Climate and Disaster Risk

Assessment (CDRA)

FACILITATORS GUIDE
 Acronyms and Abbreviations

C/MAO City/Municipal Agriculture Officer

C/MENRO City/Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Officer
C/MHO City/Municipal Health Officer
C/MLGOO City/Municipal Local Government Operation Officer
C/MPDC City/Municipal Planning Development Coordinator
C/MSWDO City/Municipal Social and Welfare Development Officer
CBMS Community-Based Management System
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CCVA Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
CDP Comprehensive Development Plan
CDRA Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment
CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan
DILG Department of the Interior and Local Government
DOST Department of Science and Technology
DRA Disaster Risk Assessment
DRRM Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
GIS Geographic Information System
HLURB Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
LCCAP Local Climate Change Action Plan
LEEO Local Economic Enterprise Officer
LEIPO Local Economic and Investments Promotions Officer
LDRRMO Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Officer
LGU Local Government Unit
LRI Local Resource Institution
MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau
NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
NOAH Nationwide Operational Assessment on Hazards
PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
PHIVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
PNP Philippine National Police
SB Sanguniang Bayan
SLR Sea Level Rise
SUC State Universities and Colleges
 Climate and Disaster Risk
Assessment (CDRA)

FACILITATORS GUIDE

Introduction

The Supplemental Guidelines on Mainstreaming Climate and Disaster Risks in the

Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) was developed under Project Climate Twin Phoenix with
funding support with UNDP and DFAT/AusAid in collaboration with Climate Change
Commission to support local government units (LGUs) in integrating climate change
adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the preparation of CLUP. It provides the
process of Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment (CDRA) as a tool to determine risks and
vulnerabilities and integrating them into the CLUP formulation process. The HLURB
Supplemental Guidelines is being adopted by the Department to mainstream DRR and CCA
into the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP).

This Facilitators Guide on CDRA was developed to provide guidance to DILG CDP/DRR-CCA
focal persons, Local Resource Institutions (LRIs), State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) and
other partners in assisting and coaching LGUs in the conduct of CDRA.

While the interrelationship of the CLUP and the CDP is being recognized, they are distinct and
separate in a manner that the former focuses mainly on the spatial considerations while the
latter focuses on sectoral analysis. In this guide, the same CDRA process shall apply to avoid
duplication of the risk assessment procedures and to aid in the harmonization of both plans
CLUP and CDP. However, some of the tools provided in the HLURB Supplemental Guidelines
were enhanced not to replace the existing guidelines but to suffice the requirements in the
formulation of risk-sensitive CDPs. It also covers other hazards not included in the
supplementary guidelines such as geologic hazards.
What is Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment (CDRA)?

The Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment is the process of studying risks and vulnerabilities
of exposed elements namely, people, urban areas, agriculture, forestry and fishery production
areas, critical point facilities, lifelines and other infrastructure associated with natural hazards
and climate change. It seeks to establish risk and vulnerable areas by analyzing the
underlying factors on hazard, exposure, vulnerability/sensitivity, and adaptive capacities. The
CDRA facilitates the identification of priority decision areas and allow the identification of
various disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation measures in the form of land
use policy interventions (i.e. land use policies, zoning provisions, support legislation,
programs and projects) to address current and prevent future risks and vulnerabilities.

The CDRA involves six (6) major steps:

1. Collect and organize climate change and hazard information

2. Scope the potential impacts of climate change and hazard
3. Develop the exposure database
4. Conduct climate change vulnerability assessment
5. Conduct disaster risk assessment
6. Summarize findings

Source: Supplemental Guidelines on Mainstreaming Climate and Disaster Risks in the Compre-
hensive Land Use Plans (Executive Summary), HLURB
 Collect and organize climate change and
hazard information STEP
Step 1 involves gathering and analysis of data on historical climate trends
including seasonal increase/decrease of temperature and precipitation and 1
the changes in number of days with extreme events. It also involves the
establishment of data on previous disasters and hazards that have affected
the locality.

What are the objectives of Step 1?

Understand the various future climate
scenario/s by analyzing climate change What are the Outputs?
scenarios;
Characterize the natural hazards that may 1. Local Climate Change Projections
potentially affect the locality/barangay; and 2. Inventory of natural hazards and their
Understand previous disasters and severely characteristics
affected elements. 3. Tabular compilation of historical disaster
damage/loss data
4. Summary of barangay-level hazard
How much time will Step inventory matrix
1 require?

At least two (2) days to

conduct Step 1 provided that
the data requirements are
prepared beforehand.
Who should participate?

What are the information C/MPDC

LDRRMO
requirements and their primary C/MAO
sources? C/MLGOO
C/MENRO
C/MHO
SOURCE DATA C/MSWDO
Historical/Observed climate trends GIS Expert, if any
DOST Climate Projections
PAGASA
Hydrometeorological (Temperature and Rainfall)
Projected change of temperature maps
DOST Geologic hazard maps (e.g Earthquake, active fault,
PHIVOLCS earthquake induced landslide, ground rapture, LGUs may include other participants as
ground shaking, liquefaction, tsunami) (1:10,000) deemed necessary.
NAMRIA Topographic Base maps (1:10,000 scale)
Geologic hazard maps (e.g. sinkhole/karst subsi-
MGB-DENR dence)
Susceptibility Hazard Maps (Flood and landslide) Ensure that the data required are
(1:10,000 scale) complete before the actual workshop,
DOST Hydro-met hazard maps, if available (e.g. flood, Rain including base and hazards maps from
Project NOAH -induced landslides, storm surges) (1:10,000 scale) mandated agencies. Inform beforehand
the team of the needed data for the
CBMS/ Baran- Summary of risk and hazard of every barangay
gay profile workshops.
Historical and observed actual disasters
LDRRMO Community-based risk maps
 Step 1 Process
STEP
1
1 Collect and organize climate change information

The task involves collecting and reviewing important climate change information relevant to local
government units. Using the Climate Change in the Philippines developed by PAGASA, the seasonal
changes in 1) temperature, 2) rainfall, and 3) extreme events for 2020 and 2050 in the locality can
be generated.

The computed values can be summarized and organized using Table 1: Projected Changes in
Climate Variables (in columns A-E).

Request PAGASA to discuss Climate Scenarios and Projections to the participants including the process of
deriving the seasonal changes.

Request PAGASA for downscaled climate projection. Ensure that all requests are made 2-3
weeks before the conduct of the workshop to give the mandated agencies time to prepare.

2 Collect and organize hazard information

This involves gathering and analyzing hazard information to better understand the various natural
hazards affecting the locality. It also involves an inventory of historical disasters to establish
patterns of hazards in terms of intensity and magnitude, including the scale of damages to property
(i.e. agriculture, houses, socio-economic support infrastructure and utilities) and how it affected
local communities (fatalities, injuries and number of severely affected families).

Gather hazard maps from mandated agencies.

The facilitator may include a session on the compilation, review and validation of risk maps
(hazard and resources maps) prior to the conduct of Step 1. The mandated agencies such as
MGB and PHIVOLCS should be invited to discuss geo-hazards and existing hazard maps.

Compile and review the hazard maps considering the source (mandated agency), scale, year it
was published and information that can be generated from them. Direct the participants to
organize the findings in Table 2. Hazard Inventory Matrix (columns a, b, c and d).

Coordinate with the concerned agencies for the presentation and interpretation of
technical inputs.

Include the following as resource persons:

PAGASA for climate projections
PHIVOLCS for earthquake-related hazards
MGB for flood-induced landslide and other geologic hazards maps
Based on the hazard maps collected and validated, characterize the
STEP
hazard based on susceptibility, magnitude, speed of onset, likelihood of
occurrence, and areas covered.

1
Instruct the participants to summarize the hazard characteristics in
Table 2 Hazard Inventory Matrix (in columns e, f, g, h and i).

3 Analyze previous disasters

The record of past disaster events will provide a better understanding of hazards, specifically,
the pattern of occurrence, observed or experienced magnitude/intensity, and areas that are
often affected. The analysis of disaster records will generate information that hazard maps do
not contain such as number of casualties, affected families and individuals, and cost of
damages to houses and infrastructures.

Ask the participants to refer to Table 3: Records of Previous Disasters and provide the needed
information which can be generated from existing records of the LDRRMO or other community-based
DRRM data that the LGU has.

Workshops may be conducted through breakout or plenary sessions.

4 Prepare a hazard susceptibility inventory matrix

Based on hazard maps and climate change projections, prepare a hazard susceptibility inventory
matrix in order to describe susceptibilities of the municipality/city for sudden and slow onset
hazards. Hazard susceptibility attributed to climate change (e.g. sea-level rise), including past
extreme weather events (e.g. drought) experienced by the municipality, can also be included.

Instruct the participants to indicate in Table 4: Hazard Susceptibility Inventory Matrix the
hazards that have affected and that may affect Barangays regardless of the degree of impact or
frequency of the hazard.

Allot at least 2 weeks for the validation of the results of Step 1 before proceeding to Step 2 of CDRA process.
 Scope the potential impacts of climate
change and hazard
STEP
This step summarizes the initial scoping of potential hazards affecting the locality, including the
associated impacts of climate change. These are based on the findings from the initial scoping 2
of climate trends, climate change, and compilation of hazard maps. This involves identifying
various climate stimuli from climate trends, climate change projections, and hazards that will
likely affect the municipality and the chain of direct and indirect impacts in various systems of
interest and development sectors.

What is the objective of Step 2?

Scope the potential impacts of climate change and What are the Outputs?
hazards on relevant sectors
1. Summary of potential climate change
impacts and potentially exposed units
2. Impact Chain Diagrams per sector or
How much time will Step systems of interest
2 require?

At least three (3) days

Who should participate?

What are the information
requirements and their primary
1. C/MPDC
sources? 2. C/MAO
3. C/MHO
4. C/MSWDO
Relevant data pertaining to the system of interest/ 5. City/Municipal Engineer
6. LDRRMO
development sectors identified as likely to be affected 7. C/MLGOO
8. LEIPO
9. C/MENRO
10. SB Representative

System of Interest Sectors

Population Demographic characteristics
Urban Use Residential, commercial, industrial,
tourism, sanitary waste management
facilities, cemeteries, and other land
uses unique to the locality.
Natural Resources Crop, fisheries, and forest-related
LGUs may include other participants as
production, etc.
deemed necessary.
Critical Facilities Schools, hospitals/rural health units,
local government buildings, roads,
bridges, air/seaports, communication
towers, and power-related and water-
related facilities, etc.
Infrastructure and Transportation, water distribution
Utilities drainage and power distribution
networks, etc.
 Step 2 Process
STEP
2
1 Identify the various climate stimuli

Based on the projected changes in the mean climate variables identified in Table 1 of Step 1,
derive the relevant climatic stimuli that would likely affect the locality and systems of interest.
The systems of interest include Population, Natural Resources, Critical Facilities, Urban Use,
and Infrastructures and Utilities.

Climate change stimuli refer to the general changes expected in the climate. These include
changes in seasonal temperature and rainfall, number of dry days, sea level rise, and number
of days with extreme temperatures.

Instruct the participants to indicate in Columns F to J of Table 1. Projected Changes in

Climate Variables and potential affected exposure units whether the systems of
interest are likely to be affected or not by climate stimuli.

2 Prepare sectoral impact chain diagrams

Impact chains provide the most important chains of cause and effect leading to the potential
impacts relevant in the planning area. This can help identify the key development areas/
sectors where climate change and disasters will likely impact and guide the detailed study of
establishing the level of risks and vulnerabilities of the area.

Based on the identified climate stimuli (including the potentially affected systems of
interests), ask the participants to identify the potential direct and indirect impacts of the
climate stimuli to the various sectors or systems of interest. Formulate impact chain
analysis for each of the systems of interest and sector per climate related hazard (refer to
Figure 2 for climate-related hazards) and per geologic hazard (Refer to Figure 3 for

3 Summarize findings

At the end of this task, the participants will have an initial scoping of the potential
manifestations of climate change and the various direct and indirect impacts to the relevant
planning sectors and systems of interest. This will facilitate the identification of relevant
sectors in the city/municipality which will be covered in the climate and disaster risk
assessment.

Given that the climate stimuli and the sectors and systems of interest potentially to be
affected have been identified and analyzed through impact chains, ask the participants to
enumerate and summarize how the various climate stimuli or hazard will impact the
systems of interest sectors. Table 5: Climate Change Impacts is provided for the results.
System of Interest:____________________________

Sector:______________________________________

System of Interest:____________________________

Sector:______________________________________
 Develop the Exposure Database
STEP
The Exposure Database provides baseline information pertaining to
the elements at risk. Elements at risk refer to population, assets,
3
structures, economic activities, and environmental resources which
are located in areas exposed to potential impacts of climate change
and damaging hazard events.
The exposure data shall provide the location, vulnerability/sensitivity
and adaptive capacity attributes of the exposed elements which are
necessary information when conducting Step 4: Climate Change
Vulnerability Assessment (CCVA) and Step 5: Disaster Risk
Assessment (DRA). What are the Outputs?
Ideally, each element must be geo-referenced and accordingly
reflected on a map. This will facilitate overlay with hazard maps and 1. Exposure and Sensitivity Database
maps depicting impacts of climate change, such as sea level rise, 2. Attribute information on exposure,
which will be the basis in estimating the exposed elements expressed sensitivity/adaptive capacity of the
in terms of area, number and/or unit cost. various exposure elements
The HLURB Supplemental Guidelines on Mainstreaming CDRA in the 3. Base (Exposure) Map
CLUP is primarily focused on the analysis of the exposed units in
terms of population, urban use area, natural resource-based
production, critical point facilities, and infrastructure and utilities. Other
area or element-based information should also be gathered to
establish the sensitivity/vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the
exposed elements which will be the basis for estimating the levels of
risk and vulnerability.

What are the objectives of Step 3?

How much time will
Prepare an exposure database that will contain Step 3 require?
baseline information on potentially affected
elements At least three (3) days
Describe the vulnerabilities/sensitivities of the
elements using indicators
Describe the adaptive capacities of elements
using various indicators LGUs may include other participants as
Provide the baseline information for the conduct deemed necessary.
of the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
(CCVA) and Disaster Risk Assessment (DRA) Include GIS Expert as part of the team.

What are the information

Who should participate? requirements and their primary
sources?
C/MPDC
Relevant data pertaining to the system of interest/
LDRRMO
development sectors identified as likely to be
GIS Expert
affected. This should include who or what elements
Other sectoral representatives depending on the affected sectors
are exposed, their number, exact location, and the
degree of exposure.
 Step 3 Process
STEP
3
Prepare exposure and sensitivity database and
1
compile attributes

The exposure database should be map-based and will make use of Tables 6.1 to 6.5 to cover all the systems of interest.

1.1 Prepare exposure maps

Prepare a base map of population, shelter/settlement, infrastructures including lifelines and critical facilities
(health, schools, and sports and recreation, roads and bridges, watershed), central business centers, crops
fisheries and livestock, and other elements that may be identified by the LGU.

Instruct the GIS expert to prepare a base map before the conduct of Step 3. Separate base
maps for population, natural resources, urban use, critical facilities and lifeline
infrastructures should be produced.

1.2 Prepare the exposure database

Using the base maps produced and the available data gathered, instruct the participants to derive the
information (exposure indicators) required as indicated in the Exposure column (Column B) of the
exposure database. This should be done per barangay.

1.3 Prepare the sensitivity database

After indicating the exposure information, determine the sensitivity of the systems of interest of the locality. Sensitivity
implies the characteristics and conditions that make the exposed elements easily affected.

Ask the participants to supply the Column C (Sensitivity) of the exposure database using the given
indicators.

The facilitator/s may ask the LGU point

If the information will be supplied in
persons to supply the exposure database
advance, the workshop for Step 3 can
to shorten the duration of the writeshop.
devoted to the validation of maps and
The base maps can also be prepared
the exposure database. Given this
beforehand with the assistance of GIS
scenario, the facilitator can proceed to
expert/s if available.
Step 4.
2 Gather indicators related to adaptive capacity of the exposed elements

Adaptive capacity is the ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes) to
moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences. It is the
combination of abilities and efforts in both physical elements (infrastructure, material wealth, technology) and social/
institutional elements (human/social capital including information, governance/institutional strength) to adapt to climate

Ask the participants to evaluate the adaptive capacity of the LGU given the exposed elements and
sensitivities of the barangays and the city/municipality, using the following six (6) dimensions:

1. Wealth Financial resources (Example: Sufficiency of the LDRRM Fund)

2. Information Level of knowledge, info dissemination (Example: Awareness of the people to
hazard-prone areas)
3. Technology Example: drought resistant crop types being tested, research conducted
4. Institution and Governance Policies, plans and programs
5. Social capital Capacities, organized groups, CSO, trained staff
6. Infrastructure Structures to withstand climate projections

Instruct the participants to summarize the findings in the Adaptive Capacity Column (Column D).
 Conduct a Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
STEP

The CCVA s a tool which assesses vulnerabilities of the locality to various 4

climate-related stimuli. The tool is qualitative in approach in order to
determine the level of vulnerability and the underlying factors contributing to
vulnerability by looking into the extent of exposure, and analyzing sensitivities
and adaptive capacities. This will facilitate the identification of decision areas,
planning implications, and policy interventions considering the impacts of

What are the objectives of Step 4?

Determine exposed elements to the various What are the Outputs?
climate stimuli
Analyze and determine sensitivities 1. Impact Area Map
2. CCVA summary decision areas and
Identify potential impacts of climate change to the
issues matrix
system
3. CCVA vulnerability assessment
Analyze adaptive capacities matrix
Determine level of vulnerabilities
Identify land use planning decision sectors and/or
areas

How much time will LGUs may include other participants as deemed
Step 4 require? necessary.

At least three (3) The facilitator/s may invite technical resource

person to discussions on technical information
necessary for CCVA (i.e. climate stimuli,
mapping scales).

Who should participate?

C/MPDC
LDRRMO
GIS Expert
Other sectoral representatives depending on the affected sectors
 What are the information
requirements and their primary
STEP
sources?
4

Step 4 will utilize the information from Step 3.

Step 4 Process

Identify the System of Interest, Climate Stimuli and

1
Impact Area

1.1 Derive the climate stimuli and affected systems of interest

The impact area reflects the spatial extent of the potential effect of the climate stimuli. Climate stimuli might affect a
number of barangays or could be the entire city or municipality.

Using Table 7. Impact Area and Climate Stimuli, instruct the participants to derive the climate
stimuli identified in Step 2. Determine the impact area in Column B.

Ask the participants to identify the systems of interest (population, natural resources, urban use
areas and infrastructures) and the sectors that will be affected by the climate stimuli in Columns C
and D.

1.2 Generate Impact Area Map

An impact area can be mapped out to show the areas of coverage and to facilitate the identification of exposed units.
The impact area map is a map similar to a hazard map but presents areas that can potentially be affected by climate
stimuli such as sea level rise and increase in the number of dry days.

Using the base maps collected in Step 1 and the exposure maps produced in Step 3, instruct the
GIS expert to generate impact area maps of the climate stimuli for every potentially affected system
of interest. There should be a separate map for every hazard brought by climate stimuli (e.g. sea
level rise) on population, natural resources, critical point facilities, urban use areas, and
infrastructure and utilities.
 Determine the Exposed Units and
2
Conduct Sensitivity Analysis STEP
4
The indicators in the exposure database gathered in Step 3 shall be the same indicators of
exposed elements and sensitivity in the CCVA.

Overlay the exposure maps (in Step 3) and the Impact Area Map to have a better view of the exposed
units. Based on the overlay of the map, identify the exposed elements for each system of interest. The
exposed elements shall be indicated in the Exposure column (Column B) and Sensitivity column (Column C)
of the following Tables:

Population in Table 8.1

Natural Resources in Table 8.2
Critical Facilities in Table 8.3
Lifeline Facilities in Table 8.4
Urban Use in Table 8.5

3 Evaluate the Adaptive Capacity

Evaluate the various adaptive capacities of the systems of interest by referring to the adaptive capacity indicators in the exposure
database (Step 3). These indicators of adaptive capacities can describe whether the system is able to accommodate or cope
with the impacts with very minimal disruption or short to long term detrimental effects/impacts.

Evaluate the various adaptive capacities of the systems of interest by referring to the adaptive capacity
indicators in Column D.
4 Rate the Degree of Impact

The impact rating represents the level and kind of impacts the system is likely to experience, and time and resources needed for
interventions to return to pre-impact levels.

Based on the exposure data, the degree of sensitivities of the exposed units, and identified potential impacts, qualitatively
determine the degree of impact. The participants will be assigned to rate the Degree of Impact in Column E using the
degree of impact scoring and description (see table below).

The facilitator may divide the participants into groups to facilitate scoring.

Degree of
Degree of
Impact Description
Impact
Score
Estimated direct impacts in terms of number of fatalities, injuries and value of property damage will be
disastrous given the extent of exposure and current sensitivity of the system. Medium to long term
High 3
indirect impacts will also be experienced which may affect development processes. Significant costs
needed to return to pre-impact
Moderate direct impacts in terms of number of fatalities, injuries and value of property damage are
expected given the extent of exposure and current sensitivities of the system. Short to medium term
Moderate 2
indirect impacts will also be experienced which may affect development processes. Medium to low cost
needed to return to pre-impact levels within a short to medium time period.
Estimated direct and indirect impacts are low to negligible which can be felt within a short term period.
Low 1 Minimal impacts to development processes and no significant cost needed to return to pre-impact levels.

5 Rate the Adaptive Capacity

Similar to the process of assigning the degree of impact score, instruct the participants to qualitatively
assign the adaptive capacity score for each element exposed in Column F using the suggested scoring
system below.

Degree of Adaptive
Adaptive Capacity Description
Capacity Rating
The system is not able to accommodate changes in the climate. Addressing the impacts will be costly.
Low 3
The LGU and property owners will require external assistance to address the impacts.
Addressing the impacts will require significant cost but it is still within the capacity of the system to
Moderate 2 adapt to potential impacts. It can accommodate within its resources the cost for adapting and mitigating
impacts.
The system is able to accommodate changes in climate. There are adaptation measures in place to
High 1
address impacts.
6 Compute for and Categorize the Vulnerability Index
STEP
4
6.1 Compute for the Vulnerability Index Score

Compute for the vulnerability index by multiplying the Degree of Impact Scores and Adaptive
Capacity Scores. The values computed shall be indicated in the Vulnerability Index Score in Colum F.

6.2 Categorize the Index Scores

Based on the computed vulnerability index, categorize the index scores into High, Moderate, and
Low using the following range: High: > 6 to 9, Moderate: > 3 to 6, Low: < 3

The vulnerability category shall indicate whether the vulnerability of the system is high, moderate or
low. Areas with high vulnerability can be described as areas where the expected impacts of the
climate stimuli is high, due to exposure and sensitivities, and the adaptive capacities are low to
accommodate or cope with the expected impacts. Systems with low vulnerability can be described as
systems where the impacts are considered high but adaptive capacities are also high.

7 Prepare a Climate Change Vulnerability Map

Based on the vulnerability index generated above, risk maps can now be prepared to indicate a clearer picture of
the level of vulnerability of the systems of interests to the climate stimuli. These maps shall facilitate the
identification of areas which are to be subjected to policies and program interventions.

The GIS expert should ensure the CCVA maps are categorized into low, moderate, and high. The maps shall
be color-coded according to the level of vulnerability (High, Moderate, Low) and consistent with the resources
maps in terms of scale.
8 Identify Decision Areas and CCVA Summary

Priority decision areas and/or sectoral planning concerns can be identified based on the level of the vulnerability as assessed in
the previous task and as reflected in the impact area maps. Measures for climate change adaptation and mitigation can be
identified to address underlying factors contributing to vulnerability such as reducing exposure, addressing sensitivities and
enhancing adaptive capacities. Table 9 summarizes the climate change vulnerability assessment.

The CCVA should be specific to climate stimuli identified to possibly affect the locality.

8.1 Identify Decision areas

Based on the vulnerability maps generated for the various exposure units, highlight and identify
decision areas or elements. Decision areas can be a specific site in the locality or an area cluster (i.e
coastal areas). The derived level of vulnerability can be used to identify decision areas. These can be
enumerated in Column A.

8.2 Enumerate Technical Findings

In Columns B, list down the significant findings/observed conditions and causes by describing the
area or element in terms of the level of vulnerability, highlighting the various contributing factors
such as exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity.

8.3 Enumerate the Implications

In Column C, list down the planning/development implications when the identified vulnerabilities in
the various decision areas are not addressed.

8.4 Identify Policy Interventions

The various policy interventions to be identified should seek to reduce the level of vulnerability by
addressing the exposure, sensitivity, with consideration of the current adaptive capacities. The policy
interventions can be enumerated in Column D.
 Conduct a Disaster Risk Assessment
STEP
DRA is a methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by analyzing 5
potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that could
potentially harm exposed people, property, services, livelihood and the
environment on which the population depend. Risk assessments with associated
risk mapping include: a review of the technical characteristics of hazards such as
their location, intensity, frequency and probability; the analysis of exposure and
vulnerability including the physical, social, health, economic and environmental
dimensions; and the evaluation of the effectiveness of prevailing and alternative
coping capacities with respect to likely risk scenarios (RA 10121).

What are the objectives of Step 5?

To determine the risk areas What are the Outputs?
To analyze adaptive capacities of identified risk
areas 1. Disaster Risk Assessment per Hazard
2. DRA summary decision areas and
issues matrix
3. Disaster Risk maps

How much time will LGUs may include other participants as deemed
Step 5 require? necessary.

At least three (3) The facilitator/s may invite technical resource

person to discussions on technical information
necessary for DRA (i.e. geologic and hydro-
meteorological hazards, mapping scales).

Who should participate?

C/MPDC
LDRRMO
GIS Expert
Other sectoral representatives depending on the affected sectors
identified in Step 2
 What are the information
requirements and their primary
STEP
sources?
Step 5 will utilize the exposure database information
5
gathered in Step 3. The hazard maps gathered and
validated in Step 1 are also necessary.

Step 5 Process

1 Assign the likelihood of occurrence

The likelihood of the hazard is an estimate of the period of time a hazard event is likely to repeat itself, expressed in
years. For simplification purposes, and when certainty is hard to determine from records, this may be estimated by the
likely occurrence of the natural event. This broadly defines a return period of a hazard. Knowing the time interval for a
hazard event to occur again is important because it gives an idea on how often a threat from a hazard may be expected.

Instruct the participants to refer to the outputs of Step 1. From the hazard inventory matrix
prepared in Step 1, the participants shall assign an indicative likelihood occurrence score relative to
the recurrence period of the hazard using the reference table below. The higher the likelihood of
occurrence score, the more frequent the hazard may occur. Indicate the likelihood of occurrence and
the score in Column B of the DRA Table for each system of interest.

The participants may refer to the indicative scoring table below.

Measure of Likelihood Return Period in Years Likelihood Score

Frequent Every 1-3 years 6

Moderate Every >3-10 years 5

Occasional Every >10-30 years 4

Improbable Every >30-100 years 3

Rare Event Every >100-200 years 2

Very Rare Event Every >200 years 1

2 Determine the Extent/Number of Exposed Elements
STEP
5
Determining exposure involves the estimation of the number of affected
individuals, structures or the extent of area located within hazard-susceptible
areas. This can be done by overlaying the hazard maps (collected in Step 1) and
the exposure maps (generated in Step 3).

Based on map overlays, the participants shall be able to derive the exposure and vulnerability of the systems
of interest to the specific hazard using same indicators used in the Exposure Database (Step 3). Indicate the
exposed elements to the hazards for each of the systems of interest in the Exposure Column (C) and
Vulnerability Column (D) of Table 10, Exposure Table.

3 Consequence Analysis

Assigning the severity of consequence score shall be based on expected magnitude of the hazard (hazard characterization), the
extent of exposure (determined through hazard exposure mapping), and the vulnerabilities of the exposed elements (compiled in
the exposure database), the combination of which will be the basis for determining the severity of consequence rating (refer to
the table below).

Although the indicators selected for the vulnerability analysis are likely to be interrelated, it has been assumed that each indicator
can contribute dependently or independently to the vulnerability of an individual, community, structures, and natural
resource-based production areas.

Instruct the participants to assign the severity of consequence score in Column E using the table below.

Category Score Population
20% of the population
Very High 4 are affected and in need
of immediate assistance
>10 to <20% of affected
High 3 population in need of
immediate assistance
>5% to 10% of affected
Moderate 2 population in need of
immediate assistance
5% of the affected
Low 1 population in need of
immediate assistance.
Natural Resource Based
Urban Use Critical Point Facilities Lifeline Facilities
Production Areas
Disruption of service by
40% of non-residential
40% of exposed Damages may lead to lasting one week or
structures are severely
production areas/means the disruption of more (for
damaged or 20% of resi-
of livelihood such as services which may last Municipalities) and one
dential structures are
fishponds one week or more day for Highly
severely damaged
Urbanized Areas
>20 to <40% of non- Disruption of service by
Damages may lead to
residential structures are 20 to <40% of exposed approximately five days
the disruption of
severely damaged or production areas/means for municipalities and
services which may last
>10-20% of residential of livelihood such as less than 18 hour
three days to less than a
structures are severely fishponds disruption for highly
week
damaged urbanized areas
>10 to 20% of non- Disruption of service by
residential structures are 10 to <20% of exposed Damages may lead to approximately three
severely damaged or >5 production areas/means the disruption of service days for municipalities
to10% of residential of livelihood such as lasting for one day to and less than six hour
structures are severely fishponds less than three days disruption for highly
damaged urbanized areas
Disruption of service by
10% of non-residential
<10% and below of approximately one day
structures are severely Damages may lead to
exposed production for municipalities and
damaged or 5% of the disruption of service
areas/ means of liveli- less than six hour
residential structures are lasting less than one day
hood such as fishponds disruption for highly
severely damaged
urbanized areas
4 Risk Estimation

Risk is defined as the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. This task deals with the
estimation of the level of risk on the various exposed and vulnerable elements. Risk Estimation involves finding the intensity of
risks formed by the product of the scores from the likelihood of the hazard and the severity of the consequence:

Risk = Likelihood of Occurrence x Severity of Consequence

4.1 Derive the Risk Score

Instruct the participants to compute the risk by multiplying Likelihood of Occurrence Score (Column B)
and Severity of Consequences Score (Column E). Indicate the derived Risk score in Column F.

4.2 Categorize the risk scores

Using the computed Risk Score, ask the participants to reclassify the values into risk categories (Low,
Moderate, High) using the three scenarios below.

The categories shall be indicated also in Column F.

High Risk Score of Areas, zones or sectors may be considered high risk if hazard events have
12 to 24 very high to moderate severity of consequence, given the scale of exposure,
vulnerability to the potential impacts of the hazards, and the level of
adaptive capacity to endure direct and indirect impacts of the hazard and
likelihood of occurrence ranging from frequent to improbable events
Moderate Score of Areas, zones or sectors may be considered a moderate risk if the
Risk 5 to <12 likelihood of occurrence of a hazard event is improbable to rare with a very
high to moderate severity of consequence. These may also pertain to areas
where the severity of consequence is moderate to minor but with a
likelihood of occurrence that is frequent.
Low Risk Score of Areas, zones or sectors may be considered low risk for very rare hazard
<5 events with very high to high severity of consequences. It may also pertain
to moderate to low severity of consequence from an occasional to a very
rare event.

4.3 Prepare Risk Maps

Similar to the impact area mapping done in Step 4, generate risk maps reflecting the extent of
impact of the hazards. These maps shall facilitate the identification of areas which should be the
subject of policies and program interventions.

The GIS Expert should ensure that the DRA maps are categorized into low, moderate and high. The
maps shall be color-coded according to the level of vulnerability (High, Moderate Low) and
consistent with hazard maps collected and validated in Step 1 and the exposure maps generated in
Step 3 in terms of scale.
 5 Analyze Adaptive Capacities

Analyze indicators to describe the adaptive capacities/characteristics of the exposed elements to implement the necessary
interventions and anticipate and reduce risks and/or cope with and anticipate potential risks. The adaptive capacities shall be in
relation to the vulnerability of the system of interest to the hazards.

Ask the participants to summarize the Adaptive Capacities in Column G. The adaptive capacity indicators can be
derived from the Exposure Database in Step 3.

6 Prepare a summary Disaster Risk Assessment Matrix

Table 11, Disaster Risk Assessment Summary Matrix, presents the priority decision areas and measures to address the
various hazards affecting the locality.

6.1 Identify Decision areas

Based on Risk Maps generated for the various exposure units, highlight and identify decision areas
or elements. Decision areas can be a specific site in the locality or an area cluster identified as low to
high risk areas. The derived level of risk can be used to identify decision areas. These can be
enumerated in Column A.

6.2 Enumerate Technical Findings

In Columns B, list down the significant findings/observed conditions and causes by describing the
area or element in terms of the level of vulnerability, highlighting the various contributing factors
such as exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity.

6.3 Enumerate the Implications

In Column C, list down the planning/development implications when the identified vulnerabilities in
the various decision areas are not addressed.

6.4 Identify Policy Interventions

The various policy interventions to be identified should seek to reduce the level of vulnerability by
addressing the exposure, sensitivity, with consideration of the current adaptive capacities. The policy
interventions can be enumerated in Column D.
 Summarize Findings
STEP
Step 6 entails the detailing of the various risk management options by consolidating and 6
harmonizing the various DRR and CCA interventions.

What is the objective of Step 6?

What are the Outputs?
To identify major decision areas based on
the combined risks and vulnerabilities 1. Identified major decision areas
To identify a menu of disaster risk reduction 2. List of risk management and adaptation/
and climate change adaptation options mitigation measures
within major decision areas

How much time will Step

6 require? Who should participate?
At least two (2) days

1. C/MPDC
2. LDRRMO
3. GIS Expert
4. Other sectoral representatives depending on
the affected sectors identified in Step 2
What are the information
requirements and their primary
sources?

This step will utilize the risk and vulnerability maps

and the CCVA and DRA Summary Matrices developed
in Steps 4 and 5.

LGUs may include other participants as

deemed necessary.
 Step 6 Process
STEP
6
1 Identify major decision areas

Identify major decision areas by overlaying risk and vulnerability maps. This can be
tabular in approach especially when certain sites are consistently regarded as decision
areas during DRA and CCVA. Use Table 12 to list down major decision areas.

2 Further detail the identified policy interventions

Risk management options identified during the risk and vulnerability assessments may differ in
approach. This step will ensure consistency of policy interventions to address a particular major
decision area. Based on the identified major decision areas in the previous step, review and
compare the identified policy interventions in CCVA and DRA summary. Select the appropriate policy
interventions using a multi-hazard and climate change perspective to address both risks and
vulnerabilities. Review and compare all hazard specific policy interventions and consolidate and
retain the major policy interventions that will be implemented in the specific decision area.

Make use of Table 12 to enumerate and elaborate various risk management options.