“Wind and Sand on the South Coast’ Environmental Control- ARCH 332 Dan EvesconTEnTs: INTRODUCTION "THE HISTORY OF LYALL BAY ‘THE SAND DUNES OF LYALL BAY ‘THE CLIMATOLOGY OF LYALL BAY WIND BREAKS: ‘SAND CONTROL, ‘SNOW CONTROL, DESIGN -PARAMETERS “PROCESS: “CONSTRUCTION concerts, METHODOLOGY ‘TEST 1- ‘ORIGINAL’ TEST 2. 1-FENCE” ‘TEST 3: "SOLID FENCE’ ‘TEST 4 ~ PEDESTRIAN’ ‘concwuston FUTURE DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY 10 2 2 2 14 16 1s 16 v 18 9 20INTRODUCTION Te Sout Coast of Welngtn i renowned for its upped beauty and presque views However, caecsng sith tie uggednese the Segura naures eeente A Common afauring a typalssthry peopl leaing hat into msn ain, oie Standout ecu anogat ude af and serio ote bscn and rg te se {Tis th phenomenon that wil be atamting to adress through programe of ard haters: fraugn a problem twoughout the sot cost the researc wl fos on Co Bays ae corey te moat varaie coven ‘The research will investigate: ‘+The study of wind patterns on the south coast + The study of appropriate wind shelters that provide protection in the erees most vulnerable, The designing of wind shelters that are sensitive to the aesthetic of the context (ie donot astract from the natural beauty) + To Investigate a wind shelter design that alzo addresses the issue of sand transportation ‘The Urban development in this area has caused significant beach erosion and it has also removed the natural wind shalters created by the original sand dunes, “The need to retain the sand and & reduce the transportation thraughout the residential area is paramount. 1 seek to design a wind shelter that promotes a more enjoyable interaction with the ‘cosstine, in a manner which is appropriate to the natural Characteristics of the eres, ond ‘one which wil ald In the sustaining of the environment we now have. “The goals of this research wil be to design @ wind shelter, which though designed for Lyall Bay, could potentially be implemented throughout the south coest, addressing sand transportation and pedestrian protection “To achieve thie I intend to ‘Research the history of Lyall Bay beach Understanding I's ecolopial Background “ihe effets of urban development “The residential history of wind and sand problems The rehabilitation processes, ‘Investigate the design parameters set by the south coast plan (WCC) Investigate wind shelters, and research Information thet may be appropriate to sand [eansport reduction, ‘Understand the cimatic conditions and prevailing wind patterns of Lyall Bay (South coast) = Design a umber of appropriate wind shelters, seeking to maintain natural esthetic ‘and relationship to the coastline, ‘Test the above designs to see there effectiveness ina simulated environment (3. wind tunnels or computer programme.)HISTORY OF LYALL BAY Lyall Bay beach is located In the eastern suburbs of Wellington City, and is easily recognised with the Intemational Airport running down one side. Tt Is a beach loaded with history, having provided over a cantury of pleasurable experiences for locel Wellngtonians ana passing tourss, with fun inthe Surf and sand, ‘A beach, which Nas created So meny memories, But ont witose history is clouded with controversy, residentil disatistaction and dlsragard for the naturel state of the bay. Original beach users described the. bench as 9 beautiful area, providing. excellent picnicking and safe swimming’. 1n time Lyall Bay was developed Into 2 suburb wth foads, buildings and concrete sea walls, turing the natural coastine into one with & sistince urban character, Chronological History In 1897 Crawford, @ keen developer of the surrounding ares, subdivided a section of lend hhe had acquired at the western end of Lyall Bay. again the subdivision was initially "Unsuccessful, but would eventuelly become Keown as the Maranul Township.” In the early 1900%, Lyall Bay became recagnised as Wellington's newest watering place with crowds flocking in the weekend. A place to be seen, people wore top hats, DoW tis, ‘ress boots in fact al the finerias one could muster. Baches and beach houses began to bbe developed along the waterfront, slowly filing tne gaps of the recently subdivided ‘Moran Township. (Press) In 1911 the tram service was extended from Kilbiie to Lyell Bay ®. The result, an ‘almost instant influx of people buying and developing sites. ‘The Morrah Land Company ‘uickly subdivided lend they ovmned making the most of the sudden interest of Iving In {yall Bay". The western end of Lyall Bay had Become an urban coastline, ith the evelopment of roads, houses and entertainment faclities, ‘This was the first major Urban Intervention on Lyall Bay beach, ‘The development of Maranui was carried out rght over the well-established sand dunes, with the houses and roads being built right to the beach edge. The sand hills were levelled prior to each major subdivision. The authorities demanded that sites to be ‘surveyed, be provided with amenities such ac roads and drainage and then be epproved by the City Engineer before being actioned by the Land Title Office, This was to ensure that the land being sold was appropriate in order to meet with offal requirements.° The leveling ofthese sand hills was the beginning of the undoing of Lyall Bays’ natural sand ecosystem. “The values these early pioneers had were fmly based on @ European example. Their sim ‘was to develop ‘the wilderness’ into somathing dignifiee, something that was more Famer, and something that began to reflect thelr eritage. Therefore, they devised 3 scheme forthe improvernent’ of Lyall Bay, which consisted of transforming the sand ills into an attractive resort for picrickers. ‘These values were reflected in the following ewspaper article. “Tes amusing to notice the alarm that this inteligence has crested In the mind of at least one of the habitants of Lyall Bay. His diemay af the prospect of the reserve being ‘improved. He was terfied at te idea of the present primitive wilderness being replaced by lawns, gardens, promenades, band ratundas and that sort of thing. | McD, pe 14, 1985 2 Kennelly SH BD pe 14,198 2 Kenvally, 3M BBM p13, 1951 4 Byeing Pos 17" Ang 1963Early development- Lyall Bay Development - airport and residentialOne is incined to sympathise with the correspondent in his antipathy to lawns, [promenades end band rotundes.” ‘The power ofthe seo, alded by neglect and the removal of sand from the dunes, saw the fend of this Ideal. By the 19208, the plenic shelters ware removed, followed By the Chilren’s bathing shelters. The Lyall Bay beach of this period no longer thrived in the Weekends as It once did.” ‘Mid 192082 ~ The sand dunes which had provided much shelter from the winds were removed and the bay became more exposed. ‘Progress’ in this case hed a detrimental effect on the local beach amenities. By mid 1920's wide-open space was gradually ‘replaced by high-density housing, usually financed by Government loans? 1926- A solid concrete sea wall was estobiished between Onepu Road and Queens Drive, lth the aim of reducing sand anfe thus protecting the raad from erosion, 1928 - The Counel decided to raise a loan of 10,000 pounds forthe purpose of leveling, ying and raling @ portion ofthe land for an altort. The Prime Minister vas against the Idea of giving money fer expenditure on tne construction of 3 cil or private aerodrome, but as Defence hed considerable rights over this area he agreed. The Government provided labour, on the condition that government planes could use the facility Mee oF charge. 436 acres of sand dunes were levelled 3¢ ‘he eastern end of Lyal Bay, the object to provide work for men who Would otherwise be unemployed. Sree Lance 1 ebm, 1911 M&O M38, 1985 "Kena Me BM 35,198 me‘THE SAND DUNES OF LYALL BAY In 1930 Lyall Bay Parade was developed, removing the last of the sand dunes and therefore ending the natural eco-cycle and the natural buffer zone that they eroated, “The sand dunes at Lyall ay have been referred to as a wasteland, a hily barren and the ‘eyesore of Wellington. All comments which in their time carried a degree of validity, but ‘comments that lack an understanding of the process which sand dunes represent To Femove 8 beach of ts sand dunes Is, in essence removing an integral pat ef the beoch ecosystem.” A system, which ensures the coastline, is sustained. The New Zeeland Coastal dynamics and associated wind and wave action can shift hnlge quantities of send into the sea or onto the land, often over a short tne. In Lyall Bay slone, there is an {’slimated 106,000 cubic metres of sand movement per year." Sand dunes are crested ‘hrough the transport of sand. The wind speed near the surface changes whenever there are changes In topography, the amount of vegetation, or some other barricr to sand transport. Any ireegulanty or barrier will cause turbulence and potentially result In epostion of transported Sand grains. Plant stems and leaves are very effective in ‘modifying wind flow, reducing wind speed ana causing sand depesition. "the erosion of these established dunes was part of the overall sand cycle. With development, the tural buffer 2one that the send dunes created was ramoved and a¢ 9 result erosion of {he foreshore urban structure occurred and the beach IfSelf depleted to 9 point where at high tide the beach was about 5 moti trom wall to sea: The Parade wos 20 metres wide and bull to the edge of the sand dunes. The associated ea vall and footpath encroached another 10 metres onto the beach, The solid concrete Sea wall was designed to protect the road from the sea and also fa trap the sand from {ransportation. The design included a curved lip, thought to act as 2 sand trap, did ‘nothing to reduce the flow, Instead, threw the sand higher and thus allowing it to travel further. The gaps in the wall for pedestrian access, worked as @ funnel increasing the volume of sand leaving at those points. Moreover, sand that would normlly feed beck fonto the beach curing the periods of beach accretion can not do so) a5 its passage Is blocked by the sea wall. Instead, this sand blows across Lyall Gay Parade to form iow ‘dunes on the landward side. This sand unless physically re-deposited onto the beach is ‘now lost permanently from the Lyall Bay beach circulation system. “This colutio to erosion involving armouring the beach with rock and concrete walls not only destroys the natural character of sand’ dunes, it also seriously Impacts on the ‘amenity use and aesthetics of the beach, 1967 ‘A large storm struck the south coast, creating widespread sand dit. A large part of the problem wes associated to the gaps in the sea wall. The build up of wind blow sand Wes S50 deep 9 resident could not open their car doo. ‘The Lyall Bay Residents Associavon asks for the removal of sand. The sand is removed and a temporary baffle wes used to combat sand drt between sea wall openings 41961) 26/2, Sand dnt was recognised as a problem, casting big sums each year inthe clearence of ‘roads and footpaths. The concrete sea wall was bult with @ curled ip to send sand beck {> beach. This proved to be no great success and sand remaval was the easiest option reducig excess sand ari, but lt minimal beach, "esp, Patek pe, 2000, "iki A, 12,1979 "ep, Pari 4 2000, "ah Jremy, p12, 1991 "iy Vote, 20" February 19471975 ‘Anew wall is constructed, reinforcing included where previous erosion had occurred. “yall Bay used to be one of Welington beautul expanses of water, but Beauty has been party destroyed by the building of the airport -Now @ crude concrete wal! I= being ‘erected without plan or skill. Another permanent monument to inefficiency and our Ulitarian outiook on Bhings, erected by people obviously bind to the beauty” around them." Redevelopment ‘The early developments of sea valls at Lyall Bay were significantly detrimental to the natural eco system, and over 60 years Governments have continued to invest vast sums ‘of money into restrengthaning and replacing the walls, rather then address the actual issue. ‘A growing awareness of environmental issues saw trial dunes established in the far east fend of Lyall Bay. After successful taling end continued pressure from local residents, the re-establishment of the sand dunes continued elong the foreshore. By the mid 90° the dunes were constructed in the middle of the bay and By 2000 sand dunes, were ‘established along the whole beach east of Onepu Road. “Today the results of the sand dune rehabilitation programme can be seen, successfully reducing any further damage to the sea walls, reducing the quantity of san Delng lost ‘dnd providing a more natural aesthetic for 9 predominantly urban beach, Despite the positive attribute of these dunes, the lack of space for a rear dune ‘accumulation means sand transportation is stil @ considerable fue, both for pedestrians ‘and for residents "evening Pos, 11 Aug 1975CLIMATOLOGY OF LYALL BAY Lyall Bay Beach is located on the south coast of the North Island, defining one of the fges for the narrov isthmus that separates Lyall Bay from Evans Bey. The surrounding county Is very hilly, but the exposed edge is unobstructed being over the water of Port Nichalson from the north and. Caok Strat from tne south. As Cook Strat is @ relatively narrow gap between the mountain ranges of the North and South Islands, winds are Considerably reinforced Orographically in the Wellington eres and are channelled strongly In the nomth/north westerly and southerly directions. There’ also Some local north-south channeling of the surface winds 2t Lyall Bey owing to the hills running perpendicular tothe beach edge ‘The unobstructed passage for wind from the south means the turbulence rating for Lyall Bay Is Class T: the wind flow is relatively unimpeded as predominantly smooth surfaces. ‘Due to the funnelling effect of the break in the mountain chains between the North and South Islands, strong winds occur relatively often at Lyall Say. Maximum gusts of 8 knots from the north and 201 knots fram the south have bean recorded since 1959 at Wellington airport Strona southerly winds are most common In winter and are usually associated with ridges over the South Isignd and lows over of east ofthe North Island. Southerly winds ‘occur approximately 35%" of the time, with most of Lyall Bays wind coming from the predominate north’ northwesterty quarter. The situation is very diferent in the ease of ‘winds averaging over 30 knots, when southerlies are about 30 percent more frequent than the nartheies. The most severe winds experienced are usually from the south an are commonly associated with deep depressions over or east of the North Tsland with s Strong ridge over Canterbury. Brit periods of very strong southerlas occur with the passage of line squalls in strong southwesterly airstreams. They are potentially hazardous because of the intensity and Suddenness of wind changes to the South, sometimes gusting to at least SO knots ins ‘matter of seconds from near calm conations. The period of strongest gust usually persist for less than half an hour before the wind settles. Southerly svinds gusting 60 knots oF more may be expected on about 3 days per year To intiate a significant movement of sand, winds speads only noed to reach 10m/s (approx). The occurrence of these conditions Lyall Bay Is approximately 15 6°" of the fume. The above information, along with the history of residentiel complaints, provices Substantal evidence of the haed for some form of remedial action to occur along the Urban edge of Lyall Bay beach. Ukimately to provide some form of pedestrian shelter land to raduce the affect of sand transportation within the urban landscape. The most ‘Yuinerable area of the bay seems to be the section east of Onepu Road to the Bowling lub entry (the central zone of Lyall Bay beach, The wind patterns seeming to be more Tecussed in this area and are probably due to the Tunneling effect ofthe hills end tre provision of some protection to other arsas of the bey by the hits ahd. coastal paints ‘This was seen in the recent southerly (September 03), with sand bull up significantly deeper in this area compared to the rest of Lyall Bay Parade,” Residents interviewed also commented on the regularity of this pattem, with some reflecting on the physical Strength difference, which was sometimes notable, ™ Reid Seve, NIWAWIND BREAKS “The use of wind breaks to provide shelter in both rural and urban situations hes been well researched and studied, with basic principles for their design readily avaliable However itis Important not to assume that one dasign Is appropriate forall situations, ‘The need to consider the context and conditions of 2 given location is paramount designing 9 windbreak that performs effectively for tts Intended use. To research an ‘3ppropriate solution for Lyall Bay the basle principles of wind shelters, show fences nd Send control wil be investigated Basic principles” ‘requirement of any windbreak i a feirly continuous impediment placed to provide wind protection or other benefits. The most important fectors in windoreske design for wind protection are height 6682p orientation, and length fotos Height — windbreaks reduce wind speeds up to 20 times their height (H) downwind Porosity All windbreaks, except solid fences oF walls, lat come wind through. Dense \windbreeks stop more wind by having a greater proportion of solid area to opan area, but ‘density fs not alvays good. As wind is deflected up and over a windbraak, low presstre fon the dovmwind side draws the wind back dwn. This low pressure ts stronger im dense ‘windbreaks, drawing the wind down quickly and reducing the protected erea size. Letting ‘Some wind through reduces tha low pressure and results In larger protected eres. Designing with Porosity (rules of thumb) + High protection is provided with 25% porosity + Low protection 5086 porosity + Wind: breaks with Forsity higher than 80% provide lite wind reduction + Tels advisable to ensure that the porosity of the windbreak Is as even as possible to ‘void locally uneven or unpleasant effects, ‘+ Wind breaks in an open country region can be expected to shelter a 20-30% greater ‘rea than those erected in a town oF suburb because of the greater turbulence experienced In these latter locations. + Prorastiely increasing the porosty ofan already porous sean, from 0.2 to 0.5 {rere as 10m before the ends hes the same eects an the cuulence i the arco Snd increases the areas oa evel of protactn by 25% ‘+ Horizontal or vertical gaps in an otherwise danse windoreak will funnel wind and locally increase wind speeds Orientation — windbreaks should be oriented at right angles to the prevotting wind rection to protect the greatest lend area. In hily areas, locate windbreaks Just upwind Of the hill crest for greatest benefit. Pacing a windbresk on the crest will result In Ssmalicprotected eres because of extreme low pressure end turbulence created on the Soversrind ad downhill sie. nn Forestry extension uti edySAND CONTROL ‘The most effective form of sand control is through the maintenance of the neturel eco system provided by sand dunes. (Refer to history of Lyall Bay) Far a context such as {all Bay where the dunes are not complete litle information jg avaliable on how to reduce send transportation. By researching what is understood about sand movement {and sand control itis hoped some ofthe characteristics can be employed in designing Solution to this problem, ‘Sand transportation \Wind-fow over a sandy surface such 35 a beach wil experience fiction with the sand, {and therefore the wind Spaed will dacrease closer tothe surface. The wind applies @ force {to sand grains, which can be Increased ether through on increase in the velocity of the ‘wind, or through an inerease In the roughness of the surface of the sand. A few loose ‘grains of sand wil be moved in this method, and will travel by a method of saltation, Saltation in the process of sand grains being flicked up by the wind and carried forward & certain cistance, before the grains return to the surface. AS the sand grains return to the ‘ground they impact into the surface, this results In many more grains being flicked up Into the ar. Wind-flw and sand combine to produce sand trangportatin, Sand control Fences Companies in America have produced snow and sand control Fencing, hawever these solutions are often aimed at a more temporary situation, or do nat seem to take ‘esthetics into consideration ‘They are mede of UV stabilised high-density polyetnylene and Is international orange in colour Mash size 4° x 1" (200m x 2.Sem). In rolls of 1.2m, x 35.24m, (4! x 50) and 1.22m, x 30.48m,( 4" x 100%. “The postive characteristics of this type of fencing is itis durable, non corrosive and the ‘company prescribes to 50% porosity for maximum drifting.swow CONTROL ‘The need to control snowdrift is &n international problem, and has been studied in-depth to ty to reduce the effect of snow bull up on roads, rallway tracks ond. farms. \winablown snow has a similar characteristic to wind Blown sand, though being lighter le more dificult to contr Principles of wind and snow control" ‘ Wihen high-velocity air blows over 2 rough surface, it swirls and loses both energy ‘and velocity. "as high-velocity alr strikes an obstacie, the air pressure increases on the upwind side, anda sight vacuum is ereated on the downwind sie, “when high-velocity air passes through a constriction, Its velocity increases. = High-velocity alr can hold more snow in suspension tan lovr-velociy ar ‘Types of snow breaks 1m open areas wind, its, carries, and deposits snowflakes just as it does soll particles. By rmedifying wind flow, blowing stow can be distributed over a field or deposited within & ‘alven area.” Solid Fences [AS wind slams into 2 solid fence, its either forced up and over the abstacte or around it. ‘lr pressure Increases on the upwind (windward) side, and 2 sight vacuum js created on the downwind (leeward) side. AS the wind Is forced over the top ofthis sold Berrien, Is velocity increases. After crossing the top of the barrie, the vacuum created on the downwind side causes air turbulence which dissipates the wind's energy. The wind NO longer retains enough energy and voleity to carry a snow load; therefore, the snow srops out. ‘Wind drops the snow In two places: (1) on the upwind side of the fence at 2 45-degree angle for a dstance of sbout one-fence-height, and (2) on the downwind side for 2 flistance equal to about five times the fence height (Figure 1). The distance of snowdrop fon the domnwind side i not directly proportional to fence height, and the effect = Somewhst less than five times the height for very high fences. ‘The area of wind and ‘snow protection fora solié fence, then, extends from about fve to fifteen times the fence Inaight downwind {A sold windbreak Is usually bullt adjacent to the area iti designed to protect, since ‘Snow accumulation does not usually extend out far from the fence Porous Fences ‘Afence designed for snow control, whichis porous, wll result in larger sheltered area, ‘as with normal windsheters, and a resulting even spread of snow over a large ere, Father then, thick layers and deft bulld up. ‘Don Denes ana Wir. FiayDESIGN- PARAMETERS “The research established thus for has confirmed the need for some form of sand control and pedestrian shelter at Lyall Bay. Due to the cantral area of the bay appearing to be ‘more vulnerable the design of the sand control fence and pedestrian shelter will be focussed in this area. Pic- current sand dune and sea wall dimensions. Cone of the dasign eifficultias observed Is the limited space in which the reduction of sand {transportation can be carried out. The need to leave the lover haf of the dune untouched | necessary to ensure a buffer zone Is provided Ter large storme,. This leaves, 2ppreximetely 6 metres for which to try and contral send. This problem of space ts ‘augmented by the restricted height plane createa by the need to maintain a vist forall ‘pelesrians and residents overlooking the beach. ‘Another design parameter to consider is the south coast strategy pln, a specie report ‘med at maintaining the natural character of this erea. "The report focused on earng for the ecological, resource, hertage and use values, recreation and lelue, coastal erosion control, ana beautieation guidelines ‘An applicable clause states: The adeltion of new structure to the area Is to be reduced to {that vthich is necessary forthe enjoyment or management of the coast or are necessary for the functioning of the city inrastrocure. Where @ new structure Is supported, Its design should be directed at enhancing the coastal character. The structure. should be Seen as an extegsion of the coastal character of the immediate area, rather than an {etrusion into ‘The policy also stipulates species such as the use of materials, recommenaing materials should be selected thet have a coastal look. An example of this could be seam in the Fest area walls constructed around the south coast, with the choice of natural stone, keeping to the requieements of coastal ook “The coastal strategy plan places turer parameters on the design of the wind shelters, ‘ensuring @ holistic solution is found, one that considers the overall potential effects of the ‘design, the Impact for beach user and the aesthetic spproprateness to the context. 2 Wetngon City Counc, Da Pla fe the Sots Coa 534, 2001 Welingon Cis Counc, Dra ln forthe South Cost 19.2001DESIGN- THE PROCESS. ‘The concept of sand control and pedestrian wind protection hes direc benefits to local ‘residents, pedestrians and the Wellington City Council. Moreover, the secondary Bente though not obvious will benefit the beach usars of today and more importantly these of ‘Through establishing @ shelter system at Lyall Bay, access to the sand dunes is Festricted, controlling the passage ef movement from roud to beach to that purly ot ‘designated paths. Currently the unfenced dunes are trampled upon and utilised for ‘activities beyond’ there purpose. The protection of the dunes at Lyall: Bay ls’ wer, important. Ounes are sensitive to disruption In general, the small size and vulnerablty Of the dunes at Lyall Bey makes thelr protection paramount. The comblnston of cor dunes, sand control and counel maintenance would hypotheticely reduce the send bee currently occurring at Lyall Bay, resulting in 8 healthier boach and one thet ls potently sustainable fr future g2neration. DESIGN-CONSTRUCTION ‘The need to construct the screens in a manner that appears light and unobtrusive 1s ‘undementat to the desired coastal aesthetic. To achieve this 1 would envisage @ glass ‘and steel constructon. The of use steel enables a frame to be creates thet hasan ‘exceptional strength to weight ratio and as a result would appear as slender structure ‘The Impact ofthe harsh and corrosive environment on the steel structure mil eed to be considered. Galvanised or a brushed stainless steel. so would need to be specified if the natural uals of steel are to be maintained The context which these screens wil be ciel aise effects the type of glass to be specified. The glass wll ned to be of a toughened vary to prevent send blasting and more importanty Yo reduce the effects OF intention Vandalism, concers . ‘ci etn sn eon if es: + Insc a el et st ls maa so ptt tt eh LPS es Ss ue Jo i aces eS San * Gandéme?s design of a ventilated base °K’ wind break, A design tested and seid to work” particulary well for sand control Ship construction = where a tted panel of steel guides wind upwards and ereates an ir bubble to protect the oceupantof the bridge From oncoming wind. + Gandamers use of this theory to create a pedestrian wind brook for a. coastal situation. However the design ‘of his wind breaks require preat height snd cold ‘construction. tis hoped that by using the general principles, 0 slender" more ‘appropriate solution could be found with similar results 3251 and took 9 84Is METHODOLOGY To Investigate the most appropriate solution for wind and sand control , parametric tealng of diferent fence contgurations wil be orchestatad. Wind tunnel testing wl sven the performance ofthe sereens ng smote stam viealeaton techniques to Greate 93 dimensional understanding ofthe wind ow patterns. The models wil Be bul ata scale of 1:20, 3 scale appropriate to “ensuring that no more than 5 ofthe wind {unnel mouth i blocked. A egal vdeo camera vill provide s Tecord ofthe tests sd low For future reference aed analy. {refer to attached CD) ‘TEST 1: FILE ORIGINAL” “The hist trial assessed the wind flow over the current arrangement of sand dune and sea wal. This established a benchmark Yor which the tral tests could be compared end so allowed a greeter understanding of why the problem of send transportation existed, Fig 1- current situation. ‘Smoke in the frst test stayed low traveling unimpaded from the sea’ over the dunes and Finally over the sea wall, small vortex was observed on the seaward side of the wall, this Created an alr bubble which tended to lift the alow higher sending the smoke further over the road. A negative pressure behind the sea wall wos elo observed ‘creating @ dovin ward fiow and explaining the bud up of sand en the footpath ater most Storms. However, the minimal size of the exposad face meant that the predominate few was lifted evar the wall bythe alr pocket and out onto the street.‘rest 2: FILE FENCE “The second test used the “K’ fence (2400mm tall) in an attempt to disperse the wind flow Inv manner which vould be positive fer sand control. Research suggests the placement ‘of the sand control fence at halfvay down the sand dune. This wil slow space for the Coastal buer zone, moreover, It wil reduces the availablity of exposed loose sand for transportation and most importantly @ vista wil sil be maintained. Fig 2K fence Vooiees ‘The K-fence effectively broke up the dlrect wind flow over the sand dune, reducing significantly the velocity at which the air passed over the sea wall. Vorix’s could be Seen on the leeward side created by the flow of alr through the fence. This negative pressure represents a lowered wind pressure and as a result, an opportunity for sond to be deposited. However the ventilated bese reduces this pressure diference behing the Fence ni thus the potential sand catchment is reduced. Moreover, the ventilated base allows 2 strong flow of alr at ground level, the area most vulnerable to sand transpor. ‘Tye K-fence did dissipate the airflow successfully however, its application appears to suit an environment where a larger ares for sand catchment is avallebie,‘TEST 3: FILE ‘SOLID FENCE’ ‘The third test used a sold wall (1400 mm high) also place halfway up the dunes height: It was hoped by using » wall with no_poresity theta Strong dewrlvard force behind the ‘all would be established and thus a large catchment area, Fig 3 sold fence ‘The analysis of test showed this theory in practice. The smoke was lifted over the sold fence by the vortex on the seaward ide, but then quickly dipped into the negative pressure zone behind the fence. This (5 caused by the tendency of arto Now from 5 positive pressure to a negative one. The analysis showed the negative pressure to be Covering a large area of the dune, which hypothetically means a larger area for sand Catchment. The predominais Tow showed the air travelling closest to the lip of the Wwindbreak was the ir pulled down into the negative pressure, This isa postive scenario {sit is assumed thet most of the sand transportation would be contained in these lower Strata of wind Nov.‘TEST 4: FILE: "PEDESTRIAN “Tho fourth test involved creating a wind break to provide shelter for pedestrians and other users. By adding a glass structure to the top of the seavall (S0Omm high) Combined exposed face height of 900 mm is created. ‘The height of the fence reflected 3 Sesire to maintain a vista to the sea Tor most users. The front face of the model had another panel attached creating a linear Tunnel. It was Roped that the "funnel" would Create @ significant vertical wind low, which would result In-a protective air pockst for the footpath user. Fig 4 “To ascortain whether the scracn actually worked, wind tunnel tests were carted out with Just the pedestrian fence. Analysis showed that even with the small face the fence Created enough vertical flow to provide a significant protective pocket where pedestrians ould walk. A high level of turbulence was also observed, and was the result of the combination of the upward Now and the cownward pull of the negative pressure zone behind’ the sea wally However this was on the road and thus does not become @ Sgnifeant reer. ‘The establishment of solely the pedestrian fence in this context, though successful in protecting the pedestrian, would not address the fundamental problem of sand contol, ‘ihe following Tests. sought to assess ow well tne pedestrian fence. responded. In combination with the two sand control fences. The question being raised as to whether the disturbed airiow created by the sand control system would have detrimental stfoct fn the performance ofthe pedestrian Fence, Analysis of both situations showed a substantiol protective alr pocket was stil created, {and in a postion which would be beneficial to pedestrian users. Though the flow of aie Sppeared’ more dispersed before the padesirian fenca it did ot appear to effect the process adversely.‘concLusioN. “The report wind and sand on the south coast sought to investigate: “whether a solution to sand transportation could be found that sulted the dynamic of {yall Bay Beach ‘+ The provision ofa pedestrian environment that would be comfortable during southerly wind condition. ‘+The ecological, urban ané aesthetic impact ofthe wind breaks on the area, ensuring 2 more holistic approach to the design ofthe shaters + whether the climatology of Lyall Say reflected an environment where the Investigation and development of sand control and pedestrian shelter is warrantable, 1 consider the investigation of sand control to be an important aspect of the continued Fehabiltation and maintenance of Lyall Bay beach. The need to establish methods to Control sand from being transported of the beach Is important for the beaches ‘maintenance today and the preservation for users of tomorrow. The climatology of Lyall Boy is such thot conditions, whieh lead to sand transportation, will occur 15, % of the time, making for @ convincing argument ofthe current need to address beach depletion, Lyall Bay beach has progressed through @ series of urban developments, many ‘detrimental to the Deachbe existence. These developments have created tha Need tO Fehabiltate the beach back to a more naturel contin, however the fundamental reality is that Lyall Bay Is stil very much an urban beach. Therefore, I'find the potential for development of a pedestrian shelter to be one which vill greaty adc to the useabilty of the parade, provide further protection for the cunes and Ir designed sensitively, could become an exciting visual dynamic forthe coastal edge. “Test conclusions: ‘That the positioning of a sold fence half way down the dune showed the most promise in Sand control. The Sold Yence effectively created @ large negative pressure on the leeward ide, providing an area of low wind speed where air Berne sand would be deposited. “The pedestrian fence successfully provided 2 sheltered air pocket for pedestrians, proving ‘adequate with each ofthe concepts tested. 1m conclusion, find thatthe impact of sand transportation can be reducad at Lyall bay. T recommend the use of a dual system, ythere 6 soll fence configuration ie used to contol Sand’ in combination with the pedestrien fence to provide a mare useable deoch ‘environment. “These findings establish an excellent foundation for which further research and evelopment could be carried gut to refine the correct response for Lyall Bay beach Furthor-mare it is hoped that the report could be used ae » base to begin smlar Investigations to other vulnerabie areas within the south coastFUTURE DEVELOPMENT 1 Further development and research were to occur within the bounds of this report, I ‘ould recommend the folowing censiderations. ‘To test the Impact of sand build up in front of the sand control fence, to see its effect fon the negative pressure zone and to dbserve how sand transportation responds to the bud up. ‘+ To investigate what is the most appropriate methed forthe removal af sand build up behind the sand control Fence and the redistribution back onto the beach. ‘+ Furthet nore to investigate how sand redistribution could be Implemented through natural processes rather than manual labour ‘If wing shelters are to be established over a continuous stretch of the beach, how Is, the problem of beach access to be addressed with Rs previous history of creating ‘sand funnels?Kenneally, 3M & BM Early Days on the Miramar Peninsul, Colonial Associates, 1991 (On the Edge of Our City, Colonial Associates, 1984 on B. Jones and William H. Friday, Wind and snow control forthe farmstead Irvine, Ft. Streets of My City, R.W.Reed Publishers, Wellington, 1948 MeGil, David. My Erilioné Suburb, Platform Publishers, 1985, ‘Struthers, John. Hamar Peninsula, Wright and Carmen Ls, 1975, ‘Sutherland, Alex. Sutherlands of Ngoipu, A.W Reed Publishers, Welington 1947 Interviews Bote: ‘Time Cinema, Lyall Bay Humpheris, Adrian: WCC Archives Reid, Steve NIWA, Reports Hesp. Patrick. Coasta! sand dunes form and function, Massey Uni, Forest Research, 2000 Picket, R.A, Beach and near shore morphology of Lyal Bay Wellington, NZ Oceanographic Insitute, 1979 Nugent. D & Solomon. M. Commentary of the NZ Coastal Polcy Statement, Department of Conservation, 1994 Wassoll, Maggte. Vegetation survey of coastal areas, 1991 W.D. Scott and Co, Wellington Aiport Study, 1979 Policy and related documents Department of Conservation, New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement, 1994 ‘Ministry for the Environment, Environmental Protection and enhancement procedure, 1986 ‘Town Planning Department, The Kibirne/ Lyal Bay Planning Review, Aug 1989 Weltington city Council - Draft south coast management plan, 2002 “A draft landscape devaiopmant plan forthe Lyel Bay ‘to Palmer Head Coastline, Cuture and Eecaton, 1992