1.

MATTER AND
ENERGY

February 12, 2016

 LEARNING OUTCOMES
On compleAon of this topic you should be able to:
Describe about maJer and energy.
1. Nature of maJer: the chemical elements,
structure of atoms, molecules.
2. Chemical compounds.
3. States: solid, liquid and gaseous.
4. Changes between states.

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1.1 NATURE OF
MATTER

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 MaJer
MaJer is anything that occupies space and has mass,.
Example : wood, water, air
Can not be created or destroy, but can change state
Example : ice water steam
Energy released when change state
Divided into 2 states of nature
MaJer

Chemical nature of Physical nature of

maJer maJer

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 MaJer
MaJer - anything that occupies
space.
- consists of atoms and molecules.

Atom - smallest parLcle in an
element that has the properLes of
the element.

Molecules - the combinaLon of

two or more atoms.

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 Atom

The smallest chemical element

that can exist, made up of:
a) Nucleus - center of an atom
b) Protons - PosiLve Charged
c) Neutrons - No Charged/
Neutral
d) Electrons - NegaLve Charged

In a balance atom, amount of
electron spinning around the
nucleus is the same as proton
inside the nucleus.
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 Atom
Nucleus - each carrying a posiLve charge are called protons.
In addiLon to the protons the nucleus usually contains electrically
neutral parLcles called neutrons. Neutrons have the same mass
as protons whereas electrons are very much smaller.

Neutron - simply adds to the weight of the nucleus.

Proton - has mass same as the neutrons.
Electron - orbits dene the size or volume occupied by
the atom

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 Atom

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 Element
An object or substance of only 1 type of atom
Cannot be reduced chemically into smaller substance.
Currently there are 109 elements known.

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 Molecule
The smallest parLcle of a substance that sLll remain the
same substance
A chemical combinaLon of 2 atoms
These molecules are packed Lghtly together so that
substances appear as solids, liquids or gasses.
Forces of a[racLon and repulsion exist between all
molecules and these forces which are electro-magneLc,
vary with the state in which the substances exist.
E.g. A molecule of H2O.

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 Molecule
Atoms bond together to form a molecule.
Molecules

Monatomic Molecule Chemical Compounds

Consists of single type of Made up of two or

atom. more atoms.

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 Structure of Atoms

Electrons are arranged in energy levels and shells around the nucleus and
with increasing distance from the nucleus .
Valence electrons :
- How many electrons an atom has in its outer shell.
- Determines the chemical behavior.
- The more valence electrons, the more want for the atom to get more
electrons.
Valency :
1. bonding capacity of an atom; usually equals the number of unpaired
electrons in the atoms outermost shell.
2. No. of bonds it can make with a monovalent atom such as Hydrogen.
q Monovalent
q Bivalent
q Trivalent
q Tetravalent

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 Atomic Structure
1. An atom consists largely of empty
space
2. At its centre is the nucleus, which
is formed from closely packed
protons and neutrons.
3. Surrounding this is a cloud of
orbiLng electrons circulaLng
around it in all direcLons.
4. Protons are posiLvely charged
parLcles and electrons are
negaLvely charged parLcles
5. There must be as many electrons
orbiLng the nucleus as there are
protons within the nucleus

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 Atomic Structure
6. Where the molecules of a substance consists of only one
type of atom, the substance is classied as an element.
7. All atoms of a parLcular element contains a denite
number of protons and subsequent electrons.
8. It is the number of protons in an atom that provide the
ATOMIC NUMBER, and the total mass of all the sub-atomic
parLcles (protons, neutrons and electrons) that provide a
measure of the ATOMIC WEIGHT.
9. Element that have the same number of protons in the
nucleus but dierent relaLve atomic masses as a result of
dierent number of neutrons are called ISOTOPES.

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 Atomic Structure

Atomic Number no. of protons in the atoms nucleus.

eg. Hydrogen has 1 proton atomic no. is 1.
Carbon has 6 protons atomic no. is 6.

Mass Number total no. of protons and neutrons in nucleus.
eg. Lithium has 3 protons & 4 neutrons mass no. 7

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 Atomic Structure
ISOTOPES
are atoms that have same atomic number but dierent
mass numbers.
Atom gains / loses one or more neutrons from nucleus will
become ISOTOPES.

Are present in most elements and may also be man made.

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 Atomic Structure

10. Normally atoms are electrically neutral, as far as charge is

concerned, because electrons and protons are present in
equal numbers.
11. An atom can become posiLvely or negaLvely charged if it
has electrons taken away or added.
12. An ion is therefore an atom which has lost or gained an
electron.
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 Ions

qElectronegaAvity tendency of atom to a[racts

electrons to itself.
qElectroposiAvity tendency to lose its electrons.

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 Atomic Structure
13.Metals represent a category of elements endowed
with parLcular properLes.
14.One of these is that some of the electrons in the outer
shells are so loosely Led to the nucleus that they are
eecLvely free and move easily from one atom to
another.
15.Applying an external electrical force (such as that
provided by a ba[ery or generator) they can all be
made to move in the same direcLon.
16.When all the electrons move in one direcLon the
current is known as Direct Current (DC), as when a
ba[ery is used to provide the electrical force (voltage).

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 Atomic Structure
17. When the electrons are moved forwards and backwards,
then the current is called alternaLng current (AC).
18. AC current on aircrag usually has a frequency of 400Hz.
19. This orderly movement of electrons is called current.
Metals which easily permit the orderly movement of
electrons are called Conductors e.g. copper, aluminium,
silver, plaLnum, bronze and gold.
20. In other materials the electrons are held more rmly in
their outer shells. In these material it is almost impossible
to induce an orderly movement of electrons. They are
classied as Non-Conductors or Insulators. E.g. glass,
rubber, plasLc, wood, etc.
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 ATOM

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 ELECTRONS

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 The family of elements called semiconductors
someLmes behave like conductors and someLmes like
insulators.
Typical material are silicon and germanium.
These materials have four valence electrons, each atom
shares its electrons with adjacent atoms to form a
strongly bonded structure called a crystal lahce.
However electron movement can be achieved by
heaLng as the temperature rises the electrons become
more agitated and leave their orbits.
This is known as intrinsic conducLon.
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 Chemical ReacAons
Chemical reacLons are concerned with the loss or gain of
electrons in the outer shells. Elements with deciencies in
their outer shells are chemically very acLve and form
compound easily.

Chemical reacLons, and some physical phenomena such as

the conducAon of electricity and the emission of light in
LEDs, involve electrons in the outer shells of atoms.

A COMPOUND is dened as the chemical combinaLon of

two or more elements and by chemical means can be
separated back into their original elements.
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 Chemical ReacAons
Metallic compound - metal + metal (eg: Alloy)

Ionic compound - metal + non-metal (eg: sodium chloride)
In an ionic compound, electrons move from the outer shell of one
atom Lthe outer shell of another. This leaves charged parLcles
called ions. Ionic compounds include acids, salts and alkalis.

Covalent compound - non metal + non metal (eg : water)
The bonds are formed when atoms share electrons. These
electrons are from the outer shell of an atom. Covalent
compounds include water, methane, sugar, plasLcs and rubber.

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 Chemical ReacAon
Chemical reacAons are concerned with the loss or gain of
electrons in the outer shells. Elements with deciencies in
their outer shells are chemically very acLve and form
compound easily.
Example: Sodium (Na) with and atomic number of 11 and
Chlorine (Cl) with and atomic number of 17.

Na Cl

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1.2 CHEMICAL
COMPOUND

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 Chemical Compound
Dened as :
A substance made up of dierent elements that
are chemically bonded and are so united that
the whole has proper7es of its own, which are
unlike those of its cons7tuents.

All other molecules made up of two or more
atoms are known as Chemical Compound.

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1.3 STATES

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 Solid
A rigid form, has a denite volume and shape (independent
of its container)
Low energy state
Incompressible
Heat added to solid, molecular movement cannot move far /
close together

Solid molecule are closely

pack together. Permitting low
movement activities in the
molecules

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MOLECULES IN SOLID

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 Liquid
Assume the shape of the container but does not ll
Higher energy state
ParAally bond together, the bonding force is called surface
tension
Molecules are loosely
packed in a liquid

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MOLECULES IN LIQUID

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 Gas
Consume the shape of the container
H e a t e n e r g y a d d e d m o l e c u l a r
movement increase further All surface
tension can no longer hold the molecules
molecules escape as gas
Lighter than air & will expand to ll the
container
Very high energy state
Compressible
Boiling point is varies directly with
pressure
E.g. water boils less than 100 oC when
pressure is lower than atmospheric
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 Example

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1.4 CHANGE
BETWEEN
STATES

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 Explain the phase
transformation of matter from a
solid state to gas?

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Enthalpy changes during the change of state Ice to Steam

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 Changes between states
Solid to Liquid Fusion (MelAng)
i. When a solid is heated, the molecular movement is speeded up unLl it
becomes great enough to overcome the cohesive force that held the solid in
its rigid shape. The volume of the liquid does not dier greatly to that of the
solid.
ii. The temperature at which this occurs is called the MelLng Point.

Liquid to Gas VaporisaAon (Boiling)

i. When a liquid is heated, the speed of the molecules again is speeded up unLl
it becomes great enough to break the intermolecular bonds and a gas is
formed. There is a large change in volume when this occurs (the volume of a
gas is approximately 1000 Lmes that of the liquid).
ii. The temperature at which a liquid boils (changes from liquid into a gas) is
determined by the pressure that is above the liquid. The greater the
pressure, the ho[er the liquid will have to be before it boils.
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 Changes between states
Gas to Liquid CondensaAon
i. When heat is removed from a gas, its temperature drops unLl it reaches
the temperature at which is boiled. As more heat is removed, the vapor
returns to the liquid phase.
ii. In condensing, vapor gives up an amount of heat equivalent to the heat
required to vaporize it. The dierence is only in the direcLon of heat
transfer. Heat energy expelled is called the Latent Heat of CondensaLon.

Liquid to Solid SolidicaAon or Freezing
i. When heat is removed from a liquid, its temperature will drop unLl it
reaches its melLng temperature. As more heat is removed, the liquid
returns to its solid phase. This process is called freezing, or solidicaLon.
ii. The heat of solidicaLon is exactly equal to the heat of fusion. Thus the
only disLncLon between freezing and melLng lies in whether heat is being
released or absorbed. Loss of molecular energy is the Latent Heat of
SolidicaLon.
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 Solid to Gas SublimaAon
i. Some solid substance when heated do not melt, but form a
Vapour.
ii. Solid to vapour, without passing through liquid state.
iii. Eg. dry ice solid carbon dioxide is known as dry ice and
sublimates at room temperature.
iv. Eg. freeze-drying water can be sublimated in a food product by
using a vacuum.

Gas to Solid DeposiAon
i. The process of changing state from gas to solid.
ii. Water vapor to ice water transforms directly into ice without
becoming a liquid, a process that ogen occurs on windows during
the winter months.
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