Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By Hans-Joachim Schlereth
/K71
Accepted
Accepted by . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - -
. . by...........................~6............................................
. . . . . . . .
N. J. Habraken
MASSACtIUSETTS IN;ii.;TJ a Chairman, Departmental Committee
OF TECHNOLOGY on Graduate Students
JUN 4 1982
LmmvkplEs
2
table of contents
abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 daylight design:
analytical methods. . . . . . . . .51
introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 6
orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
appendix a
daylight and its distribution . . -24 recent projects:
principles applied in praxis. 103
visual and thermal comfort. . . . . . 27
appendix b
reflection /diffusion . . . . . . 35 Tl-59 computer program. . .... 121
by Hans-Joachim Schlereth
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 7th, 1982 in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Degree of Master of Architecture in Advanced Studies.
abstract
Natural lighting serves several important mal impact on human comfort. It reviews a ser-
functions in buildings. The visual power of a ies of traditional design tools and architectural
shaft of sunlight penetrating a dark space or elements to modulate and control daylight and
the visual beauty of a stained window has long solar radiation.
been recognized by architects and designers.
Second, it proposes and evaluates an inno-
The primary focus of this study is a more vative daylight introduction system - a particu-
pragmatic one. Besides strong concern for the lar "lightshelf" configuration integrated as an
qualitative aspects of daylight design, methods architectural element - with careful considera-
of daylight and solar radiation modulation for tion of the following criteria:
commercial structures are explored and evaluated
to offset electric lighting load or heat load - acceptance of the full range of seasonal
requirements. An investigation into the energy sun altitude angles through a curved con-
use patterns of these building types - offices, figuration of the reflecting lightshelf-
schools, hospitals, warehouses and other "com- surface to redirect incident radiation
mercial" structures lead to the conclusion, that onto the same "reference-range" of the
artificial lighting represents the most signifi- interior ceiling without any adjustments
cant portion of total electrical energy consump- - modulation of daylight introduction and
tion. This study considers daylight and solar radiation diffusion for solar storage in
design in several ways: distributed mass
- penetration of daylight into a space be-
First, it documents daylight and solar ra- yond traditional limits of 15 to 20 feet
diation fundamentals and their visual and ther- for daylight utilization
4
Louis I. Kahn
6
introduction
Richard Rush
The Assimilation of Energy
Conclusion
P.A. 4-81
10
1
the nature of the problem:
To accurately assess a window's energy impact on the Fig. 1.1. Annual electric energy
2
consumption in MJ/m
total energy load of a commercial structure, the follow- for a typical office
ing factors - daylighting, solar heat gain and heat loss - building
must be addressed.
Criteria are often conflicting to achieve energy ef-
ficiency: daylight must be carefully modulated to con-
trol excessive light level variations and glare, and must
be integrated with a dynamic artificial lighting system
in order to realize potential energy savings. Solar
Energy loads of small residential buildings are pri- RESIDENTIAL electric OFFICE
marily composed of infiltration of outdoor air and heat
loss through the building envelope; they are commonly re-
ferred to as "skin-dominated" buildings. For this build-
ing type, heat gain and prevention of heat loss are far
more important than lighting consumption (Fig. 1.2). The
pqtential savings through introduction of daylight in the
residential sector are therefore minimal. Energy use pat-
terns of large commercial structures are quite different Fig. 1.2. Residential versus commercial
energy breakdown for the
from those in residential. Large internal heat gains from
United States 18
light, people, and equipment, and a small surface to vol-
ume ratio generally create "internal-load dominated"
buildings with significant cooling and lighting loads.
Lighting, thus, is a substantial energy consumption factor
and represents a large fraction of total building utility
costs. Table1.1 summarizes user pattern characteristics
and design considerations for comm./resid. buildings.
For the purpose of this study, potential daylight
savings in the residential sector are not investigated
and discussion is confined to commercial and institution-
al buildings.
14
- High occupancy per unit area - Direct gain desirable, if managed properly
- No direct solar gain desirable, sun and - Low occupancy rate
glare control
- Low lightlevels (Watt/ft2), thus low energy
- High lighting levels, therefore, high consumption/ft 2
energy consumption/ft 2
- Visual tasks are frequently not fixed in one
- Visual tasks fixed to one location, e.g., place
relative permanent space/location occupation
- Individual user control options, e.g., com-
- No tolerance in light and temperature fort zone definition more flexible
fluctuations
- Low internal gains
- Thermal/illumination trade off consider-
- Primary heat loss through building envelope
ations
- High surface to volume ratio
- Large internal gains
2
solar radiation and daylight fundamentals
solar rythms
The seasonal positions of the sun are universally
known in exact terms. It is directly over the equator
about March 21, the vernal equinox and thereafter it
appears further north each day until it reaches its ze-
nith above the Tropic of Cancer about June 21 (the sum- N ANGLE
window
orientation
The most fundamental part of window design - its
orientation and the corresponding effects - are often NOON
5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7
overlooked or ignored. There is no rational (symmetry,
economy, aesthetics) justification for the presence of Winter
NORTH Sorinq/Fall
four (or even two) identical facades on a building.
Summer
Sunlight at different times of the day, produces differ-
ent qualities, colors and angles of light. As it moves
Winter I I7 I7777]
through the seasons, the solar load on each face changes, SOUTH Spring/Fall
Summer
as does the penetration of sunlight to the back of the
Diffuse only
room, related to solar altitude. Beam, solar altitude > 20
Beam, solar altitude < 20
At Boston Latitude (42*) hardly any direct sun reaches the
north side of a building. Instead, north windows make Fig. 2.2. Seasonal and hourly dis-
tribution of diffuse and
use of an increased proportion of natural light in diffuse beam daylighting oppor-
mode (Fig. 2.2). A clear glass window on a north facade tunities for different
building elevations at
may see 5000 footlamberts on a cloudy day. Windows that 40N 1 6
face east or west must be shaded in the summer at certain
times for the purpose of illumination and thermal control
Since the sun is low in the sky in the morning and after-
noon, the introduction of vertical shading elements in
combination with overhangs must be considered for these
orientations. Any attempt to control direct radia-
tion with the sole use of low-transmission reflective or
heat absorbing glazings will reduce the opportunity to
use natural light or optional solar gain, besides advers-
ely affecting the view outdoors.
An extremely elegant example of recent, energy-
conscious, responsive design is the 14-story office build-
Fig. 2.2.1 The ways in which daylight
ing for IBM in Southfield, Michigan, designed by Gunnar 10
reaches a point in a room.
Birkarts & Assoc. (for detailed description of the build-
ing see Appendix a3, pagell). It combines a highly in-
novative, patented light introduction system with a two-
color treatment of the exterior wall. A metallic silver
on the southern and western elevations reflects the light
and heat; a charcoal black on the northerly and easterly
elevations absorbs them. More than this color control
does effect energy savings all that dramatic, it symbo-
lizes with a "poetic image," the importance of orienta-
tion and the response to nature's cyclic rythms and pat-
terns.
Ideal orientation of a building to true south is
desirable, but cannot always be achieved.
22
2.000
1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
600
~ 00
400
200
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
wavelength (micrometers)
5
Fig. 2.4. Spectral distribution of sunlight1
24
solar radiation
N N
w E W E
S S
Fig. 2.6. Luminance distribution of a blue clear sky. Fig. 2.7. Luminance distribution of a fully over-
10
* Position of Sun cast sky (from Hopkinson
26
ly (I.R.C.).
Besides the directional characteristic of sunlight,
/
which is primarily dependant on dynamic solar location, /
photobi ology
It has only been in recent years, that these stud-
30
task need
quality versus quantity
Unlike biological needs, activity or task needs
have always been recognized as objectives for lighting -
discomfort glare
Daylight is an important element in establishing
visual comfort in a space.
The volume of valuable work done by Hopkinson and
others on discomfort glare suggests a stronger relation-
ship between feelings of comfort and the overall design
reflection/diffusion
The important contribution of reflected components
36
38
REFLECTED
REFLECTANCE of surface = INCIDENT %
Fig. 2.16 Approximate reflectance measure-
ments of a given material with a
In both kinds of reflection - specular or diffuse - some hindheld lightmeter
of the radiant energy is absorbed and transformed into
heat. The darker the color, the less is reflected and the
more is absorbed and converted. This property is partic-
ularly important, since together with the selective use
of specific glazing options (see section on glazing) it
provides a very subtle means of modulating the daylight
solar gain ratio by selectively determining the reflection
characteristics of the light introducing surface and ceil-
ings and walls for a particular design application.
glazing materials
This section briefly describes the primary types of
39
directionally selective
spectrally selective
40
3 Solar
spectrum
WAVELENGTH (mincrometore)
Fig.2.22. Ideal Heat Mirror trans- 5
mission characteristics
Visible Short Wave Infrared Thermal, Long Wave Infrared
44
pro~
I FA' 0/d
- ---I
I
D/a
-T
I
r77
rLriinl
rrwri
A~ -on
I
LJ
analytical methods
proposed
daylight introduction system
architectural integration
61
Sun
Ceiling
Sun
angle
260
Artificial
Lighting Lightshelf
Cove component
Fig. 3.4.1
Integrated
Lightshelf-
component,
section
scale 1/2"= 1'
63
model:
scale and construction
64
40 A,
...... . .
Lrn
66
67
i I I
'4,
00I
4 I
I i
68
69
Scale of model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a. high-specular aluminized mylar. . 91%
Room dimensions and sensor locationplan: b. semi-specular chrome foil . . . . 82%
Obstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . none
Fig. 3.14 Daylight test model, test site and sensor location parameters.
71
photometric
sensor
equipment
model testing
The model experiments were carried out in Cambridge,
M.I.T. West Campus, in front of the M.I.T. Solar 5 Build-
ing (see location parameters, Fig.3.14). The site, a
large open field with no obstructions and reflections
from surrounding buildings, offered good outdoor condi-
tions with average ground reflection of approximately 25%
Final test data was recorded over the period of two
days, one overcast - April 25, 1982 - and one clear -
INTERIOR INTERIOR
EXTERIOR ILLUMINATION ILLUMINATION
RELATIVE I.I.tUMINATION MEASURED CORRECTED 85% TRANSM.
SOLAR SOLAR ON A HbORIZONTAL PlERIHETER INTERMEDIATE DEEP PERIMETER INTERIMEDIATE DEEP
ALTITUDE AZIMUTH SURFACE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE
6* 0* 6750 -530 15 ___60 57 60 A 50 127 51 48 51
63* 20 6580 505 140 - -55 48 44 429 119 46 40 37
63* 450 6720 410 115 45 40 41 348 97 38 34 34
61* 18fl 400 165 59 26 -2 23 140 50 22 18 19
42' 0' 5600 779 212 75 67 69 662 180 63 56 58
traditLonat window wall, 42* 20* 31005 7 -_ 178 6460576 637 151 54 51A8
no daylight 42* 45* 4950 60 148 - 5 7 49 56 125 45 39 41
Introduction system 21' 0' 3620 3280 240 91 75 79 2788 204 77 63 67
21* 20* 3100 2450 212 75 67 63 2082 180 63 56 53
21* 4S* 30R0 1625 129 43 39 39 1381 106 36 33 33
3 hatograted lightshelf
conI gusrata.n, surface42*
sigit surface
reflctance. . . . . i.hspecu.
.1*
42"
42*
0*
20*
450
0
5250
5600
4620
930
895
623
265
232
150
110 103 100
87 87 71
55 49 48
790
760
592
225
197
127
93
73
87
73
i4T6
85
60
40
3720 920 268 110 91 96 782 227 93 77 81
21* 20* 3320 772 235 86 81 71 656 199 73 68 60
21' 45* 2955 532 128 46 39 39 452 108 39 33 33
Table 3.1. Clear Day: daylight model data recorded for selected test configurations (cont'd. Table 3.2).
76
INTERIOR INTERIOR
EXTERIOR ILLUMINATION ILLUMINATION
RELATIVE ILLUMINATION MFASURED CORRECTED 85% TRANSM.
SOLAR SOLAR ON A HbORIZONTAL PERIMETER INTERMEDIATE DEEP PERIMETER INTERMEDIATE DEEP
ALTITUDE AZIMUTH SURFACK ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE
45 9
630 00 6500 345 98 3 293 i 83 38 33 34
630 20* _6620 310 92 42 37 36 263 78 35 31 30
63" 45* 6580 248 76 33 30 29 210 64 28 25 24
'splayed' window wall 63* 180* 6450 125 51 25 21 22 106 43 21 17 18
Integrated llghtshelf 490 0* 5370 635 180 71 62 65 539 153 60 52 55
configuration., surface 42" 20* 5520 580 160 62 57 53 493 136 52 48 45
reflectance. . . . . . . . 43% 42* 450 4650 390 105 39 34 34 331 89 33 28 28
semi-gloss 21* 0* 3400 550 205 , 64 69 74 467 174 71 58 62
21 2 3300 545 185 70 68 58 463 157 59 57 49
21* 45* 2710 362 98 36 31 31 307 83 30 26 26
INTERIOR INTERIOR
EXTERIOR ILLUMINATION ILLUMINATION
RELATIVE ILLUMINATION MIMSURED D.F. %*
SOLAR SOLAR ON A HORIZONTAL PERIMETER INTERMEDIATE DEEP PERIMETER INTERMEDIATE DEEP
ALTITUDE AZIMUTH SIRFACE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE ZONE
61* 00 3620 405 89 32 29 30 I 21 1
traditional window wall, 63* 180* -3800 250 50 17 15 16 6 1 1 1 1
1nodaylight 40
42*
o*
1A0*
1980
2040
170
162
37
35
13.
15
12 13
12 13
9
8
2
2
1
1
1 L_
1
introduction system
27" O* 1430 1.1.2 - 28- 10 9) 9 8 _
27* 190*- 600 64 IQ10 _ 4 3 4 7 2 1 1 1
630 00 3860 305 87 33 28 31 8 2 1 1 1
wIndow wall 630 1800 3400 187 48 16 14 15 5 1 1 1 1
with traditional 42 0 1985 340 47 1 5 314 7 ? 1 1
'ghstshelf' 420 1800 2200 138 40 17 14 15 6 ? 1 1 1
270 00 1580 91 29 11 9 10 6 2 1 1 1
27* 1800 (.10 17 11 5 3 4 6 2 1 1 1
9splayed' widow wall 63" 00 3820 - 28 75 34 _n 9 7 2 1 1
630 180* 2820 170 44 15 14 14 6 2 1 1 1
3 itegrated lightshelf
conifiguiration, surface
reflectance. . . . . . . . 91%
-4.20
420
27*
00
1800
2200
2320
1400 __
145
140
92?
4..0
40
.. 25
17
17
11
15 16
14 16
9 10 L_7
7
6
___
2
2
? -L-
1
1
1
1
L
1
1
high-apecular 27* 180* 620 4Q 1n 4 3 4 6 9
Table 3.3. Daylight model data taken under overcast day (April 25th, 1982).
77.
MORE USEFUL
Nashrudin entered the teahouse and declaimed: "The
analysis of data
In order to gain familiarity with test site and con-
ditions, data recording procedure and equipment, and to
exclude any possible modelling and data collecting errors
during the final 2 days of testing, an informal prelimin-
ary test was carried out under clear sky condition at lo-
cation. During this stage, several refinements were made
and some comparitive measurements were taken to define the
performance range.
It was found that, in order to objectively compare
different configurations and strategies, measurements
had to be taken as closely spaced as possible because of
daylight level fluctuations. Furthermore, by comparing
an overall room wall reflectance of 40% to a reflectivity
of 60%, the lightlevel in the perimeter zone showed a
significant increase of approximately 15%, while the
lightlevel in the deep zone remained the same, thereby
contributing to a higher contrast level between the two
zones. A possible implementation of this finding could Fig. 3.13 Visual effects of light dif-
fusion from a bright surface
be a light gradation of wall tones, i.e., decreasing
/79
0 0 0
0
0- 0
U, 11 I1
'A
0~
In
0
I
0
I.
0 0 0
-t .4 -a
U 0- U
4.4 0 4.'
C)
0
0~
0 0- CIO
c'J 0-
0
C-4
'4 '4
N N
0
0-
'4
0~ 0
IA in,
I I I
I
0 8 24 40 48 0 8 24 40 48 0 8 24 40 48
FEET FEET FEET
H H
C%. IA4 H
4
'-4
M
'4
'4
'-4
1 1 a 1
0 20 45 180 0 20 45 180 0 20 45 180
'-4
'-4
H
0-
C',
I I I 1
0 20 45 180 0 20 45 180
0 20 45 180
RELATIVE AZIMUTH ( degrees ) RELATIVE AZIMUTH ( degrees RELATIVE AZIMUTH ( degrees
)
Fig. 316. CLEAR SKY: sun 630
Interior Illumination in (fc) for Deep Zone altitude: '-'---.42*
as a function of the sun's azimuth. ------ 21*0
83
0 '-4
('4 '4
'-4
0 U 0 -
0. 0% 0'
U 0',
Z
-4
0
0 0
0
0
C Z
O
0
0
0
an Mn
0 15 30 45 60 75 0 15 30 45 60 75 0 15 30 45 60 75
*"**"*"***"* @00
- traditional window wall, no lightshelf ....................
-*-*-*-* -*-
- window wall, with traditional flat lightshelf..............
- 'splayed' window wall, with integrated lightshelf
configuration, surface reflectance:
- high specular ( 91% )
- semi-specular ( 82% )
- semi-gloss white ( 55% )
- semi-gloss ( 43% )
Fig. 3.17. CLEAR SKY.
Comparative illumination levels in (fc) for Deep Zone of all
tested window wall systems as a function of
the sun's altitude.
84
0
C'4
0
0
C14 C4
0 0 0
'44 Hn Hn
0
z LH
0
z z
H 0 C0 0
r__ 0__ 0__
L0 L0 Ln
0 10 21 30 43 50 63 70 0 10 21 30 43 50 63 70 0 10 21 30 43 50 63 70
Altitude (degrees) Altitude (degrees) Altitude (degrees)
traditional window wall, no lightshelf .....................*****.******
window wall, with traditional flat lightshelf.............. -e-e-*--
Fig. 3.l& OVERCAST SKY: 'splayed' window wall, with integrated lightshelf
configuration, surface reflectance:
Interior Illumination in (fc) for Perimeter, -----
high specular ( 91% ).... .. --
Intermediate and Deep Zone as a function of semi-specular ( 82% )........
the sun's altitude semi-gloss white ( 55% )..........
semi-gloss (43% ).........
85
I AI
86
#,
I
-J
I
88
sumption from over five Watt per square foot to under nents for indirect illumination
4 S I I 1 S Q0 11 t 1 2 3 4 S 4 7 f 9
cial buildings. AM Noon PM
designer. They range from the traditional manually op- Fig. 3.24 Shaded area represents energy
required for supplementary
erated on/off switches to advanced photoelectric dimming lighting (Ternoey et al.,1981)
systems. Each type of control system has a different
96
100
effect on the amount of lighting energy which will be used
in the building. They can be divided into three general I
70
go
60
categories: automatic on/off, stepped and continuous dim- dso
cost-effective daylighting:
an analysis
F.L. Wright
103
appendix a
recent projects:
daylighting
principles applied in praxis
IPIFFU5E BeAM PAYL4,T" a+ SoLAR HEAT REJECT Drac BEAJ-i P4MAWri0 * - SNF 6a*AA 4AJN
107
r I E:'-
T n C'
ewm 100"r j
M61T
LJi4T 9J4
AELF
NOK~,
-'M
U681I
IMJfI IP 'tat
AiM M s n5,crIoM
Fig. 3.26 Typical building section illustrates the differential form responses to daylight
108
Houston, Texas ji
a5 architects, planners and
engineers: Caudill Rowlett Scott
BEAM DAYLIGHTING
Techniques
S. Selkowitz; daylight introduction
b)
experiment
T. Johnson, MIT Solar Building No. 5
solar 5
This principle, though not primarily for daylighting
purposes, has been applied at the M.I.T. SOLAR 5 Building,
designed by Timothy Johnson. Exceptionally narrow, up-
side down reflectorized venetian blinds are fitted be-
tween the south facing double glazing unit. These blinds
redirect sunlight onto the ceiling for both thermal stor-
age (phase change files) and illumination purposes. Di-
rect glare is eliminated by limiting the application of
blinds to a certain window height.
I ZOa.
appendix b
T1-59 program
TI PROGRAMMABLE
TITLE: SOLAR ANGLES & RADIATION
PROGRAM RECORD
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
Given base data, calculates beam, diffuse, and total radiation incident upon and
transmitted through a specified plane. Radiation values are given for clear sky
conditions on the 21st day of the month specified.Optional output includes hourly
values for solar altitude, azimuth, angle of incidence, beam and diffuse (ground
plane and sky vault) radiation. Optionally, these values may be obtained for anv
time and day. Calculations are via ASHRAE procedures for incident radiation values..
User may specify solar. time or standard time. This program does not compensate for
cloudiness or shading.
USER INSTRUCTIONS
Option No. 1
To run a day other than the 21st of the month insert the following input steps
after step no. 13 on the first page.
1 Initialize A' 11
2 Enter equation of time Eq. Time R/S 12
3 Enter declination Decl. R/S 13
4 Enter A factor A factor R/S 14
5 Enter B factor B factor R/S 15
6' Enter C factor C factor R/S 0
NOTE: These values may be interpolated from the ASHRAE table included in the
Appendix
Option No. 2
To run a specific time 'other than the standard even hour, insert the following
step after step no. 13 on the first page.
124
Option No. 3.
To run on solar* time rather than standard time, insert the following step
after step 13 on the first page.
1 Initialize C' O
Find daily total radiation values for direct, diffuse, and total radiation,
both incident and transmitted for a vertical 1/8" thick glass window facing
southeast at 420 N latitude, 71* W longitude during May. Atmospheric clearance
is 0.85 and ground plane reflection is 0.2. Use solar time.
INPUT Month 5 A 1
Latitude 420 R/S 2
Longitude 71* R/S 3
Atmospheric Clearance 0.85 R/S 4
T.H. 900 R/S 5
Orientation 45* R/S 6
Ground Plane Reflectance 0.2 R/S 7
Transmission @ 0-55 0 0.90 R/S 8
-Transmission @55-65* 0.82 R/S 9
Transmission @65-75* 0.70 R/S 10
Transmission @75-90* 0.40 R/S 0
RUN* B 0
Find hourly angle of incidence, incident beam radiation, and incident diffuse
radiation values for the following conditions. The surface is facing due west
and sloped at 450 during a clear October day (21st). Location is 240 N latitude,
70*W longitude; atmospheric cleraance is 1.0, and ground plane reflectance is
0.25. The surface is opaque. Use standard time.
INPUT Month 10 A 1
Latitude 24* R/S 2
Longitude 700 R/S 3
Atmospheric Clearance 1.0 R/S 4
Surface Tilt 450 R/S 5
Surface Orientation -90* R/S 6
Ground Plane Reflectance 0.25 R/S
Transmission at 0-55* N/A
Transmission at 55-65* N/A
Transmission at 65-75* N/A
Transmission at 75-90* N/A
Set for hourly Output - D' 1
RUN - B 4.00
OUTPUT
This is a data summary table. The program also produced hourly values
for solar altitude and azimuth which are not shown
127
NOTE: When D' is used to .change the status of flag #1, a positive
1 in the display indicates the flag is set and a negative 1
indicates the flag is lowered. During OUTPUT, if the angle
of incidence is greater than 90* (i.e., the sun does not "see"
the surface), then 900 will be given as the value. This occurs
from 6AM through 8AM in SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2.
4 0 0 0
5 90 0 0
6 90 0 2.00
7 90 0 16.38
8 90 0 22.57
9 87.19 14.51 26.25
10 73.26 88.26 28.48
11 59.76 156.58 29.52
NOON 47.05 211.58 29.43
1 35.99 246.95 28.19
2 28.58 257.10 25.74
3 27.89 235.34 21.76
4 34.35 165.01 14.82
5 44.96 0.28 0.03
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
8 0 0 0
Find the solar altidude and azimuth for 10:15AM standard time on Januaryr6,
at 38*N latitude, 75*W longitude.
Initialize A' 11
Equation of Time -4.9 R/S 12
Declination -21.7 R/S 13
A Factor 390 R/S 14
B Factor .142 R/S 15
C Factor .057 R/S 0
Time 10.25 B' 0
RUN B 10.25
Option No. 4
When flag no. 1 is set, the program will stop at the following values for each
hour (in the following order).
1. Hour number
2. Solar altitude in degrees
3. Solar azimuth in degrees
4. Angle of incidence in degrees
5. Incident beam radiation in BTU/SF
6. Transmitted beam radiation in BTU/SF
7. Incident diffuse radiation in BTU/SF
8. Transmitted diffuse radiation in BTU/SF
This information will be presented for clear day conditions on the 21st of the
month specified, beginning at 4AM and running until 8PM. When an hour is
encountered during which the sun is below the horizon, the program will skip
to the next hour.
130
INPUT
3 .Enter no. of month (Jan = 1) Month A 1
4 Enter latitude Lat R/S 2
5 Enter longitude Long. R/S 3
6 Atmospheric Clearance Atmos.Cl. R/S 4
7 Enter surface tilt (90*=vertical) Tilt R/S 5
8 Enter surface orientation-
(+east, -vest) Orient R/S 6
9 Enter ground plane reflectance GPR R/S 7
10 Enter average transmission factor
for 0-55* angle of incidence 0-55 R/S 8
11 Enter ave.trans.fact.for 55-65*angle 55-65 R/S 9
12 Enter ave.trans.fact.for 65-75*angle 65-75 R/S 10
13 Enter ave.trans.fact.for 75-9 0 *angle 75-90. R/S 0
RUN
14 Run B Display
flashes value
OUTPUT
15 Daily beam radiation transmitted C beam trans.
16 Daily beam radiation incident R/S beam incident
17 Daily diffuse radiation transmitted D diff.trans.
18 Daily diffuse radiation incident R/S diff.incident
19 Daily total radiation transmitted E total trans.
20 Daily total radiation incident R/S total incident
NOTE: See the following page for optional prograr features. See program listing for
data register assignments, program steps, and labels
131
00 Hour Counter
01 Latitude
02 Longitude
03 Atmospheric Clearance
04 Tilt
05 Orientation
06 Ground Plane Reflectance
07 Transmission @ 0 *-55* Angle of incidence
",
08 "t @ 55-65*
"I
09 @ 65-75*
"
10 "6 @ 75-90*
11 Equation of time
12 Declination
13 A factor
14 B factor
15 C factor
16 Incident Beam Radiation Total
17 Incident Diffuse Radiation Total
18 Transmitted Beam Radiation Total
19 Transmitted Diffuse Radiation Total
20 .9999999999
21 Operational
22 Operational
23 operational
24 Indirect Address for 26-37/Operational
25 Indirect Address for 38-49/Operational
26-37 Eq. of Time/A factor/C factor
38-49 Declination/B factor
132
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"The history of Architecture is the century-old struggle
for light, the struggle for the window.
Le Cosbusier
138
appendix c
240 LATITIJDE
Catcuita~india-Miami eFiorida-
Dacca,IDangI adesli-Montrry,Mxlco
28*LAITJDE
Las Palmas.Canary Islands-
IloustonTexas-flew Delhi, Indla
140
36* LATIJUDE
Tokyo.Jnpan-Tebranfran-Kwang-Jo.Koren
VoyolievilleArkansns-t4onterroyCallf-
141
40' LATITUDE
IMadrIdSpaI n-Peklng,Chlna-Donver,Color
Olympus,Greece-Pbi Iadolphln,Penn.
"More and more, so it seems to me, light is the beauti-
fier of the building."
F.L. Wright
142
appendix d
glossery of terms
143
glossery of terms
reflectance that percentage of incident light upon a surface which is reradiated in the
visual spectrum 1 2
diffusive reflection incident light is reflected in all directions. Its distribution is the same
regardless of the angle of incidence
refract to bend a ray of light as it passes from one medium into another (glass re-
fracts light)
LUX metric unit of light intensity (lumen per square meter JLm/m 1)
144
illumination quantity of light per unit of surface area; the "intensity" or "density" of
12
light falling on a surface (English: Footcandle; metric: LUX)
Biological needs for unceasing needs for visual information; not related to specific conscious
visual information activities; but rather related to the more fundamental aspects of the human
relation to the environment: orientation, defense, stimulation, sustenance
and survival 1 2
daylight factor illumination at a point indoors divided by the illumination received simul-
taneously outdoors on an unobstructed horizontal surfacell
3
side-lighting the light obtained through windows located in the vertical building envelope
3
top-lighting refers to the light obtained from skylights (horizontal building envelope)
3
sunlight light obtained through direct beam radiation from the sun
contrast the relationship between the luminance of an object or area of interest and
that of its immediate background 1 2
6..."as the basis for music is the presence of silence,
the world of light is dependent upon darkness to give
it definition and form, and a quiet matrix within which
to come alive."
Henry Plummer, "Built Light."
(Master's Thesis, M.I.T., 1975)
145
1. Anderson, G., March 1982, Architecture Beneath the Surface, Architectural Record.
2. Brunkan, R., 1978, Sun Seeking Architecture, M.Arch. Thesis, M.I.T., Cambridge.
3. Bryan, H., et. al., Sept. 1980, Daylighting - A Resource Book, Center for Archi-
tectural Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York.
4. Evans, B., 1981, Daylight in Architecture. McGraw Hill, New York.
11. Johnson, Timothy, 1981, Solar Architecture: The Direct Gain Approach. McGraw
Hill, New York.
12. Lam, W., 1977, Perception and Lighting as Formgivers for Architecture. McGraw
Hill, New York.
146
13. Matthews, S., et. al., September 1979, Daylight as a Central Determinant of Design.
AIA Journal.
14. Plummer, H., 1975, "Built-Light." M.Arch. Thesis, M.I.T., Cambridge.
15. Rosen, J., 1982, Daylighting and Energy Conservation, M.Arch. Thesis, M.I.T., Cambridge.
16. Rosenfeld, A., et. al., 1977, Beam Daylighting: An Alternative Illumination Technique.
Energy and Building, Elsevier Sequoia S.A., Lansanne.
17.- Rush, R., Sept. 1980, Glassoline. Progressive Architecture Journal.
18. Selkowitz, S., et. al., August 1980, The Daylighting Solution. Solar Age Magazine.
19. Selkowitz, S., et. al., Sept. 1979, Strategies of Daylight Design. AIA Journal.
20. Viladas, P., November 1981, Through a glass, brightly. Progressive Architecture
Journal.
21. Villecco, M., September 1979, Natural Light. AIA Journal.
"I remember walking through a fairly new
subsidized housing project in Holland one
morning. The streets are empty. Behind the
facades I see only women wandering around
like fish in glass bowls without much to do.
My presence with a camera is suspect. Who
wants to see all this? Suddenly the streets
are full of small children returning from
school. A routine re-asserts itself. Some
husbands will be home for lunch. Someone has
told me that suicide rates among women are
highest in neighborhoods like this.