Fractance Circuit Design Based on a Method of Constructing the Rational

Approximation Function in the Form of Factorization

Meng Wu1, Chunyang Wang*2, Nianchun Cai3
1. College of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022
E-mail:wumengcust@163.com
2. College of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022
E-mail:wangchunyang19@163.com
3. College of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022
E-mail:cainianchun19@163.com

Abstract: Any order analog fractance circuit based on a method of constructing the rational approximation function in
the form of factorization is designed. The circuit is made up of level-N passive RC parallel network that makes the circuit
easy integration in which the size of N is equal to the order of rational function. Since the rational approximation function
in the form of factorization consists of several first order damp elements and first derivative elements, it will greatly
simplify the design process of fractance circuit. It shows that the designed fractance circuit based on a method of
constructing the rational approximation function is reasonable through three kinds of different performance simulations.
Key Words: rational approximation function; fractance circuit; fractional calculus operator; passive RC network

rational function to approximate the fractional calculus

1 INTRODUCTION
Fractional calculus is more than 300 years old topic and
because of its better modeling of some real world control
processes, recently, application of fractional calculus is
becoming a hot topic in control area[1-7]. Many researchers
have made great efforts to extend the study of integer-order
systems by generalizing them to fractional-order. For
example, study of fractional-order filters, L C tank circuit,
RL C circuit, and PI D controller
[8-13]
. is better than that of Oustaloups method and Chareff's
Realization of fractional capacitors as well as fractional
inductors is an important issue in studying the fractional-
order systems[6]. Fractional capacitor and fractional
inductor often can be termed as fractance which is made up
of a circuit that exhibits fractional-order behavior. The
Impedance of the fractance is defined as[7,12]
j ( ) the method. In section 4, we adopt level-N passive RC
Z ( s ) = s = ( j ) = e 2 (1)
where is the angular frequency and takes the fractional
value from -1 to 1. The following are some of the important
points about a fractance.
g Magnitude: Constant slope of 20dB / dec .
g Crossover Frequency: A function of 1.
g Phase: Horizontal line of / 2 .
In terms of realization of a fractance, it is equal to use
analog fractance circuit to achieve fractional calculus
operator 1 / s , s ( 0 < < 1 0 < < 1 ). However, there
has been no ideal fractance so far[14], so many scholars
come up with an idea to use analog fractance circuit to
approximate the ideal circuit of fractional calculus operator.
It has existed many kinds of methods by constructing a
Corresponding author: Chunyang Wang.
This work is supported by Basic Research Program of Jilin Provincial
Science & Technology Department(20130102025JC)
operator, such as the Continued Fraction Expansions[15,16],
Matsudas method[15,16], Carlsons method[15,16] and
Oustaloup s method[15,16,18,19,20] and Chareffs method[16,17].
This paper adopts a method of constructing the rational
approximation function in the form of factorization to
approximate the fractional calculus operator, and then
designs a fractance circuit. By simulating analysis, the
passive RC network circuit performance based on the
rational approximation function in the form of factorization
method in the case of N=5.
The chapters and sections are as follows. In section 2, on
the basis of reference[21], a method of constructing the
rational approximation function in the form of factorization
is introduced. A model of the rational approximation
function is proposed and derived. Thus, the method is
elaborated. In section 3, a fractance circuit is designed by
parallel network to build fractance circuit and it illustrates
that the larger N is, the better approximating performance
of a fractance circuit is. Moreover, it shows that the
approximating performance of Oustaloups method and
Chareffs method is not better than that of the proposed
approach in the case of N=5. Finally, the paper draws a
conclusion that it is effective to use the method of
constructing the rational approximation function in the
form of factorization to build a fractance circuit.
2 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING THE
RATIONAL APPROXIMATION FUNCTION
IN THE FORM OF FACTORIZATION
Assume that the fractional calculus operator is respectively
s , 1 / s ( 0 < < 1 , 0 < < 1 . A rational function can be
used to approximate the operator. The advantage of
adopting a rational function to approximate the operator is

978-1-4799-7016-2/15/$31.00 2015
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 that the fractance circuit can be achieved by RC networks. 2.1 Calculation of Transition Frequency
The difference between integral operator and differential
Assume that the transfer function L1 (s)= k1 / s which
operator is only the exchange of numerator and
denominator. So the paper only researches a method to corresponds to the parallel line L1 . The transfer function
approximate the integral operator. If the approximated
L2 (s)= k 2 / s which corresponds to the parallel line L2 .

operator C(s)= 1 / s , we want to adopt G(s) to approximate From fig.1, we can get
C(s). Assume that
20 Lgk1 -20 Lga1 - =20 Lg1 -20 Lga1 (3)
A(s/b1 + 1)(s/b2 + 1)...(s/bi + 1)...(s/bn + 1)
G(s) = (2) 20 Lgk 2 -20 Lga1 + =20 Lg1 -20 Lga1 (4)
(s/a1 + 1)(s/a2 + 1)...(s/ai + 1)...(s/an + 1)
From the equations (3) and (4),
where A , ai , bi are all positive numbers and solved / 20
k1 = 10 (5)
parameters. Because ai and bi are positive numbers, G(s) k 2 = 10 / 20
(6)
belongs to the minimum phase system. The amplitude- According to fig.1,
frequency characteristic and phase-frequency characteristic 20 Lga1 - Lgb0 =2 (7)
are in relationship of one-to-one correspondence, which
means that if the amplitude-frequency characteristic has a 20 Lgb1 - Lga1 +2 =20 Lgb1 - Lga1 (8)
good approximation effect, so is the phase-frequency From (7), we can get
characteristic. It can be seen from the expression (2) that the b0 = a1 10 /(10 ) (9)
rational function consists of N first-order damp elements From (8), we can get
and N first-derivative elements. The schematic diagram of b1 = a1 10 /(10(1 )) (10)
G(s) approximating C(s) is showed in fig.1.
The rest can be done in the same manner,
bi = ai 10 /(10 (1 )) i=1,2,... (11)
/(10 )
ai +1 = bi 10 i=0,1,2,... (12)

2.2 Calculation of Coefficient A

The transition frequencies have been solved out and the
following task is to solve the coefficient A. The corner
frequency of the first inertial element is a1 , so
20 LgA -(20 Lg1 -20 Lga1 )= (13)
We can get
A = (1 / a1 ) 10 / 20 (14)
Fig.1 Amplitude-frequency characteristic of rational approximation
function and integral operator So
The method adopts approximation from the amplitude- A(s/b1 + 1)(s/b2 + 1)...(s/bi + 1)...(s/bn + 1)
frequency characteristic, where [ 1 , 2 ] is the G( s ) = (15)
(s/a1 + 1)(s/a2 + 1)...(s/ai + 1)...(s/an + 1)
approximation region. L0 is a curve of approximated where
operator C(s). When the amplitude of approximated A = (1 / a1 ) 10 / 20 (16)
operator is equal to 0dB, we can get a corresponding
frequency c which is 1Hz. Two parallel lines L1 , L2 are a1 = 1 (17)
respectively above L0 and below L0 . We suppose that the bn = 2 (18)
/(10 (1 ))
error between L1 and L0 is , so is the error between L2 bi = ai 10 i=1,2,... (19)
and L0 . It not only exists L0 between two parallel lines /(10 )
ai +1 = bi 10 i=0,1,2,... (20)
L1 , L2 , but also exists a broken line L3 . L3 is the bn = a110 ( n 1)[ /10 (1 ) + /(10 )]+ /10 (1 )
(21)
amplitude-frequency characteristic diagram of rational
approximating function G(s). It is made up of alternating is the order of integral operator 0 < < 1 , is the
horizontal lines and lines with -20dB/dec slope. The broken approximation error and n is the highest order of rational
line L3 can produce points of intersection with L1 , L2 . We function G (s ) .
assume that the frequency which goes with the point of
intersection is called transition frequency and the transition 3 DESIGN OF FRACTANCE CIRCUIT
frequency successively is b0 , a1 , b1 , a2 , b2 , ... an , bn . At Claim the expression (2) again,
the same time, we make 1 = a1 , 2 = bn . A(s/b1 + 1)(s/b2 + 1)...(s/bi + 1)...(s/bn + 1)
G ( s) =
(s/a1 + 1)(s/a2 + 1)...(s/ai + 1)...(s/an + 1)
The fractance circuit can be designed by the expression(2).
The denominator of the rational approximating function is
in the form of factorization. So it has been factored. When

6012 2015 27th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

all poles are given, analog fractance circuit can be designed 4 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF
quickly and briefly. FRACTANCE CIRCUIT BASED ON
G(s) has N poles and s1 =- a1 , s2 =- a2 , ..., si =- ai ,..., PROPOSED METHOD
sn =- an , (n=1,2,3,...)
4.1 Proposed Fractance Circuit Performance
We can use a method of section factor expansion to expand Comparison With Other Method
G(s) to N+1 formulas.
A1 A2 Ai An Combining section 2 with section 3, an analog fractance
G(s) = A0 + + + ...+ + ...+ (22) circuit can be designed. For instance, if we want to design a
s / a1 +1 s / a2 +1 s / ai +1 s / an +1
fractance circuit of 1/2 order integral operator and the
where approximation region ranges from 10 2 to 10 2 , at the same
A0 = A(a1a2 ...ai ...an ) /(b1b2 ...bi ...bn ) (23) time, the order of rational approximating function G(s) N=5,
A = (1 / a1 ) 10 / 20 (24) we can use the expressions (17) (18) (21) to solve out the
approximation error = 20 / 9 dB. (The error from the
Ai =( s - si )G(s)/ ai s= si = lim [( s si )G ( s )] (25) simulation is smaller than 20/9 dB. This is because the
s si ai curve which corresponds to 3dB corner frequency of first
So order damp element and first derivative element is smooth
other than straight).
A(s / b1 +1)(s / b2 + 1)...(s / bi +1)...(s / bn +1)
A1 = From (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (23),
(s / a2 +1)...(s / ai + 1)...(s / an +1) s = a we can get
1

a1 = 10 2 , a2 = 10 10 / 9 , a3 = 10 2 / 9 , a4 = 106 / 9 ,
A(s / b1 +1)(s / b2 +1)...(s / bi +1)...(s / bn +1)
A2 = a5 = 1014 / 9 , b1 = 10 14 / 9 , b2 = 10 6 / 9 , b3 = 10 2 / 9 ,
(s / a1 +1)(s / a3 +1)...(s / ai +1)...(s / an +1) s=a
b4 = 1010 / 9 , b5 = 10 2 , A = 1010 / 9 =12.9155, A0 = 0.0744
2

A(s / b1 +1)(s / b2 +1)...(s / bi +1)...(s / bn +1)

Ai = According to (26)
(s / a1 +1)...(s / ai 1 +1)(s / ai +1 +1)...(s / an +1) s=a A1 =9.1728, A2 =2.4246, A3 =0.8438, A4 =0.2988,
i (26)
The formula Ai can be achieved through a parallel A5 =0.0980
s / ai + 1 According to (27) (29), we can get the parameters of RC
circuit of a resistor and a capacitor. Fig.2 shows the circuit parallel circuit at any level.
where C1 =10.9018F, R1 =9.1728; C2 =5.3269F, R2 =2.4246;
R = Ai (27) C3 =1.9768F, R3 =0.8438; C4 =0.7209F, R4 =0.2988;
ai = 1 /( RC ) (28) C5 =0.2838F, R5 =0.0980. (The subscript figure i stands
C = 1 /(ai Ai ) (29) for the i-th level)
Based on the above, when the integral operator is 1 / s 0.5 ,
the fractance circuit based on proposed method is showed
in fig.4.

Fig.2 RC unit circuit of level 1

So G(s) can be built by N similar circuits in series and
then cascading a resistor of A0 value. Thus, the design of
fractance circuit is done. We call the circuit level-N passive
RC parallel network. When a circuit is made up of a resistor
and a capacitor in parallel, we call it level-1 passive RC
parallel network. The whole circuit consists of N circuits
like this, so we call the whole circuit level-N passive RC
parallel network. Fig.3 shows the whole fractance circuit
based on a method of constructing the rational
approximation function in the form of factorization.
Fig.3 Design of fractance circuit
0.5
Fig.4 Fractance circuit design of 1 / s
[15,16]
References give the Oustaloups method for
designing a fractance circuit. The approximation region
also ranges from 10 2 to 10 2 and = = 2.5119 .
Oustaloup uses the following transfer function to
approximate 1 / s 0.5 .
s5 + 74.97s 4 + 768.5s3 +1218s2 + 298.5s +10
Ho (s) =
10s5 + 298.5s 4 +1218s3 + 768.5s 2 + 74.97s +1
References[16,17] give the Chareffs method for designing
a fractance circuit. The approximation region also ranges
from 10 2 to 10 2 and y=2dB, PT =1. Chareff uses the
following transfer function to approximate 1 / s 0.5 .
6.3s4 + 74.84s3 +121.1s2 + 29.79s + 0.9986
Hc (s) =
s + 29.85s4 +121.8s3 + 76.85s2 + 7.497s + 0.1
5

2015 27th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC) 6013

 Fig.5 shows the bode comparison diagram among the It can be seen from fig.6 that within the limit of
proposed fractance circuit, Oustaloups fractance circuit approximation region [ 102 , 102 ], the approximation
and Chareffs fractance circuit in frequency domain. performance of phase-frequency characteristic by proposed
Bode Diagram
method is well, and the approximation error of
50 phase-frequency characteristic by proposed method
fluctuates within [ 0.56 , 1.37 ] in the region [ 101 , 101 ].
Magnitude (dB)

0
The approximation error of amplitude-frequency
-50
characteristic by proposed method fluctuates within [-0.33,
0.33] and the maximum error is only 0.33dB which exists at
-100
the edge of approximation region endpoint in the region
[ 10 1 , 101 ]. It can be seen from the error curve comparison
0

ideal diagram that approximation performance of the proposed

Phase (deg)

Oustaloup
-45
Chareff
method is the best among the three. So it is reasonable to
proposed propose the method to design the fractance circuit.
-90
In fact, both of Oustaloups method and Chareffs
10
-4
10
-2
10
0 2
10
4
10 10
6
method adopt a form of factorization to approximate the
Frequency (rad/sec)
fractional calculus operator. Now lets think about a new
Fig.5 Performance comparison of proposed fractance circuit with
Oustaloups and Chareffs fractance circuit question. Why the proposed method is better than the two
former method? In order to explain it, we introduce the two
From the simulation diagram, it is seen that when the
method first.
highest order of transfer function is fifth order, in order to
Reference[16] gives the Oustaloups rational function used
approximate integral operator 1 / s 0.5 , the fractance circuit
to approximate the fractional calculus operator s . It
based on the method of rational approximation function in
assumes that
the form of factorization has the widest approximation
N 1 + s / k
region among the three. The approximation region H ous ( s ) = C 30
k = N 1 + s / k
'
proposed in this paper extends a lot, ranging from 10 1.9 to
102.1 , while the approximation region of oustaloups where
fractance circuit is [ 10 2 , 10 2 ], and the approximation k' +1 k +1
0' = 0.5 0 = 0.5 = = > 1
region of Chareffs fractance circuit is [ 10 2 , 101.3 ] . Within k' k
the limit of approximation region [ 102 , 10 2 ], the k' +1 log( N / 0 ) ;
= > 0 k' = > 0 N =
amplitude-frequency characteristic approximation effect of k k log( )
analog fractance circuit based on the above three methods is log ; = ;
great, basically the same and has little difference. From the = h b
log( )
phase-frequency characteristic diagram, it is seen that the
fractance circuit based on the proposed method is the best h , b are respectively the endpoints of approximation
among the three. It can be seen from the boundary region.
approximation frequency 10 2 and 10 2 that the phase based Reference[16] also gives the Chareffs rational function
on proposed method is closer to 45. used to approximate the fractional calculus operator s . It
Fig.6 shows the error curve between three kinds of assumes that
n 1
fractance circuit and integral operator 1 / s 0.5 in frequency (1 + s / zi )
H cha ( s ) = i =0 31
domain. n
(1 + s / pi )
Bode Diagram i =0
2
where
0 a = 10 y / 10(1 ) b = 10 y /10 ab = 10 y /10 (1 )
Magnitude (dB)

-2 p0 = pT b pi = p0 (ab) i zi = ap0 (ab) i

-4 max
log( )
p0
-6
15
N= +1
10
log(ab)
5 The proposed method is like Oustaloups method and
Phase (deg)

0 Chareffs method in the form of factorization, but

-5 Ous taloup
Chareff
the approximation effect is different. The key reason is that
-10
proposed the proposed method chooses the zeros and poles more
-15
10
-2
10
-1
10
0 1
10 10
2
reasonably. Since any rational function can be expressed in
Frequency (rad/sec)
the form of factorization, that is to say, in the form of
Pole-Zero. So the allocation of Pole-Zero plays a
Fig.6 Error curve comparison of proposed fractance circuit with
significant role in approximation performance. The
Oustaloups and Chareffs fractance circuit proposed method is similar to Chareffs method and

6014 2015 27th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

superior to Chareffs method. It is because the proposed
method has one more Zero than Chareffs method, which
determines the difference of approximation performance.
Besides, It exists confine for Oustaloups rational function
which is only odd order. The proposed rational function
G(s) not only can be odd order, but also can be even order.
4.2 Approximation Performance Comparison in The
Condition of Different Numbers of RC Parallel
Circuits
In order to approximate the integral operator 1 / s 0.5 , fig.7
shows the approximation performance comparison bode
diagram of three fractance circuits respectively in the
condition of N=1N=3N=5. It illuminates that when the
approximation region is fixed in [ 10 2 , 102 ], the more the
number of passive RC parallel network is , the smaller the
error is , and the better the approximation performance
is.
In order to approximate the integral operator 1 / s 0.5 , we
fix the error =2.5 in approximation region. The length of
approximation region can be extended if the number of
passive RC parallel network is increased. Fig.8 shows the
Bode diagram comparison of analog fractance circuit in the
condition of N=23456.
40
Bode Diagram
20
Magnitude (dB)
performance is. Enlarging N will bring the complexity,
which will make the circuit complex, however, it makes a
great contribution to extend the width of approximation
region and gain good approximating effect of
amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristic.
4.3 Approximation Performance Comparison in The
Condition of The Same Level-N and Different
Integral Operator 1 / s
The fractance based on the rational approximation function
in the form of factorization can be designed to approximate
any fractional order calculus operator. We choose N=2 to
approximate calculus operator respectively in the condition
of = 0.5 , = 0.6 , = 0.8 . From the approximation
performance comparison diagram shown in fig.9, it can be
got that when = 0.8 , the approximation effect is the best
among the three. In fact, the larger (0.5 < < 1) , the better
approximation effect based on the rational approximation
function in the form of factorization in the condition of the
same level-N. It is because oblique line of -20dB/dec is
alternately adopted to approximate the integral operator
1 / s . The slope of -20dB/dec corresponds to the
amplitude-frequency characteristic of 1/s. So when is
closer to 1, the slope of the approximating transfer function
G(s) is closer to -20dB/dec, the approximating effect of
amplitude-frequency characteristic is better. The
approximating transfer function G(s) belongs to minimum
phase system. So the amplitude-frequency characteristic

0
and phase-frequency characteristic are in relationship of
-20
one-to-one correspondence, which means that if the
-40 amplitude-frequency characteristic has a good
-60 approximation effect, so is the phase-frequency
characteristic. So is closer to 1, the whole approximating
0

effect will be better. It can be seen that when is equal to 1,

Phase (deg)

-45 ideal the amplitude-frequency characteristic of approximating

N=1
N=3 transfer function G(s) is equal to that of integral operator
-90
N=5 1/s in approximation region.
-4 -2 0 2 4 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
Bode Diagram
40
Fig.7 Performance comparison of fractance in same approximation
region and at different level 20
Magnitude (dB)

0
Bode Diagram
40
-20

20
-40
Magnitude (dB)

0
-60
0
-20

-40
Phase (deg)

-60 -30
0
0.5 order ideal curve
ideal approximation curve
Phase (deg)

N=2 -60
-4 -2 0 2 4 6
-30 N=3 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
N=4
N=5 0.5
N=6
Fig.9(a) Bode diagram of fractance approximating 1 / s at level 2
-60
-4 -2 0 2 4 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)

Fig.8 Performance comparison of fractance with same error

at different level
Fig.7 and fig.8 illustrate that the higher the level of
passive RC parallel network is, the better the approximation

2015 27th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC) 6015

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6016 2015 27th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)