Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MORNING!
HOUSE RULES
Sit up, listen and heads up.
Be an active participant and not
as spectator/observer
Be open for new leaning
WHAT DO YOU NEED?
A piece of paper/notebook
Pencil/ Ball pen
It is a Scientific method in
action. It applies certain
principles or ideas.
It employs research that would help
develop the ability to identify and
determine possible explanations of a
particular phenomenon.
PURPOSE OF A SCIENCE RESEARCH
home
community
IF YOU ONLY LOOK AROUND.
STEP 2
IMMERSE YOURSELF IN THE
LITERATURE
1. EBSCO
2. ELSEVIER
3. PROQUEST
4. DOAJ
5. EMERALD
6. JSTOR
STEP 3 ORGANIZE YOUR LITERATURE
RESEARCHER/ MAJOR DELINEATED LOCUS METHOD
S OBJECTIVE FACTORS
KEY QUESTION:
Which among the identified conceptual
tags/parameters/variables/ are considered
IMPORTANT and CONTROVERSIAL in
the field where I belong?
STEP 4 IDENTIFY RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL TAGS
Typologies of
Simulacrum
Physical Mathematical
Conceptual
FLOWCHART
Larvicidal activity of Piper nigrum and Carica papaya seed extract against Aedes egypti
third instar larvae
Air-dried and
Gathering of crushed
powdered then
Carica papaya and P.
nigrum seeds
afterwards
commercially. underwent rotary
evaporation.
48 hours exposure of
Rearing of third
20 third instar larvae
instar larvae at
at varied
laboratory condition.
concentrations.
General Objectives:
To determine the antihypherglycemic
property of ampalaya diet on white mice.
Specific Objectives:
1. To detemine the blood glucose level
(mg/dL) of white mice before and after
ampalaya diet.
2. To compare the blood glucose level
(mg/dL) of white mice before and after
ampalaya diet.
EXAMPLES
General Objectives:
To propagate yellow sweet corn using
tissue culture.
Specific Objectives:
1. To measure the length of shoots (mm)
of yellow sweet corn grown using callus
culture after 3 weeks
2. To determine the proliferation rate
(mm/day) of yellow sweet corn using
callus culture.
THE SMART OBJECTIVES
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Result-based
Time-bound
S PECIFIC
It is phrased clearly and unambigously. This
attempt to focus on a clear goal gives
direction to the research process.
To study fruit fly
To determine the effect of
environmental factors on lightwaves
To determine the effect of mulching on
plants
To produce a robot.
S PECIFIC
To study fruit flies.
could be.
To determine the reproductive
capacity of Drosophila melanogaster
exposed to gamma radiatio in terms
of number and sex ratio of the
offspring.
M EASURABLE
It can be accomplished through
experimentation and measurement or data
gathering. It can be described qualitatively or
quantitatively.
to study
to know
to research
CHOICES to identify
to measure
to compare
to develop
to describe
to classify
to test
to analyze
...............and a lot more
THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Educated guesses or tentative
explanations about a correct solution to a
problem, descriptions, possible
relationships or difference.
the expectation or prediction of the
investigator about what the results will be
A statement of the researchers
expectation about how the variables in the
study are related
A prediction made prior to data collection
PURPOSE OF HYPOTHESIS
For example:
If you are asking a question
about the inheritance patterns
of the gene for aldehyde oxidase
production in Drosophila melanogaster
..too general.
"A STUDY OF THE
INHERITANCE OF THE
ENZYME ALDEHYDE
OXIDASE IN THE FRUIT
FLY DROSOPHILA
MELANOGASTER"
..too wordy.
THE WORDS "A STUDY OF THE"
ARE SUPERFLUOUS AND
ENZYME ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
AND FRUIT FLY
DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER"
ARE REDUNDANT.
THE SUFFIX -ASE INDICATES
THAT ALDEHYDE OXIDASE IS AN
ENZYME, AND MOST SCIENTISTS
KNOW THAT DROSOPHILA
MELANOGASTER IS THE
SCIENTIFIC NAME OF A COMMON
FRUIT FLY
SPECIES.
NOTE:
HOWEVER, IT IS APPROPRIATE TO INCLUDE IN
THE TITLE BOTH
COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF LESSER
KNOWN SPECIES.
WHAT IS THE BEST
TITLE FOR THIS
EXAMPLE?
"Inheritance of the Gene for Aldehyde Oxidase
in Drosophila melanogaster."
The best time to determine the title is after you
have written the text, so that the title will reflect
the paper's content.
grammatically correct
graphs
tables
photographs
Number figures and tables
consecutively throughout the paper.
Planning Evaluating
Identify the problem Revise Evaluate the design of the
methods and experiment and the
techniques or methods used
Identify the variables techniques
Abstract (100-150
Theoretical Framework
Significance of the Study
1) complies with
widely recognized
publication standards
2) is approved in the
peer-review process
with the minimum of
amendments
THIS IS WHAT A TYPICAL THESIS
MIGHT LOOK LIKE.
Font size: 11
Length: 10 to 15 pages
BENEFITS OF IMRAD
It is concise.
IMRAD structure facilitates
modular reading.
Readers usually do not read
in a linear way but browse
in each section of article,
looking for specific
information.
This is normally found in
pre-established areas of the
paper.