or trust documents games currencies or fiduciary
documents, but rather counters of tokens or points. These are usually of limited value in time
and are used in a restricted area of consumption.

Contextual information:

One of usages of NFC that is simple to implement consists of reading an NFC tag with an
NFC-enabled mobile device. NFC handset reads the data stored in the chip of a tag, opening
doors to multiple use cases and potential functions either through a mobile web application
and OTI (Over The Internet) connection or throughan online/offline application installed on
the phone.

Such usages may be found in applications like smart posters that offer static information
and therefore specific to the announcement and visual display. Generally, an NFC tag is

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doubled by a QR code, a second possible technique, to ensure the maximum coverage of
potential users.

Static information:

Smart poster tags with static information generally give access to a web page. NFC mobile
device reads in the memory of RFID/NFC tag a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). This
address will be used to connect directly to the corresponding web page giving access to
specific information that is generally static.

Dynamic information:

The notion of dynamic smart posters implies contextualization and sometimes interaction
with the user.

This dynamic information can also be generated thanks to various additional criteria: user
profile (language, favorites, timeframes, environment, related events, etc.). In this context,
many communities are rolling out such services on their territories for transportation, tourism,
civic life, etc.

Identification:

As of identification, objects to be identified, along with reasons and for what functional
purposes, should be distinguished.

In functional context of peoples identification, whether it will rely on contactless cards or

NFC devices to identify or assist in object holder authentication (eID, biometric passport,
etc.), the implementation of NFC should bring into play notions of security and data
protection.

In this field, NFC is to play a key role with its security features related particularly to Secure
Elements (cf. 1.5.2.1 Secure Elements).

In case of object identification at large, whether it is about containers, products, animals, or

materials, there are many technologies, starting from simple visual number written on the
object, bar codes, through organic, chemical or biological.

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Access control:

-Physical access control

-Logical access control

-Ticketing

Smart objects control, pairing:

By approaching two NFC devices secure pairing may be established, allowing media
streaming (sound, images, video via Bluetooth or WiFi Direct connection, etc.). Many
devices of consumer leisure equipped NFC chips are placed on the market by Companies like
Sony, Samsung, Nokia, etc., have unveiled various consumer electronics, including acoustic
systems, headphones, TVs, etc., with embedded NFC connectivity. Some experts believe it
will be the same for household appliances.

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 COMPARISON WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGY

NFC AND RFID:

The heritage of earlier standards gives NFC compatibility benefits with existing RFID
applications, such as access control or public transport ticketing it is often possible to
operate with old infrastructure, even if the RFID card is replaced with an NFC-enabled
mobile pho ne, for example. This is possible because of NFCs capability to emulate RFID
tags.

For example, a credit card could be integrated into a mobile phone and used over NFC.
NFCIP-1 is an NFC- specific communication mode, defined in the ECMA-340 standard. This
mode is intended for peer-to-peer data communication between devices. In this mode,
NFC is comparable to other short -range communication technologies such as IRDA,although
the physical data transfer mechanism is different.

Basically, the technologies Radio Frequency Identification and Near Field Communication
use the same working standards. However, the essential extension of RFID is the
communication mode between two active devices. In addition to contactless smart cards (ISO
14443), which only support communication between powered devices and passive tags, NFC
also provides peer-to-peer communication .Thus, NFC combines the feature to read out and
emulate RFID tags, and furthermore, to share data between electronic devices that both have
active power.

NFCIP-1 is an NFC-specific communication mode, defined in the ECMA-340 standard. This

mode is intended for peer-to-peer data communication between devices. In this mode, NFC is
comparable to other short -range communication technologies such as IRDA, although the
physical data transfer mechanism is different. The NFCIP-1 mode is divided into two
variants: active mode and passive mode.

In active mode, both participants generate their own carrier while transmitting data.

In passive mode, only the initiator generates a carrier during communications, and the target
device uses load modulation when communicating back to the initiator, in a way similar to
passive RFID tag behavior. This makes it possible to save power in the target device, which
is a useful feature if the target device has a very restricted energy source, such as a small
battery.

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 COMPARISON WITH BLUETOOTH AND INFRARED

Compared to other short-range communication technologies, which have been integrated into
mobile phones, NFC simplifies the way consumer devices interact with one another and
obtains faster connections. The problem with infrared, the oldest wireless technology
introduced in 1993, is the fact that a direct line of sight is required, which reacts sensitively
to external influences such as light and reflecting objects. The significant advantage over
Bluetooth is the shorter set-uptime.

Instead of performing manual configurations to identify the others phone, the connection
between two NFC devices is established at once (<0,1s). Table points out these different
capabilities of NFC, Bluetooth and infrared. All these protocols are point-to-point protocols.
Bluetooth also supports point-to-multipoint communications. With less than 10cm, NFC has
the shortest range .

This provides a degree of security and makes NFC suitable for crowded areas.The data
transfer rate of NFC(424 kbps) is slower than Bluetooth (721kbps),but faster than
infrared(115 kbps). In contrast to Bluetooth and infrared NFC is compatible to RFID. This
will engage the wireless interface of the two devices and configure them to link up in a peer-
to-peer network. Once the device is linked up using NFC, they can continue communication
using long range and faster protocols such as Bluetooth or wireless Internet (WiFi).

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 ADVANTAGES OF NFC

NFC technology has several advantages over other wireless technology because it provides
bidirectional communication for exchanging information i.e. both devices can send and
receive data simultaneously unlike Bluetooth which promotes unidirectional communication

NFC consumes less power in comparison of Bluetooth while working in active mode while
more in case working in passive mode but Bluetooth has only active mode so NFC is more
advantageous in this case

Also less battery is utilized because NFC is built with built with lower transfer speeds of 106
kbps to 424 kbps

Also there is no requirement of setting up a connection between two devices in action in case
of NFC unlike that of Bluetooth. Thus NFC is easier to use especially in crowded places.

NFC can be used for handshaking i.e. setting up a connection between two devices without
the need for any complex manual configurations. After connection setup within milliseconds
other wireless technologies can come into play for work like data transfer etc.

Less probability of unknown connections setting up due to short range of communications

like you dont reset your phone just because you might have walked beside a smart tag. For
that you need to knowingly make a connection.

Because of the simplicity NFC provides with along with simplifying other wireless
technologies when integrated with them, it makes it easy enough for even the non-technical
persons to use them.

Mobile devices can be used both as an information storage device or a NFC reader. They can
read information from NFC tags which can further be manipulated and worked on
accordingly. Also information like website account passwords or such type of confidential
information can be stored thus it acts as a digital storage.

NFC can be used to build small devices as there will be no need for embedding any display
unit in a device having NFC. The equipment can be touched by an NFC-enabled device and
readings can be displayed.

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 FUTURE SCOPE

The scope of NFC technology varies according to the mode of operation as listed below

people must get the power to select what part of selected piece of information they want to
share and hide what they dont like a person may want to convey some part of their health
records to the doctor while some other with a health insurance agent.

Soon, even the locking system will be replaced by personalized NFC enabled devices and
NFC tags as door locks. Thus NFC will act as a farther step towards the world of automatic
devices.

Even for the basic needs there will be the need for an NFC-enabled device like for
subscribing for personalized offers that will be made available to unique smart phone holders.

The switches for using household appliances like tube lights, fans etc will be replaced by
remote controls that further can be operated using NFC-enabled devices that results in
personalization of the devices. Also a record can be maintained by the user in their smart
phones of the usage of these appliances.

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Benefits and future scope varying for different modes of operation:

Card-emulation Read/ Write mode Peer-to-Peer mode

mode
Benefits Physical Object Increases mobility Easy data exchange
Elimination Decreases physical between devices
.Access Control effort No Device pairing
through mobile Ability to be Increased security.
devices. adapted by many
All daily objects scenarios
combined at one Easy to implement
.
place.

Future Scope Integration of id Some data need to Secure exchange of

cards, passports, be read from an NFC critical data
finger-prints, tag, and additional Chatting.
driver-license jobs Psychological
Storage area for Will be done by NFC effects need to be
critical information -enabled mobile studied.
to phone.
provide users Less space
privacy consumption and
and authorizing more data holding
people to access capacity leads to
those bright future in
information advertising agencies

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 CONCLUSION

Near Field Communication has already begun to shape the future of electronic gadgets in
peoples life. As the prices of chip manufacturing falls, the likelihood is that NFC-enabled
mobile phones will become standard and their applications will become a part and parcel of
life.

It is inferred that NFC technology works on the basis of RFID technology which uses
magnetic field induction as a medium to establish communication between electronic devices
placed closely and operating at 13.56MHz as it is unlicensed frequency and can transmit data
at a maximum rate of 424kbps.NFC like any other technology has its own pros and cons.

When compared to other technologies however presently it is less popular but with the
increasing android applications, soon it will become a need. In the present world where
digital transaction are so common, there exist people who try to manipulate, disrupt or misuse
the data that is transmitted and so users will no doubt initially be concerned about the security
of their personal data that is stored on the NFC devices. Still besides this, it is a must
application for smart phones and people need to be made aware about how it works.

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 REFERENCES

[1]Kevin Curran, Amanda Millar, Conor Mc Garvey, (2012) Near Field Communication,
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), Vol.2, No.3,pp.371-
382.

[2]Dr.Shyam Thangaraju, (2013) Near Field Communication in Medical Devices, White

Paper, April 2013.

[3]Mohammad Umair Yaqub, Umair Ahmad Shaikh, (2012) Near Field Communication, its
Applications and Implementation in K.S.A, report dated 13/02/ 2012, King Fahd University
of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

[4]Anusha Rahul, Gokul Krishnan G, Unni Krishnan H and Sethuraman Rao, (2015) NEAR
FIELD COMMUNICATION (NFC) TECHNOLOGY: A SURVEY, International Journal
on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI), Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 133-144.

[5]Shivang Bhagat, Darshana Upadhyay and Parita Oza, (2015) TRACKING CANCER
PATIENTS MEDICAL HISTORY USING WIRELESS EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
:NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION, International Journal of VLSI design &
Communication Systems (VLSICS), Vol.6, No.1, pp. 1-8.

[6]NFC-Forum, What are the operating modes of NFC devices, para. 1, Dec. 17, 2013
[Online]. Available: http://www.nfc-forum.org. (Accessed on July 4, 2015).

[7]Hussein Ahmad Al-Ofeishat, Mohammad A.A.Al Rababah, (2012) Near Field

Communication (NFC), International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security
(IJCSNS), Vol.12 No.2, pp. 93-99.

[8]Vibhor Sharma, Preeti Gusain, Prashant Kumar, (2013) NEAR FIELD

COMMUNICATION in Conference on Advances in Communication and Control Systems
(CAC2S 2013), pp. 342-345.

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