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GOOD

MORNING!
HOUSE RULES
Sit up, listen and heads up.
Be an active participant and not
as spectator/observer
Be open for new leaning
WHAT DO YOU NEED?
A piece of paper/notebook
Pencil/ Ball pen

Suggested printed material


RESEARCH IS NOT JUST A PART OF
SCIENCE BUT ALSO A WAY OF
THINKING AND DOING THINGS
-GLEN R. MANGALI-
CONDUCTING AND
WRITING SCIENCE
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
(S.I.P.)
Prof. Glen R. Mangali
TOPIC OUTLINE
Content of each part of a Science
Investigatory Project
Laboratory techniques and scientific
tests in line with SIP
Treatment of Data gathered
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this session, you should be
able to:
1. identify the steps and processes in
conducting and writing SIP;
2.understand common laboratory
technique and scientific test;
3. familiarize common treatment in
collecting, organizing, analyzing,
interpreting and presenting data
gathered.
WHAT IS A SCIENCE RESEARCH?
It is a planned work in a particular field in Science
(Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics) or
technology that involves a problem.
It calls for
creativity
critical thinking
and action.
WHAT IS A SCIENCE RESEARCH?

It is a Scientific method in
action. It applies certain
principles or ideas.
It employs research that would help
develop the ability to identify and
determine possible explanations of a
particular phenomenon.
PURPOSE OF A SCIENCE RESEARCH

1.Apply / demonstrate scientific


principles or attempt to provide new
knowledge.
2. Be a result of continuing or parallel
scientific research and investigation &
not a copy of any previous research.
3. Have socio-economic significance
and relevance to livelihood
development.

4. Contribute to the advancement of


Science and Technology and the
development of the community.
STEPS IN
CONDUCTING
S.I.P.
WHAT IS THE FIRST STEP IN
PREPARING A GOOD S.I.P?
STEP 1: SELECT A TOPIC THAT
IS INTERESTING TO YOU.
KNOW YOUR EXPERTISE

What is your field of


expertise?
CHOOSING A TOPIC

home
community
IF YOU ONLY LOOK AROUND.
STEP 2
IMMERSE YOURSELF IN THE
LITERATURE

How to identify the right literature


source?
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE TECHNOLOGY-
DRIVEN LITERATURE REVIEW:

1. EBSCO
2. ELSEVIER
3. PROQUEST
4. DOAJ
5. EMERALD
6. JSTOR
STEP 3 ORGANIZE YOUR LITERATURE
RESEARCHER/ MAJOR DELINEATED LOCUS METHOD
S OBJECTIVE FACTORS

Mangali , Examine the Aedes Philippines Experimenta


Glen, larvicidal aegypti, l
Habana, efficiency of Piper
Roselle et. al Piper nigrum nigrum,
2013) L. and Carica
Carica papaya seed,
papaya seed crude
crude extracts,
extracts on larvicide
Aedes
aegypti.
STEP 4 IDENTIFY RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL
TAGS

KEY QUESTION:
Which among the identified conceptual
tags/parameters/variables/ are considered
IMPORTANT and CONTROVERSIAL in
the field where I belong?
STEP 4 IDENTIFY RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL TAGS

COCEPTUAL LITERATURE IS IT CT IS THE CT ORDER OF


TAGS SOURCE STILL STILL PRIORITY
(Key ( AUTHORS, IMPORTANT? CONTROVER
Concepts) YEAR) SIAL?
1. TOPIC 1 Author A I 2
2. TOPIC 2 Author B I 3
3. TOPIC 3 Author C 4
4. TOPIC 4 Author D I I 1
I- YES
X- NO

Research Problem Indicators:


1. When there is an absence of information resulting in a gap in our
knowledge
2. When there are contradictory results
3. When a fact exists and your intend to make your study explain it
DEFINING RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL TAGS

CONCEPTUAL TAG LEXICAL Operational


DEFINITION Definition ( how
( According to the term is/will be
Authoritative used in the paper)
Sources)
STEP 5 DEVELOP YOUR RESEARCH SIMULACRUM
(RESEARCH MODEL)/ FLOWCHART

Typologies of
Simulacrum

Physical Mathematical

Conceptual
FLOWCHART
Larvicidal activity of Piper nigrum and Carica papaya seed extract against Aedes egypti
third instar larvae

Air-dried and
Gathering of crushed
powdered then
Carica papaya and P.
nigrum seeds
afterwards
commercially. underwent rotary
evaporation.

48 hours exposure of
Rearing of third
20 third instar larvae
instar larvae at
at varied
laboratory condition.
concentrations.

Recording results and


comparing them from
the varied set of
concentrations.
STEP 6: FORMULATE THE
RESEARCH PROBLEM OR PURPOSE
Your problem statement should explain what it is
you are trying to discover (or study) .
The statement should be written in the form of a
question.
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
A clear and concise statement of the problem is
important for :
1. It provides a focus for the researcher and is an
essential step in investigation; and
2. It gives the reader and use of the research
important information.
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
The statement of the problem should not
be too general nor too specific
It should contain sufficient details and
information in a sentence that is clear and
succint
EXAMPLE:

1. The purpose of this research is


to study seagrass.
2. This study investigates the
relationship of morphology of
crustacean
EXAMPLE:
1. The purpose of this research is to identify the
species of seagrass collected from the shoreline
of six towns in Iloilo namely Joaquin, Tigbuan,
Carles, Mag-ao, Estancia and Dumangas and to
describe its demographic characterstics by
comparing its mean, age, gross recruitment,
mortality rate and net recruiting nutrients and
reproductive dynamics by determining the
frequency and seasonality of flowering and its
vegetative dynamics by determining the vertical
growth rate of shoots and horizontal elongation
rate of rhizomes.
WHAT IS THE RIGHT STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM

Thisstudy will describe the


community structures of
seagrassess in coastal
areas in Iloilo.
1. The problem must be researchable

( one that can be answered by collecting and


analyzing data)

2. The problem should be important

( results of research need to have theoretical


and practical importance)
3. The problem should indicate the
type of research

The language used in the research problem should


indicate whether the study have a simple description,
relationship or difference
A. Relationship problems that
indicate correlation

What is the relationship between ion concentration


and voltage output?

Is there a relationship between density and refractive


index?
B. Relationship problems that
indicate studies of difference

Is amylase activity different in two species of tilapia?

What is the difference in the protein content of goats


milk and cows milk?
C. Relationship problems that indicate
cause-and-effect relationships

Will starving increase the amylase activity of tilapia?

Is there a difference in the amount of dissolved


oxygen between the water samples treated with
seaweeds than that which is not treated?
4. The problem should specify the population

The population is SIMPLY THE


ORGANISMS that the researcher wants to
investigate

5. The problem should specify the variables


NAME the variables and HOW they may be
RELATED in a single sentence
6. The problem should be
clear
- Includes terms that are not
ambiguous. The terms effect,
effective, achievement,
method, role are
AMBIGUOUS.
A successful research problem indicates
unambiguously the WHAT and HOW of
the research by using the declarative
sentences like
The purpose of this study is to or
questions such as What is the
relationhsip between ..... Is there a
significant difference between.....
How do...... , What is.....
Either type sentence is acceptable
EXAMPLE
This study aims to design a prototype of a
computer-based Card Swipe Time-Keeping
and Attendance System for Siena College
using light sensor that will read color-coded
cards as means of establishing employee
identity.
What is the amount of tannin that can be
extracted from the leaves, seeds and barks
of Ipil-ipil and Mahogany trees with the use
of the hot water extraction technique.
RESEARCH QUESTION TYPOLOGIES
Sample Questions General form

CAUSAL RESEARCH Does X cause Y?


Do red light affects the
growth of the plant?

Does plant exposed to red Does X cause more of Y ?


light taller than plant
exposed to green light?
EXAMPLE:

Does red light affect the growth of a


mungbean plant?

Vigna radiata (L.)


RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The research objectives reflect the questions
whose answers the investigators want the study
to yield.
It can be expressed in the form of a statement or
a question
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ( EXAMPLE)

To measure the amount of


hemoglobin( g/dL) in the blood of
mice after 5 minutes exposure to
gamma radiation
OR
What is the hemoglobin level (g/dL)
of the blood of mice after 5 minutes
exposure to gamma radiation?
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the study are very


important since they provide the general
direction in the conduct of the research.
They are used as guides in specifying the
variables of the study.
The choice of the research design to be
used, the data to be collected, as well as
the interpretation of the results all depend
upon the objectives developed.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES Generic
statement which describes in BROAD
TERMS what the study wishes to
accomplish

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Identify in


detail and in MEASURABLE TERMS the
aims of the research.
- it breaks down what needs to be
accomplished into smaller and logical
components
EXAMPLES

General Objectives:
To determine the antihypherglycemic
property of ampalaya diet on white mice.

Specific Objectives:
1. To detemine the blood glucose level
(mg/dL) of white mice before and after
ampalaya diet.
2. To compare the blood glucose level
(mg/dL) of white mice before and after
ampalaya diet.
EXAMPLES

General Objectives:
To propagate yellow sweet corn using
tissue culture.

Specific Objectives:
1. To measure the length of shoots (mm)
of yellow sweet corn grown using callus
culture after 3 weeks
2. To determine the proliferation rate
(mm/day) of yellow sweet corn using
callus culture.
THE SMART OBJECTIVES
Specific

Measurable

Attainable

Result-based

Time-bound
S PECIFIC
It is phrased clearly and unambigously. This
attempt to focus on a clear goal gives
direction to the research process.
To study fruit fly
To determine the effect of
environmental factors on lightwaves
To determine the effect of mulching on
plants
To produce a robot.
S PECIFIC
To study fruit flies.
could be.
To determine the reproductive
capacity of Drosophila melanogaster
exposed to gamma radiatio in terms
of number and sex ratio of the
offspring.
M EASURABLE
It can be accomplished through
experimentation and measurement or data
gathering. It can be described qualitatively or
quantitatively.

To identify the role of mangroves on the


population of mollusks.
To determine the significance of
sunlight on Vibrio.
M EASURABLE
To identify the role of mangroves on the population
of mollusks
could be.
To compare the relative abundance of
gastropods in natural and rehabilitated
mangrove forest.
A TTAINABLE
It should be feasible or accomplished given the
availability of materials, expertise on the conduct of
data gathering and time.

To map the gene sequence of different species of


banana
To compare the growth and development of
hornbills in a disturbed and undisturbed forest.
R ESULT-BASED

It is stated in a way that the answer to the


objectives is based on the results of the
thoroughly designed experimentation or data
gathering.
Ex. To appreciate the importance of antennae
in insects.
T IMEBOUND
It should be accomplished given the
duration of the conduct of the study.

To describe the inheritance of left-


handedness on human being.
To compute for the rate of decay of
radioactive isotopes.
AVOID

to study
to know
to research
CHOICES to identify
to measure
to compare
to develop
to describe
to classify
to test
to analyze
...............and a lot more
THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Educated guesses or tentative
explanations about a correct solution to a
problem, descriptions, possible
relationships or difference.
the expectation or prediction of the
investigator about what the results will be
A statement of the researchers
expectation about how the variables in the
study are related
A prediction made prior to data collection
PURPOSE OF HYPOTHESIS

1. It provides focus that integrates


information
2. It is testable
3. It allows the researcher to know
what to do
4. It allows the researcher to confirm
or disconfirm a theory
PURPOSE OF HYPOTHESIS

5. It provides a framework for


developing explanations that can be
scientifically investigated
6. It provides evidence of the
predictive nature of the relationship
between the variables
7. It provides a useful framework for
organizing and summarizing the
results an conclusions of the research
Research hypothesis
declarative statement of the
results the investigator expects to
find.
A. DIRECTIONAL NATURE OF
EXPECTED RELATIONSHIP IS STATED

The 1:1 clay-talaba shell ratio will have higher


breaking strength than 1:2 clay talaba shell
ratio.
Phytoplankton in surface waters will have more
chlorophyl a content than those in benthic
environment
Tilapia fed with fortified feeds will be heavier
than those fed with organic feeds.
There is a positive relationship between water
salinity and density of Halobacter.
B. NONDIRECTIONAL
If the researcher believes there will difference or
relationship but is unsure about the nature of it

There will be difference in the blood glucose level


(mg/dL) of mice before and after ampalaya meal
There will be a relationship in the temperature of soil and
the reproductive rate of earthworm.
COMING UP WITH A GOOD
QUESTION ACTIVITY
STEP 7 WRITING THE RESEARCH TITLE

Basic Questions Asked:


1. Does the title describe what the study is
all about?
2. Does the title contain high specificity
level?
3. Is the title academically phrased and is
not verbose?
4. Is the title within the 10-12 substantive
word requirement of the American
Psychological Association (APA)?
TITLE

is a statement of the question or problem.

For example:
If you are asking a question
about the inheritance patterns
of the gene for aldehyde oxidase
production in Drosophila melanogaster

What possible title might be?


POSSIBLE TITLE?

"Inheritance in Fruit Flies"

..too general.
"A STUDY OF THE
INHERITANCE OF THE
ENZYME ALDEHYDE
OXIDASE IN THE FRUIT
FLY DROSOPHILA
MELANOGASTER"

..too wordy.
THE WORDS "A STUDY OF THE"
ARE SUPERFLUOUS AND
ENZYME ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
AND FRUIT FLY
DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER"
ARE REDUNDANT.
THE SUFFIX -ASE INDICATES
THAT ALDEHYDE OXIDASE IS AN
ENZYME, AND MOST SCIENTISTS
KNOW THAT DROSOPHILA
MELANOGASTER IS THE
SCIENTIFIC NAME OF A COMMON
FRUIT FLY
SPECIES.
NOTE:
HOWEVER, IT IS APPROPRIATE TO INCLUDE IN
THE TITLE BOTH
COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF LESSER
KNOWN SPECIES.
WHAT IS THE BEST
TITLE FOR THIS
EXAMPLE?
"Inheritance of the Gene for Aldehyde Oxidase
in Drosophila melanogaster."
The best time to determine the title is after you
have written the text, so that the title will reflect
the paper's content.

BRIEF but ACCURATE

grammatically correct

complete enough to STAND ALONE


two- or three-word title may be too vague,
but a 14- or 15-word title is unnecessarily
long.

Avoid phrases such as on the, a study


of, research on, report on, regarding,
and use of.

omit the at the beginning of the title


STEP 8 WRITING THE INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
It provides the rationale for the current study.
What gap in knowledge did you try to fill? What
controversy did you try to resolve?
It should forward the papers hypotheses.
It usually requires a research model or
simulacrum.
It should end in a CENTRAL
QUESTION to be answered by the report.
A literature review is an account of
what has been published on a topic by
accredited scholars and researchers.
Its purpose is to convey to readers
what knowledge and ideas have been
established on a topic and what their
strengths and weaknesses are.
The main focus of your academic
research paper is to develop a new
argument.
The literature review serves as a
foundation and as support for a new
insight that youll contribute.
Reviewed Literature( Black spot or
blind Spot)
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the study
Scope and Limitation
STEP 9 PREPARING THE RESEARCH
MATRIX

Research Research Research Data Analysis


Objectives Approach Technique
Examine the Quantitative Experimental Genome
inheritance marking and
pattern of analysis
Aldehyde
Oxidase in
Drosophila
melanogaster
STEP 10: RESEARCH
INSTRUMENTATION (MATERIALS
AND METHODOLOGY)

Scientists use the following terms:

Subject: What is being tested.

Variables: Conditions that are changed.

Independent variable: The variable that is


changed and controlled by you.
Dependent variable: The variable that changes
and is not controlled by you.

Controls: All the conditions that are not


changed.
This section describes your
experiment.

The information in this section comes


from the Procedures of the experiment.
In the paper, this information should not
be a list of steps.

The materials and methods should be


in paragraph form and in past tense.
Include levels of treatment, numbers of
replications, and control treatments.

If living organisms is used, include the species


and the sex of the organism if that information is
relevant to the experiment.

DO NOT try to justify your procedures in this section.

Write the procedures concisely, but in paragraph


form.
STEP 11 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

When you complete your experiments,


examine and organize your findings.
Explain what happen.
This section is presentation of data.
The authors report what happened in their
experiments.
The report is usually supplemented with:

graphs

tables

photographs
Number figures and tables
consecutively throughout the paper.

Refer to figures and tables within the


paragraph as you describe your results,
using the word Figure or Table,
followed by its number. For example,
"(Figure 1)."
If possible, place each figure or table
at the end of the paragraph in which it is
cited.

Include your statistical analysis in the


Results section. Report your data as
accurately as possible as it happens.
Do not report what you expected to
happen in the experiment.

Do not discuss the meaning of your


results in this section.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS:

1. Did your experiment give you expected results?


Why or why not?

2. Was the experiment performed with the exact


steps each time?

3. If possible, statistically analyze your data.


DISCUSSION
This section is where you will
analyze and interpret the results of
your experiment.

The figures and tables in the Results


section will be particularly important
as you begin to think about your
discussion.
The tables allow you to present
your results clearly to the reader.
The graphs allow you to visualize
the effects that the independent
variable has had on the dependent
variables in your experiment.
The purpose of the discussion is
to interpret and compare the
results.
Be objective; point out the features
and limitations of the work.
Relate your results to current knowledge in
the field and to your original purpose in
undertaking the project:
1. Have you resolved the problem?
2. What exactly have you contributed?
3. Briefly state the logical implications of
your results.
4. Suggest further study or applications if
warranted.
STEP 12: CONCLUSIONS AND
GENERALIZATION
The conclusion answers the title question
or problem and should contain a full
interpretation of the results you found
throughout the experiment.
Explain why it happened.
A Model of the Science Research Process

Planning Evaluating
Identify the problem Revise Evaluate the design of the
methods and experiment and the
techniques or methods used
Identify the variables techniques

Evaluate findings in relation


Formulate a hypothesis to the problem question or
Reformulate hypothesis
Operationalize variables; problem or
plan the design and hypothesis
procedure
Revise
Processing
methods and
use science knowledge to
techniques
develop explanations for
Conducting patterns, trends or
Conduct preliminary relationships
trials
Analyses data: identify
Carry out the experiment pattern or trends in data and
Observe, measure and relationships between
record data variables

Organize data, calculate,


make tables and construct
graphs
LETS TAKE AN
ASSESSMENT TEST.
ANSWER KEY
1. D 6. D
2. B 7. B
3. D 8. B
4. C 9. C
5. C 10. D
PART I-B
KNOWING THE PARTS OF A
PUBLISHABLE PAPER
THESIS
IMRAD FORMAT
Chapter 1: The Problem: Rationale
and Background
Title Introduction
Authorship and Affiliation Statement of the Problem

Abstract (100-150
Theoretical Framework
Significance of the Study

word count) Scope and Limitation


Hypothesis
Assumptions
1.0 Introduction Definition of Terms
2.0 Theoretical Background
Chapter 2 : Review of Related
2.1 Theoretical Framework
Literature
2.2 Literature Review
2.3 Research Model Chapter 3 : Research Methodology
(Simulacrum) Research Design
3.0 Methods Research Locale
3.1 Subjects Population and Sampling
3.2 Instruments Research Instrumentation
Data Gathering Procedure
3.3 Data Collection & Statistical analysis
Procedure Ethical consideration
3.4 Data Analysis
3.5 Ethical Consideration Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis
4.0 Results/ Findings and Interpretation of Data
112
5.0 Discussion Chapter 5 : Summary, Conclusion
6.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
Adapted from prepared slide of
7.0 References Golda Aira V. Crisostomo, Ph.D.
WHAT IS IT?
IMRAD, which stands
for Introduction,
Methods, Results and
Discussion is a
standard layout for
academic journal
articles.
It also typically requires
a title, abstract, tables
and figures,
acknowledgments and
references to literature
cited.
WHAT IS IT?
It requires suitable
background
knowledge so that the
paper:

1) complies with
widely recognized
publication standards

2) is approved in the
peer-review process
with the minimum of
amendments
THIS IS WHAT A TYPICAL THESIS
MIGHT LOOK LIKE.

This is what a typical thesis might look


like.
This is what a Publishable Article (IMRAD)
might look like.
117
WHAT IT IS?
Short and sweet
Must have only 4,000
to 6,000 word count
Single spaced

Font size: 11

Length: 10 to 15 pages
BENEFITS OF IMRAD
It is concise.
IMRAD structure facilitates
modular reading.
Readers usually do not read
in a linear way but browse
in each section of article,
looking for specific
information.
This is normally found in
pre-established areas of the
paper.

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