1) Citing sources in the text

Under the Harvard System, sources are cited in short notes in brackets in the text, and a corresponding full
reference is included in a list of references at the end of the work.

Every time the ideas, facts or opinions of another are used in a piece of work this must be acknowledged
with a full reference. Whether a source is quoted directly, indirectly, paraphrased or summarised, it must be
acknowledged. To do otherwise is plagiarism.

Notes in the text should include:

The name of the author - surname only e.g. 'Brown'

The date of the source - full year e.g. '1987'.

The specific page reference if necessary - e.g. 'p.23' or 'pp.56-78'.

If the name of the author is not known, use 'Anon' in its place. When making reference to a chapter or
article that appears in a book made up of contributions from many authors, cite the name of the author of
the actual article; details of the editor of the volume will appear in the list of references.

If, in the course of your work, you cite two authors with the same surname, you will need to check that the
dates of their books or articles are different. If you have two Browns, each of whom wrote their piece in
1984, you will need to add their initials (e.g. F. Brown 1984, Z. Brown 1984) to distinguish them.

If the date is uncertain try to give an approximate date that is as accurate as possible. This should appear
in square brackets preceded by 'ca.' e.g. [ca.1990]. If you are citing several works written in the same year,
you will need to distinguish between them by writing Brown 1984a, Brown 1984b etc.

There should be no comma between the name of the author and the date, but the date and page reference
should be separated with commas. Page references should be as specific as possible. Do not use vague
abbreviations like 'f' or 'ff'. Note that there is no space between 'p.' and the page number.

The particular content of the parenthetical note will depend on the nature of the sentence in which the
reference appears. In some instances all three pieces of information will be included, at others only the
date and the page reference, or even the page reference alone.

Examples
In this example, the first sentence has a full citation, as the author's name does not appear in the text,
unlike the second citation, which contains only the date and page reference.

It has long been argued (Butcher 1990, pp.78-90) that pork and leek sausages are better than pork and
apple. However, Neville (2005, pp.56-98) has recently produced evidence to the contrary.

The relative merits of different varieties of sausage is a topic that has been fiercely debated in recent years
(Butcher 1990, pp.78-90; Neville 2005, pp.56-98).
 2) Referencing work that someone else has cited

Sometimes you need to refer to a book or an article that you have read
about in someone else's work, but not seen for yourself. If this happens
then you should, if at all possible, try to locate the original material and cite
it in the normal way.

If you are unable to find the original material then you may cite the work in
your own text by referring to both the original and the citing authors.

For example, you could write in your assignment:

When human support is less available, attachment to pets is associated

with better health (Garrity et al. (1989) cited in Tucker et al.(1995)).

And in your reference list you would put:

Garrity, T., Stallones, L., Marx, M. and Johnson, T. (1989) Pet ownership
and attachment as supportive factors in the health of the elderly.
Antrozos. 3, 35-44. Cited in Tucker, J., Freidman, H., Tsai, C. and Martin, L.
(1995) Playing with pets and longevity among older people.Psychology and
aging. 10 (1), 3-7.

Note that in the reference list the original work is written first, followed by
the words Cited in, then the work where you found the information. The
format of the two references follows the usual rules for the Harvard system,
except that the title or journal title of the original work (Antrozos in our
example) is not italicised; the title or journal title of the work you have read
(the primary source) is italicised.

When referencing work cited by other authors, the original work is

sometimes known as the secondary source and the work that cites it (i.e.
the work that you are actually looking at) is the primary source. These
terms should not be confused with the terms primary data and secondary
data which have quite different meanings.

3) Citing sources quoted in another source

It is sometimes necessary to quote or make reference to a work that you have not actually read but only
encountered in the work of another. Even though you have not read the quoted source you must
acknowledge the original source of the information, as well as the work in which it appears, in a
parenthetical note.
The name, date and page reference of the work in which information originated should appear first,
followed by 'cited' and then the name etc. of the work in which the information was found. Only the work
you have read should appear in the reference list at the end of the work.

Examples
Neville (1990 cited Wilson 1998, p.89) devised the standard criteria for food tasting surveys.

Although the results of the Bristol Sausage Survey have been described by one scholar as 'seriously
misleading' (Brown 1990, p.65 cited Jones 2004, p.87), they have had a great influence on the marketing
strategy of industry leaders.

Citing unwritten sources quoted in another source

When making reference to the spoken words of someone other than the author recorded in a text, cite the
name of the person and the name of the author, date and page reference of the work in which the quote or
reference appears.

Examples
In a recent interview (Jones 2004, p.77), Henry Howard said that the British Sausage industry has suffered
from decades of under investment in research and development.

As Henry Howard said in an interview with Jones (2004, p70), 'British sausages are widely regarded as the
best in the world'.

4) Multiple sources by the same author

Where a work contains a number of sources by the same author, they are easily distinguished by the date
of publication. However, where a work contains several works by the same author with the same
publication date, they should be distinguished by the inclusion of lower case letters 'a,b,c' etc. after the
year.

Examples
Whilst the decline of Britain's sausage industry has been lamented (Neville 1989a, p.78), most medical
experts agree that the resultant benefits to the nation's health far outweigh the costs to the rural economy
(Brown 2004b, p.7).

The otherwise cogent argument advanced by Wilson (1998c, p.34) for the replacement of American style
burger restaurants in London with sausage bars based on the German model, was let down by a poor
understanding of current market trends.

5) Sources with multiple authors

Where sources have two authors, include both surnames separated by 'and' in the citation. In the case of
more than two authors, only the name of the first should be included, followed by 'et al.'.
Examples
In a recent study (Wilson and Brown 2005, pp.20-67), two-thirds of Bristol students were found to have
eaten sausages at least twice per week during term time.

The most important advance in our understanding of British sausage consumption trends took place in the
decade after the publication of the findings of the Bristol Sausage Survey (Neville et al. 1990).

Sausages account for a very large part of most students' overall protein intake (Smith and Franklin 1992,
p.23).

Neville et al. (1990, p.56) have argued that the decline in sausage consumption in Britain in the late 1980s
was due to the growth in popularity of the American burger chains such as McDonalds and Burger King.