BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

1. It moves information from a source to a destination through a Communication System
channel.

2. Elements of a communication system Source, Transmitter, Channel,

Receiver, Destination

3. Three essential elements of any communication system Transmitter, Receiver, Channel

4. Sources of information signals Analog and Digital

5. Sources are often described in terms of the ___________ Frequency Range

________ that they occupy

6. The element of a communication system wherein the signal Transmitter

will be driven out of the source to the channel.

7. This element of communication system can be a pair of Channel

conductors or an optical fiber or the free space wherein the
signal is traveling to the receiver

8. In a free space channel, ______ signal is required to avoid Carrier

interference.

9. When a carrier is used, the information signal can be also Modulating Signal
called as __________ ______.

10. Since the carrier frequency is generally much higher than that Baseband
of the information signal, the frequency spectrum of the
information signal is often referred to as _________.

11. Modulation is done at the _______. Transmitter

12. This process takes place at the receiver wherein the signal has
Demodulation
to be restored to its original baseband signal.
13. It states that the amount of information that can be
transmitted in a given time is proportional to bandwidth for a Hartleys Law
given modulating scheme..
14. It refers to the combining of two or more information signals. Multiplexing
Frequency-Division Multiplexing,
15. Methods of multiplexing.
Time-Division Multiplexing
16. When the available frequency is divided among the signals, the
process is known as ______________ _________. Frequency-division Multiplexing

17. In this process, the entire bandwidth is used for each signal,
Time-Division Multiplexing
but only for a small part of time.

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 BLAKE Summary

18. It is the available bandwidth of a communication satellite

Transponder
divided among a number of transmitter-receiver combinations.
19. It is any undesirable change in an information signal. Distortion
20. A representation of a signals power or amplitude as a function
Frequency Domain
of frequency.
21. A way of representing the periodic functions as a series of
Fourier Series
sinusoids.
22. Any undesired disturbance that is superimposed on a signal and
Noise
obscures its information content
23. Noise which originates within the communication equipment. Internal Noise
24. Noise outside the communication equipment. External Noise
25. Noise generated by equipment that produces sparks. Equipment Noise
26. Noise that is originated from lightning. Atmospheric Noise
27. Refer to no. 28: another name for this kind of noise Static
28. Noise that comes from heavenly bodies that are powerful
Space Noise
sources of radiation.
29. This noise is produced by the random motion of electrons in a
Thermal Noise
conductor due to heat.
30. This is due to random variations in current flow in active
Shot Noise
devices such as tubes, transistors, and semiconductor diodes.
31. Noise that occurs in the partition of the Negative and Positive
Partition Noise
elements in a semiconductor such as BJT.
32. This noise is cause by variations in carrier density. Excess Noise
33. Refer to no. 34: another name for it. Flicker Noise, Pink Noise
34. Noise that many junction devices produce due to cut-off
Transit-Time Noise
frequency reaching.
35. ratio of signal to noise power at a given point in a system. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
36. Device for displaying signals in the frequency domain. Spectrum Analyzer
37. It is a figure to merit, indicating how much a component,
stage, or series of stages degrades the signal-to-noise ratio of a Noise Figure
system.
38. Refer to no. 39: Another name for that. Noise Factor
39. It is the absolute temperature of a resistor that, connected to
the input of a noiseless amplifier of the same gain, would Equivalent Noise Temperature
produce the same noise at the output.
40. Representation of a signals amplitude as a function of time. Time Domain

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BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 2: RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUITS

1. A mixer in which the input frequencies are cancelled and are
Balanced Mixer
therefore not present at the output.
2. Removal of an unwanted signal by providing a low-impedance
Bypassing
path to ground.
3. The total frequency range over which a PLL can become locked
Capture Range
to a signal.
4. A small stab of quartz with attached electrodes; used as a
Crystal
resonant circuit.
5. It is to prevent the undesired passage of signals between
Decouple
circuits.
6. A frequency multiplier whose output frequency is twice that of
Doubler
the input signal.
7. The frequency at which a VCO operates when its control
Free-running Frequency
voltage is zero.
8. A circuit whose output frequency is a small integer multiple of
Frequency Multiplier
the input signal frequency.
9. A device that can produce a large number of output
frequencies from a smaller number of fixed-frequency Frequency Synthesizer
oscillators.
10. Movement of a signal from one frequency to another using a
Frequency Translation
mixer-oscillator synthesizer.
11. A small length of wire, connected at only one end as a
Gimmick
capacitance to ground.
12. An artificial ground, often consisting of an area foil left on one
Ground Plane
side of a circuit board.
13. Total range of frequencies over which a PLL, once locked, can
Lock Range
remain locked.
14. This effect is in some amplifiers that the internal capacitance of
the active device can cause feedback that produces the same
Miller Effect
effect on the circuit as much larger capacitance across the
amplifier input.
15. A nonlinear circuit designed to generate sum and difference
frequencies when two or more frequencies are present at its Mixer
inputs.

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 BLAKE Summary

16. The number by which a digital divider chain divides.

Modulus

17. A circuit whose output is proportional to the product of the

Multiplier
instantaneous amplitudes of two input signals.
18. A means of avoiding instability in amplifiers by using negative
Neutralization
feedback.
19. A device whose output voltage is a function of the phase
Phase Detector
difference between two input signals.
20. A device that locks the frequency of a VCO exactly to that of an
Phase-locked Loop (PLL)
input signal.
21. An effect that occurs in some materials, such as quartz and
some ceramics, whereby a voltage is produced across the Piezoelectric Effect
material when it is deformed.
22. A divider that precedes the main programmable divider in a
Prescaler
frequency synthesizer.
23. In a frequency synthesizer, it is the smallest amount by which
Resolution
the output frequency can be changed.
24. The frequency at which a single component becomes a
resonant circuit, because the presence of stray capacitance or Self-Resonant Frequency
inductance, or both.
25. A frequency multiplier whose output frequency is three times
Tripler
that of the input signal.
26. A reverse-biased diode used as a voltage, variable capacitor. Varactor
27. An oscillator whose frequency can be controlled by changing Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
external control voltage. (VCO)
28. This oscillator type can be recognized by its use of a tapped
Hartley Oscillator
inductor, part of the resonant circuit, to provide feedback.
29. Its an oscillator that uses capacitive voltage divider instead of a
Colpitts Oscillator
tapped inductor to provide feedback.
30. It is a variation of Colpitts circuit, designed to swamp device
Clapp Oscillator
capacitances for greater stability.
31. This is typically tuned by moving a ferrite core into or out of
Slug Tuning
the coil.

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BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 3: AMPLITUDE MODULATION

1. A modulation scheme in which the amplitude of a high-
frequency signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous Amplitude Modulation (AM)
amplitude of an information signal.
2. The curve produced by joining the tips of the individual RF
Envelope
cycles of a modulated wave
3. Measure of the extent of the modulation of a signal. Modulation Index
4. Modulation of a greater depth than allowed. Over modulation
5. The power measured at modulation peaks in an AM or single-
Peak Envelope Power (PEP)
sideband signal.
6. Transmission of two separate information signals using two
amplitude-modulated carriers at the same frequency but Quadrature AM
differing in phase by 90 degrees.
7. A signal component in a modulated signal, at a frequency
Side Frequency
different from that of a carrier.
8. All of the side frequencies to one side of the carrier frequency. Sideband
9. Any AM scheme in which only one of the two sidebands is
Single-sideband
transmitted.
10. An AM signal in which the carrier frequency component is
Suppressed-carrier Signal
eliminated and only one or both sidebands are transmitted.
11. It is a colloquial term used to describe additional side
frequencies produced by over modulation or distortion in an AM Splatter
system.
12. A signal consisting of two audio frequencies, not harmonically
Two-tone Test Signal
related, used to test single-sideband transmitters.
13. The higher-frequency signal that is combined with an
information signal to produce the modulated waveform is called Carrier
________.

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 BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 4: ANGLE MODULATION

1. A general term that includes frequency and phase modulation. Angle Modulation
2. It is the ability of an FM receiver to receive the stronger of two
Capture Effect
signals, ignoring the weaker.
3. The frequency of a signal before modulation is applied and the
power transmitted at the carrier frequency varies with Carrier Frequency
modulation for an FM signal.
4. It is the use of low-pass filter in a receiver to remove the effect
De-emphasis
of pre-emphasis on the frequency response.
5. The amount by which the frequency of an FM signal shifts to
Frequency Deviation
each side of the carrier frequency.
6. IN FM and PM, the peak amount in radians by which the phase
Modulation Index
of a signal deviates from its resting value.
7. Fm with relatively low modulation index. Narrowband FM (NBFM)
8. It is the use of a high pass filter in an FM transmitter to
improve the signal-to-noise ration; always used with de- Pre-emphasis
emphasis at the receiver.
9. It is the frequency of the unmodulated carrier of an FM signal. Rest Frequency
10. Refer to no. 9: Another name for it. Carrier Frequency
11. A secondary carrier that can carry an additional modulating
Subcarrier
signal and is itself modulated onto the main carrier.
12. It is the noise-reduction effect that occurs with strong FM
Threshold Effect
signals.
13. FM with a relatively large modulation index. Wideband FM (WBFM)
14. This represents normalized voltages for the various frequency
Bessel Functions Table
components of an FM or PM signal.

ADDITIONAL NOTES: FM and PM

1. A type of angle modulation wherein the frequency is varied

Frequency Modulation
relative to the modulating frequency.
2. It is the amount by which the frequency varies from its
Frequency Deviation
unmodulated value.
3. The total Variation in frequency. Carrier Swing
4. It is the ratio of the actual deviation to the maximum
Percentage of Modulation
deviation multiplied by 100%.
5. In AM, P total is variable while in FM P total is _____. Constant
6. It is the boosting of the higher modulating frequencies at
Pre-emphasis
the transmitter, in accordance with pre-arranged curve to

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BLAKE Summary

improve noise immunity at FM.

7. The cutting of the higher modulating frequencies at the
De-emphasis
receiver.
Image Frequency,
8. Forms of interference in FM. Co-channel interference,
Adjacent channel
9. it is an effect of two stations being received simultaneously. Image Frequency
10. It happens usually to mobile receivers when they travel
Co-channel Interference
from one transmitter to the other.
11. It is the modulation wherein the phase of the carrier is
made proportional to the instantaneous value of the Phase Modulation
modulating signal.
12. FM and Pm are indistinguishable for a single ______
Modulating frequency
________.
13. When modulating frequency is changed, PM modulation
Remains constant
index ______ _______.
14. It is the process by which the modulating signal is
recovered from the modulated carrier, definitely found in Demodulation
receivers.
15. It has the function of selecting the desired signal from all
the other unwanted signals, amplifying and demodulating Receiver
it, and displaying it in the desired manner.
Tuned Radio Frequency,
16. Two types of receivers.
Superheterodyne Receiver
Simple logical receiver,
Simplicity and high sensitivity,
17. Characteristics of a tuned radio frequency receiver.
Align at broadcast frequencies
535-1640 kHz
18. It is the ability to amplify weak signals. Sensitivity
19. It is the ability to reject unwanted signals. Selectivity
20. It is the ratio of gain at desired frequency to the gain of
Image Rejection Ratio
image frequency signal.

CHAPTER 5: TRANSMITTERS

1. A scheme for keeping a transmitter or receiver tuned to the Automatic Frequency Control
correct frequency. (AFC)
2. A circuit for keeping the amplitude of a signal within
Automatic-level-control Circuit
prescribed limits.
3. An amplifier stage used to isolate two other stages from
Buffer
each other.
4. Change of carrier amplitude with modulation in an AM
Carrier Shift
transmitter.
5. It is the system that provides more gain for low-level than Compression

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 BLAKE Summary

for higher-level signals.

6. Any system that generates FM without using phase
Direct FM
modulation.
7. A device that allows a signal moving along a transmission
Directional Coupler
line in one direction to be measured.
8. An amplifier which supplies the required input signal power
Driver
for a power amplifier.
9. A noninductive power resistor used to simulate an antenna. Dummy Load
10. It is a ratio of time on to total time. Duty Cycle
11. It is the ratio between largest and smallest signals at a
Dynamic Range
point in a system.
12. The part of the transmitter that operates at low power
Exciter
levels.
13. It is the ability of a transmitter to tune rapidly from one
Frequency Agility
operation frequency to another.
14. Amplitude modulation of the output element of the output
High-level Modulation
stage of a transmitter.
15. Any method that generates FM using a phase modulator
Indirect FM
and an integrator.
16. Transmitter power amplifier stage immediately before the
Low-level Modulation
output stage.
17. An oscillator whose frequency is controlled by a binary
Numerically-controlled Oscillator
number written to an internal register.
18. Ratio of the power output of a device to the total power
Overall Efficiency
required from its power supply.
19. It is the absence of spurious signals in the output of a
Spectral Purity
transmitter.
20. An emission from a transmitter other than the carrier and
Spurious Signal
sidebands required by the modulation scheme in use.
Maximum energy conversion,
21. Importance of transmitter efficiency.
reasonable cost efficiency

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BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 6: RECEIVERS

1. The communications channel immediately above or below

Adjacent Channel
the desired channel in frequency.
2. The next communications channel beyond the adjacent
Alternate Channel
channel.
3. A combined mixer and local oscillator that uses one
Autodyne Converter
transistor or tube for both.
4. A circuit to adjust the gain of a system in accordance with
Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
the input signal strength.
5. Reduction of gain for a weak signal due to a strong signal
Blocking
close to it in frequency.
6. A bandpass filter using piezoelectric ceramic elements. Ceramic Filter
7. A combination of a mixer and a local oscillator that is used
Converter
to move a signal from one frequency to another.
8. a bandpass filter that uses piezoelectric quartz element. Crystal Filter
9. Circuit to recover the baseband signal from a modulated
Demodulator
signal.
10. It is a specialized microprocessor designed to perform
Digital Signal Processor
arithmetic operations on digitized communication signals.
11. Any detector for FM or Pm signals. Discriminator
12. An AM demodulator that works by rectifying the signal and
Envelop Detector
low-pass filtering the result.
13. The first stage of a receiver. Front End
14. It is the application to a mixer of a signal from a local
oscillator that operates at a frequency above that of the High-side Injection
incoming signal.
15. In a frequency converter, it is a second input frequency
Image Frequency
that produces the same output frequency.
16. A frequency to which a signal is shifted as an intermediate
Intermediate Frequency (IF)
step in reception or transmission
17. An oscillator used in conjunction with a mixer to shift a
Local Oscillator
signal to a different frequency.
18. Application to a mixer of a signal from a local oscillator that
Low-side Injection
operates at a frequency below that of the incoming signal.
19. A bandpass filter that uses mechanical resonators. Mechanical Filter

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 BLAKE Summary

20. Low-level carrier signal transmitted to facilitate

Pilot Carrier
regeneration of the carrier at the receiver.
21. A detector for suppressed-carrier AM signals that works by
Product Detector
multiplying the signal with a regenerated carrier.
22. The strength of an unmodulated carrier that reduces the
Quieting Sensitivity
noise output of an AM receiver by a specified amount.
23. FM detector that is based on a 90-degree phase shift
Quadrature Detector
network.
24. FM detector. Ratio Detector
25. It is the ratio of signal-plus-noise and distortion to noise-
SINAD
plus-distortion.
26. A meter on a receiver that indicates the strength of the
S-meter
received signal.
27. The ability of a receiver to reject signals of frequencies
Selectivity
other than the frequency to which the receiver is tuned.
28. The ability of a receiver to receive weak signals with a
Sensitivity
satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio.
29. For a bandpass filter, it is the ratio between the bandwidths
Shape Factor
for two specified amounts of attenuation.
30. It is the reduction in effective cross-sectional area of a
Skin Effect
conductor with increasing frequency.
31. It is the reception of signals at frequencies other than that
Spurious Response
to which the receiver is tuned.
32. A system that disables the output of a receiver in the
Squelch
absence of a suitable signal.
33. It is a receiver in which the signal is moved, using a mixer,
Superheterodyne Receiver
to an intermediate frequency before demodulation.
34. The filter that uses acoustic waves on the surface of a
Surface-Acoustic Wave Filter
substrate to achieve the desired response.
35. It is the adjustment of two or more tuned circuits so that
Tracking
they can be tuned simultaneously with one adjustment.
36. It is a receiver in which the signal is amplified at its original Tuned-radio-frequency (TRF)
frequency before demodulation. Receiver
37. The Fm signal strength with defined deviation, required to
Usable Sensitivity
produce a specified SINAD in the receiver.

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BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 7: DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

1. Distortion created by using too low a sampling rate when

Aliasing
coding an analog signal for digital transmission.
2. A data code that uses both polarities of voltage and
Bipolar Code
current.
3. Device that converts sampled analog signal to and from its
Coder-decoder (codec)
PCM or delta modulation equivalent.
4. Conversion of sampled analog signal into a PCM or delta
Coding
modulation bitstream.
5. Combination of compression at the transmitter and
Companding
expansion at the receiver of communication system.
6. Amplification of a signal in such a way that there is less
gain for higher-level input signals than for lower-level input Compression
signals.
7. Conversion of a PCM or delta modulation bitsream to
Decoding
analog samples.
8. A coding scheme that records the change in signal level
Delta Modulation
since the previous sample.
9. It is filtering of signals by converting them to digital form. Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
10. Sampling of an analog signal using a sample-and-hold
Flat-topped Sampling
circuit.
11. Another name for aliasing. Foldover Distortion
12. These are bits added to a digital signal to help the receiver
Framing Bits
detect the beginning and end of data frames.
13. A system for translating logic ones and zeros into voltage
Line Code
or current levels for transmission.
14. Sampling of an analog signal to know if it follows the
Natural Sampling
original signal for the duration of the sample.
15. A logic system in which a low level represents logic one and
Negative Logic
a high level represents logic zero.
16. A data line code in which the voltage or current does not
Non-return-to-zero Code (NRZ)
necessarily return to zero between bits.
17. A logic system in which a high level represents logic one
Positive Logic
and low level represents logic zero.

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 BLAKE Summary

18. A series of pulses in which the amplitude of each pulse

Pulse-amplitude Modulation
represents the amplitude of the information signal at a
(PAM)
given time.
19. A series of pulses in which the amplitude of the information
Pulse-code Modulation (PCM)
signal at a given time is coded as a binary number.
20. A series of pulses in which the duration of each pulse
represents the amplitude of the information signal at a Pulse-duration Modulation (PDM)
given time.
21. A series of pulses in which the timing of each pulse
represents the amplitude of the information signal at a Pulse-position Modulation (PPM)
given time.
22. Another name for pulse-duration modulation. Pulse-width Modulation (PWM)
23. Representation of a continuously varying quantity as one of
Quantizing
a number of discrete values.
24. Inaccuracies caused by the representation of continuously
Quantizing Errors
varying quantity as one of a number of discrete values.
25. Refer to no. 24: Another name for it. Quantizing Noise
26. A device that decodes and recodes a digital signal as well
Regenerative Repeater
as amplifying it.
27. Method of data compression by encoding the length of a
Run-length Encoding
string of ones and zeroes.
28. A line code in which the voltage or current returns to zero
Return-to-zero Code (RZ)
at the end of each bit period.
29. A device that detects the amplitude of an input signal at a
Sample-and-hold Circuit
particular time.
30. It is an error condition that occurs when the analog signal
Slope Overload
to be digitized varies too quickly for the system to follow.
31. A line code in which the polarity of the voltage remains the
Unipolar Code
same at all times.
32. It is a circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate. Vocoder
33. Modern communication systems are often a mixture of
Analog,
_______ and _________ sources and transmission
Digital
techniques.
34. _________ _________ ______ have better performance
Modern Digital Systems
and use less bandwidth than equivalent analog systems.
35. It requires that the amplitude of each sample of a signal be PCM

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BLAKE Summary

converted to a binary number.

36. It transmits only one bit per sample. Delta Modulation
37. The S/N ratio for either PCM or delta modulation signals
Companding
can often be improved by using __________.
38. It eliminates redundant data bits. Lossless Compression
39. It compromises signal quality in order to reduce the bit
Lossy Compression
rate.
40. It is a combination of modulation and demodulation. Modem
41. He showed mathematically that it is impossible to
reconstruct a band-limited analog signal from periodic Harry Nyquist
samples.
42. It provides strong timing information regardless of the
Manchester Code
pattern of ones and zeros.
43. Manchester code is also a type of _________ _________. Biphase Code
44. In RZ coding, the system used in telephony is _________. Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)
45. It states that the amount of information transmitted is
Hartleys Law
proportional to both bandwidth and time.
46. It is used mainly for digital communication. TDM

CHAPTER 8: THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

1. An area consisting of several central offices and Local Access and Transport Area
handled by a local carrier. (LATA)
2. The link from the central office to an individual
Local Loop
subscribers premises.
3. It is the method of providing high-speed data
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
transmission on twisted-pair telephone loops by using
(ADSL)
high-frequency carriers.
4. In ISDN, these are channels that carry subscriber
Bearer Channels
communication.
5. Described as the used of bits that normally carry
payload information for other purposes such as Bit Robbing
controlling the communication system.
6. It is addition of bits to a bitstream to compensate for
Bit Stuffing
timing variations.

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 BLAKE Summary

7. It is the failure to connect a telephone call because of

Call Blocking
lack of system capacity.
8. Switch in the telephone system that connects to local
Central Office
subscriber lines.
9. It is a communication system in which a dedicated
channel is to set up between parties for the duration Common-channel Signaling
of the communication.
10. A control system for telephone switching that sets up
one call and then goes on to set up another call Common Control
without being tied up for the duration of the first call.
11. A switching system that uses a matrix arrangement of
Crosspoint Switch
incoming and outgoing lines.
12. Interference between two signals multiplexed into the
Crosstalk
same channel.
13. In ISDN, it is the communication channel used for
Data Channel
setting up calls and not for user communication.
14. It is a signaling using combinations of two audio tones Dual-tone Multifrequency Dialing
transmitted on the voice channel. (DTMF)
15. Another name for central office. End Office
16. It is the use of optical fiber for telephone connections
Fiber-in-the-loop (FITF)
tom individual customers.
17. It is a switching network that relies on a computer to
Flat Network
find the most direct route between two points.
18. A type of communication system that allows
Full Duplex
communication in both directions simultaneously.
19. A frequency-division multiplexing scheme that allows
Group
twelve voice signals to be transmitted in one channel.
20. It is a specialized transformer that allows telephone
voice signals to travel in both directions simultaneously Hybrid Coil
on a single twisted-pair loop.
21. Telephone system using digital local loops for both
Integrated Services Digital Network
voice and data, with the codec in the telephone
(ISDN)
equipment.
22. A frequency-division multiplexed signal consisting of
Jumbogroup
six mastergroups or 3600 voiceband channels.
23. Another name for bit stuffing. Justification

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BLAKE Summary

24. Colloquial term for subscriber line interface card. Line Card
25. Inductance added to a twisted-pair telephone line to
Loading Coil
reduce its losses for voice frequencies.
26. Small data network covering one or several buildings. Local Area Network
27. A frequency-division multiplexed signal carrying 10
Mastergroup
supergroups or 600 voice channels.
28. A system for setting up long-distance calls using pairs
Multifrequency Signaling (MF)
of tones sent along voice channels.
29. A term used to describe a telephone instrument that is
Off Hook
ready for use, handset is lifted from its cradle.
30. A term used to describe a telephone instrument is
On Hook
ready to receive a ring signal.
31. A control or supervisory signal that is transmitted on a
voice channel, but at dc or at such a frequency that it Out-of-band Signal
will not be heard.
32. A communication system that works using data divided
Packet-switched Network
into relatively short transmissions called packets.
33. Place where one telephone network connects to the
Point of Presence (POP)
other.
34. Dialing that works by interrupting the dc loop current. Pulse Dialing
35. The earpiece of the telephone. Receiver
36. The red wire in a telephone circuit that normally has
Ring
negative polarity.
37. Signal sent by the network to the calling telephone to
Ringback Signal
indicate that the called telephone is ringing.
38. A low-level voice signal sent to a telephone receiver
Sidetone
from the transmitter in the same telephone.
39. System used in telephony which transmits all call
setup information on a packet-data network that is
Signaling System Seven (SS7)
separate from the voice channels used for telephone
conversations.
40. A switch that connects only to other switches and not
Tandem Office
to individual customers.
41. The green wire in a telephone loop that normally has
Tip
positive polarity.
42. A long-distance telephone switch. Toll Station

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 BLAKE Summary

43. The layout of a system such as a telephone network. Topology

44. AT&T trademark for DTMF dialing. Touch-tone Dialing
45. The microphone in a telephone. Transmitter
46. A connection between telephone offices. Trunk Line
47. The signal loss in decibels between the transmitting
Via Net Loss (VNL)
and receiving ends of telephone connection.
48. The central office supply is the _______. Battery
49. The circuit board that connects a local loop to the
Subscriber Line Interface Card (SLIC)
central office.
50. A frequency-division multiplexed signal consisting of
Superjumbogroup
three jumbogroups or 10,800 voiceband channels.
51. A switch that connects central offices together. Tandem Office
52. The first automatic telephone switch is invented by Almon B. Strowger
53. The crossbar system used relays for _______. Memory
54. The on-hook voltage. 48 V dc
55. The off-hook voltage at phone. 5 to 10 V dc
56. The off-hook current. 23 to 80 mA
57. The dial tone frequencies. 350 and 440 Hz
58. The ringing voltage at office. 100 V ac
59. The ringing voltage at phone. 80 V ac
60. The ringback voltage frequencies. 440 and 480 Hz
61. The busy signal frequencies. 480 and 660 Hz
62. The function of the line card can be remembered by
BORSCHT
using the mnemonic ________.

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BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 9: DATA TRANSMISSION

1. An error control system based on the repetition of data Automatic Request for Transmission
blocks that contain errors. (ARQ)
2. Bits that do not carry the message. Bit Overhead
3. Addition of extra bits to a data block to avoid the
Bit Stuffing
accidental generation of a flag pattern.
4. A set of rules that translates alphanumeric characters
Character Code
into binary numbers.
Character Set,
5. Refer to no. 4: Another name for it.
Data Code
6. An error-detecting method in which the binary number
corresponding to the group of bits to be checked is Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC)
divided by a predetermined binary number.
7. A telephone connection via the public switched
Dial-up Line
telephone network.
8. An error correcting system in which errors are
corrected at the receiver using redundant transmitting Forward Error Correction (FEC)
data without using retransmission requests.
9. A group of bits sent between framing signals in a bit-
Frame
oriented synchronous communication system.
10. A data-compression scheme that uses fewer bits to
represent more frequently occurring characters or bits Huffman Coding
patterns.
11. A line condition corresponding to a binary one. Mark
12. Simultaneous transmission of multiple data bits using
Parallel Transmission
several channels.
13. A data-compression scheme that replaces repeated
characters or bit patterns with a code indicating the Run-length Encoding
character and the number of repetitions.
14. A data transmission using only one channel. Serial Transmission
15. A line condition corresponding to a binary zero. Space
16. This bit alerts the receiver to the beginning of a
transmitted character by changing the line from the Start Bit
mark to the space condition.
17. This bit marks the end of transmitted character. Stop Bit

17
 BLAKE Summary

18. A device, generally an IC that converts from parallel to Universal Asynchronous Receiver-
serial format. Transmitter (UART)
19. Data that consists of alphanumeric characters must
Character Code
first be encoded using a ____________ ___________.
20. It actually involves synchronizing the transmitting the
Asynchronous Communication
receiver clocks at the start of each character.
21. It must be converted from parallel to serial form
before being transmitted and back to parallel form at Computer Data
the receiver.
22. Since noise is present in all communication systems,
Errors
______ will occur.
23. Errors can be detected and corrected by adding
Redundant Information
_________ __________.
24. ____ data is important to ensure its privacy. Encryption
25. It is originally used with electromechanical teletype
Baudot Code
machines.
26. Refer to no. 25: It has been designated as International Telegraph Alphabet
____________ by CCITT. Number 2 (ITA2)
27. The most common code for communication between American Standard Code for
microcomputers. Information Interchange (ASCII)
28. Sometimes ASCII codes are expressed in ________ or Decimal,
________ notation. Hexadecimal
29. The transmitter and receiver are synchronized to the
Synchronous Communication
same clock frequency.
30. it involves the addition of one extra bit to the bits that
Parity
encode a character.
31. It is a data-transfer protocol for microcomputers that
XMODEM
in its original and most basic form, uses this method.
32. They allow single errors in a block of data to be
Hamming Codes
corrected without any need for retransmission.

18
BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 10:LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

1. The information signal on LAN. Baseband

2. A system in which the baseband signal is used to
Broadband System
modulate a higher-frequency carrier signal.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
3. A system for controlling network traffic.
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
4. a network in which a physical connection from one end
to the other of a data path is maintained for the Circuit-switched Network
duration of a period of communication.
5. The loss of data that occurs when two stations
Collision
transmit at the same time on a network.
6. An Ethernet cable that has the transmit and receive
Crossover Cable
connections reversed at one end.
7. A type of LAN that has a logical bus structure using
Ethernet
CSMA/CD.
8. A network with one or more specialized nodes that
Client-server Network
contain files and operating software for the network.
9. Refer to no. 8: another name for it. File Server
10. Two-way communication in both directions at the same
Full Duplex
time.
11. The central connecting point of a star network to which
Hub
all other nodes connect.
12. A type of LAN that is a physical star and logical token-
IBM Token-ring System
ring.
13. A small data network that typically operates within one
Local-area Network (LAN)
building or a localized group of buildings.
14. The hub of an IBM token ring network. Multistation Access Unit (MAU)
15. A term used to describe a computer operating system
that allows multiple programs to run simultaneously Multitasking
without interfering with each other.
16. A plug-in circuit board for a computer that contains the
necessary hardware and firmware to connect the Network Interface Card
computer to the local area network.
17. One station that is attached to a network. Node
18. The smallest block of data transmitted over a network. Packet

19
 BLAKE Summary

19. The network in which all nodes can contribute network

Peer-to-peer Network
resources and also run local programs.
20. A network node dedicated to interfacing between the
Print Server
network and one or more printers.
21. A modem that modulates data onto a very high
Radio-frequency Modem (RF)
frequency carrier.
22. A network topology in which data circulates from one
Ring
computer to the next in sequence.
23. A device that links two or more networks. Router
24. A network topology in which all nodes are connected
Star
individually to a central point.
25. In an Ethernet network, it is the device that can send
Switch
incoming packets to one of several destinations.
26. A method of network control that involves a short
Token Passing
packet that circulates around the network.
27. Refers to the messages to be transferred over a
Traffic
network.
28. The ratio between the velocity of propagation of
electromagnetic energy through a medium or along a Velocity Factor
transmission line and the speed of light in vacuum.
29. A large network extending over an area greater than
Wide-area Network (WAN)
that of a city.
Star,
30. Possible data network arrangements in a small LAN. Ring,
Bus
31. The largest WAN. Internet
32. Ethernet was originated by _______. Xerox
33. The year that IEEE began to draft standards for LANs. 1980
34. It is used for the slowest 10 Mb/s version of Ethernet. Coaxial Cable
35. This is used by most 10 Mb/s and 100 Mb/s Ethernet
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
installations.
36. It is a special cable that consists of two parallel wires
Twinax Cable
with a grounded shield around them.
37. The effect of a switch is to greatly reduce ________. Contention

20
BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 11: WIDE AREA NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET

1. Any computer network that extends for more than a

short distance such as a building or related groups of Wide-area Network
buildings.
2. A system that allows users to access documents from
World Wide Web (WWW)
widely separated sources on the Internet.
3. A versatile data-transmission system using 53-byte
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
packets and designed o enable various kinds of data.
4. A network-to-network connection that passes only data
Bridge
addressed to a node in the other network.
5. A method of organizing a network in which a physical
path is dedicated to communication between two node Circuit Switching
for the duration of communication.
6. The second layer of the OSI model. Data Link Layer
7. A data-communications protocol created by Digital
DEC Network Architecture (DNA)
Equipment Company for its minicomputer products.
8. A method whereby messages can be left for individual
Electronic Mail (e-mail)
network users.
9. A program in TCP/IP protocol that allows for the
transfer of both binary and text files between
File-transfer Protocol (FTP)
computers with otherwise incompatible operating
systems.
10. A software to prevent unauthorized access to
computers on a network by computers outside the Firewall
network.
11. A bit or sequence of bits that indicates the beginning
Flag
or end of a packet.
12. A packet-transport protocol, similar to X.25 but with
Frame Relay
less error connection
13. A computer system that provides modern access to the
Freenet
public at no charge.
14. A device used to connect computers or networks
Gateway
running incompatible operating systems.
15. A sequence of bits at the beginning of a packet,
Header
containing information about the type of packet and/or

21
 BLAKE Summary

routing.
16. A data-transfer that allows quick transitions by simply
Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)
clicking on a highlighted word or picture with a mouse.
17. A worldwide public network of networks that connects
a very wide variety of computers, applications, and Internet
users.
18. A suite of protocols that allows a wide variety of Transmission Control
computers to share the same network. Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
19. A network that encompasses a city and its environs. Metropolitan-area Network (MAN)
20. A private network that uses the same TCP/IP protocol
Intranet
suite as the Internet.
21. The third layer of the OSI protocol model. Network Layer
22. Electronic bulletin boards devoted to a wide variety of
Newsgroups
subjects, accessible via the internet.
23. A system for organizing data-transmission protocols Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
developed by the ISO. Model
24. A way of organizing a network so that small blocks of
Packet Switching
data are routed individually from source to destination.
25. The lowest level of the OSI protocol model. Physical
26. A formal set of conventions governing the format and
Protocol
the timing of messages.
27. A device used to extend a network or other digital
communication system by regenerating bits and
Repeaters
restoring voltage levels and timings to their original
values.
28. A device used to interconnect networks. Router
29. The part of the TCP/IP suite that allows for email over
the Internet and similar networks by specifying the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
control messages used in mail transfer.
30. A network in which nodes receive a packet of data
from the source or a node closer to the source and
Store-and-forward Network
then transmit it to the destination or a node closer to
the destination.
31. An IBM system for transferring data between IBM
mainframes and between IBM mainframes and other Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
computers.

22
BLAKE Summary

32. A system to allow users to log on to a distant host by

Telnet
emulating a dumb terminal.
33. A link between computers in which each recognizes a
Virtual Circuit
software connection to the other.
34. A very popular system for defining and switching data
X.25 Protocol
packets on computer networks.
35. It is responsible for detecting and correcting errors
within frames of data and providing the flags that Data Link
indicate the beginning and end of frames.
36. It sets up the path to transmit data between terminals
Network
and arranges data into packets.
37. It deals with the matters such as voltage and current
Physical
levels.
38. ______ ______ are available with data rates from 56
Leased Lines
kb/s up.
39. It was created by the United States military for
providing alternate route in their network in case of ARPANET
trouble.
Advanced Research Projects Agency
40. Meaning of ARPANET.
Network

CHAPTER 12: DIGITAL MODULATION AND MODEMS

1. Data transmission by varying the amplitude of the

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
transmitted signal.
2. The telephone local loop that combines analog telephone
Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line
service with data communications.
3. Use of an audio tone of two or more different frequencies
to modulate a conventional analog transmitter for data Audio Frequency-shift Keying (AFSK)
transmission.
4. Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital
Baud Rate
communication system.
5. Speed at which data is transmitted in a digital
Bit Rate
communication system.
6. A device to allow data communication over cable-television Cable Modem

23
 BLAKE Summary

wiring.
7. Variant of QAM used with ADSL data communication Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP)
systems Modulation
8. In digital communication, it is a pattern showing all the
Constellation Diagram
possible combinations of amplitude and phase for a signal.
Data Communications Equipment
9. A modem is also known as ____________.
(DCE)
10. A terminal or computer than communicates via a modem. Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
11. Digital modulation scheme that represents a bit pattern by
Delta Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)
a change in phase from the previous state.
12. Any digital modulation scheme that codes two bits of
Dibit System
information per transmitted symbol.
Discrete Multi-tone (DMT)
13. It uses many carriers at different frequencies.
Modulation
14. A transmission speed that is less than the maximum of
Fallback
which a modem is capable.
15. A device for the transmission and reception of facsimile
Fax Modem
documents.
16. A means of ensuring that a transmitter sends data only
Flow Control
when the associated receiver is ready to receive it.
17. digital modulation scheme using two or more different
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
output frequencies.
18. Variant of FSK which uses the minimum possible frequency Gaussian Minimum-shift Keying
shift for a given bit rate. (GMSK)
19. A series of commands transmitted to the modem
Initialization String
whenever a communications software program is loaded.
20. A logic one. Mark
21. acronym for modulation-demodulation. Modem
22. A cable used to make a direct connection between two
Null Modem
devices using their serial ports.
23. A means of transmitting data by shifting the phase angle
Phase-shift Keying (PSK)
of the transmitted signal.
24. PSK that employs four different phases and allows two bits Quadrature Phase-shift Keying
of information to be transmitted simultaneously. (QPSK)
25. A means of transmitting data by shifting both the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
amplitude and the phase of the transmitted signal. (QAM)

24
BLAKE Summary

26. Binary zero. Space

27. A transmitted signal that can have two or more possible
Symbol
states.
28. A series of tones transmitted by a modem to allow the
Training Sequence
automatic adjustment of line equalization.
Frequency,
29. Just as in analog transmission, digital transmission uses
Phase,
the following variations.
Amplitude
Bandwidth,
30. the maximum data rate for a channel is a function of the
Modulation Scheme,
following.
Signal-to-noise Ratio
31. The modem that places the call. Originate Modem
32. The modem that receives the call. Answer Modem
33. When the flow control is accomplished by changing levels
Hardware Flow Control
on the RS-232 lines it is called _____________.

CHAPTER 13: MULTIPLEXING AND MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES

1. Extra bits used to spread the signal in a direct

Chips
sequence spread spectrum system.
2. System to allow multiple users to use the same
Code-division Multiple Access
frequency with separate PN codes and a spread-
(CDMA)
spectrum modulation scheme.
3. Form of frequency spectrum communication in which
the RF carrier continually moves from one frequency
Frequency Hopping
to another according to a prearranged pseudo-random
pattern.
4. Sharing of a communication channel among multiple Frequency-division Multiple Access
users by assigning each a different carrier frequency. (FDMA)
5. Combining of several signals into one communication
Frequency-division Multiplexing
channel by assigning each a different carrier
(FDM)
frequency.
6. Use of a single channel by more than one transmitter. Multiple Access
7. Use of a single channel by more than one transmitter. Multiplexing
8. Improvement in interference rejection due to Processing Gain

25
 BLAKE Summary

spreading in a spread-spectrum system.

9. A transmitted series of ones and zeros that repeats
after a set time, and which appears random if the Pseudo-random Noise Sequence (PN)
sequence is not known to the receiver.
10. Variation of received signal strength due to multipath
Rayleigh fading
fading.
11. A method of switching that provides a separate
Space Switching
physical path for each symbol.
12. Improvement in interference rejection due to
Spreading Gain
spreading in a spread-spectrum system.
13. system to allow several transmission to use channel by
Time-division Multiple Access (TDMA)
assigning time slots to each.
14. System to combine several data streams onto a single
Time-division multiplexing (TDM)
channel by assigning time slots to each.
15. A method of switching that moves a signal from one
Time Switching
time slot to another on the same physical path.
16. It is used extensively in telephony. TDM

CHAPTER 14: TRANSMISSION LINES

1. Any pair of conductors used to conduct electrical energy. Transmission Line

2. A device for coupling balanced and unbalanced lines. Balun
3. It is the ratio between voltage and current on an infinitely
Characteristic Impedance
long transmission line.
4. A transmission line containing concentric conductors. Coaxial Line
5. A transmission line containing parallel conductors separated
Open-line Wire
by spacers.
6. It is the speed at which signals travel down a transmission
Propagation Velocity
line.
7. A section of transmission line, electrically a quarter-
wavelength in length, that is used to change impedances Quarter-wave Transformer
on a transmission line.
8. It is the ratio of reflected to incident voltage on a
Reflection Coefficient
transmission line.
9. It is the graphical transmission line calculator. Smith Chart

26
BLAKE Summary

10. It is the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage on a

Standing-wave Ratio
transmission line.
11. A short section of line, usually short-circuited at one end,
Stub
used for impedance matching.
12. Another name for characteristic impedance. Surge Impedance
13. It is the ratio of speed of propagation on a line to that of
Velocity Factor
light in free space.
14. Two types of transmission line. Balanced and Unbalanced Lines
15. A coaxial cable is the best example for this kind of
transmission line because it lacks symmetry with respect to Unbalanced Line
ground.
16. Parallel lines are usually operated as _________
_________ that is; the impedance to ground from each of Balanced Line.
the two wires is equal.
17. This happens when frequency increases, the region of high
current density becomes thinner, reducing the cross-
Skin Effect
sectional area and increasing the resistance of the
conductor.
Resistance,
18. What are present in the electrical model of a transmission Conductance,
line? Capacitance,
Inductance
19. Such a line is called _______ since the inductive and
Lossless
capacitive reactances store energy but do not dissipate it.
20. A transmission line that is terminated in its characteristic
Matched Line
impedance is called __________ ________.
21. For a lossless line, resistance and conductance values
Zero
would be ______.
22. A line that is terminated by an impedance other than
Mismatched
characteristic impedance is said to be ______.
23. It is the expected signal that would simply move down the
line and disappear into the load because it is a matched Traveling Wave
line.
24. The length of line that causes a delay of one period is
Wavelength
known as ________.
25. It is the formation of which due to the interaction between Standing Waves

27
 BLAKE Summary

the incident and reflected waves that causes what appears

to the stationary pattern of waves on the line.
Incident waves,
26. two kinds of traveling waves.
Reflected waves
27. These are traveling waves that are coming from the
Incident waves
transmitter.
28. These are traveling waves that are brought back to the
Reflected waves
transmitter due to unmatched line.
29. Most desirable amount of SWR. 1 (one)
30. Most desirable amount of reflection coefficient. 0 (zero)
Conductor Loss,
31. Transmission line losses in mechanisms. Dielectric Loss,
Radiation Loss,
32. Transmission line losses are usually given in _________ per
Decibels
100 meters or 100 feet.
33. The radius of the circle in the Smith Chart represents
SWR
_______.
34. It is a specialized test equipment for transmission line
measurements in both the time and the frequency Time-domain Reflectometry
domains.
35. It is a short section of air-dielectric coaxial line, with a slot
Slotted Line
in the outer conductor through which a probe is inserted.
36. The length of a slotted line must be at least ___________. One-half wavelength
37. This device allows the measurement of power moving
along the line in each direction, that is, it is possible to Directional Coupler
measure incident and reflected power separately.

CHAPTER 15: RADIO-WAVE PROPAGATION

1. The process by which the waves travel through a medium. Propagation

2. It is the reduction in signal strength due to spreading of the
Attenuation of Free Space
waves at a distance from the transmitter.
3. The magnitude of the electric field required to cause
Dielectric Strength
breakdown and arcing of the dielectric.

28
BLAKE Summary

4. It is a means of propagation in which the waves are

confined within a refractive region of the troposphere or Ducting
between such a region and the ground.
5. A device that allows a transmitter and a receiver, operating
at different frequencies, to be connected to the same Duplex
antenna and operate simultaneously.
6. The area from which a receiving antenna can be considered
Effective Area
to extract all the energy I an electromagnetic wave.
7. It is the ratio of the electric force on a charge to the
Electric Field Strength
charge, at a given point.
8. Refer to no. 7: another name for it. Electric Field Intensity
9. A vacuum that allows radio waves to propagate without
Vacuum
any obstruction.
10. A vertically-polarized electromagnetic wave that propagates
Ground Wave
along the surface of the earth.
11. It is the ratio of the phase velocity of a wave in free space
Index of Refraction
to that in the medium under consideration.
12. The ionized region of the earths atmosphere. Ionosphere
13. A hypothetical antenna having zero physical size and no
Isotropic Radiator
loss and radiating equally in all directions.
14. It is the highest frequency that will be returned by the Maximum Usable Frequency
ionosphere at a given point. (MUF)
15. These are changes to the baseband signal caused by
Multipath Distortion
multipath reception.
16. It is a situation in which a signal arrives at a receiving
Multipath Reception
antenna via two or more paths
17. A line drawn perpendicular to the interface between two
Normal
media.
18. It is the ratio between the signal appearing at the
transmitting antenna terminals and that the receiving Path Loss
antenna terminals.
19. It is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photon
20. It is the direction of the electric field vector of an
Polarization
electromagnetic wave.
21. The power flowing through a unit cross-sectional area
Power Density
normal to the direction of travel of an electromagnetic

29
 BLAKE Summary

wave.
22. Characterized by a receiver capable of receiving several
versions of the same signal with different arrival times, and
Rake Receiver Sectorization
combining the received versions into a single signal with
better quality.
23. In cellular radio, it is the division of a cell into sectors by
Sectorization
the use of directional antennas at a single cell site.
24. It is an electromagnetic wave that is returned to earth by
Sky Wave
the ionosphere.
25. An electromagnetic wave that propagates directly from the
Space Wave
transmitting to the receiving antenna.
26. It is a propagation along or near the surface of the earth. Terrestrial Propagation
27. The region of atmosphere closest to earth. Troposphere
28. Another name for vacuum. Free Space
29. It involves the creation of electric and magnetic fields in
Electromagnetic Radiation
free space or in some physical medium.
30. This means that the electric field, magnetic field, and the Transverse Electromagnetic
direction of travel of wave are all mutually perpendicular. Waves (TEM)
31. The speed of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in
Light
free space is the same as that of __________.
32. It is a surface on which all the waves have the same phase,
Wavefront
would be the surface of a sphere.
33. The wave that rotate in all direction and if it rotates in a
Right-handed
clockwise direction as it recedes.
34. Another name for attenuation of free space. Square-law Attenuation
35. It is the intensity of the radiation of antenna in a given
Antenna Gain
direction.
36. The comparison of the actual antennas radiated power to Effective Isotropic Radiated
an isotropic antenna. Power (EIRP)
37. Three properties of radio waves when propagated and Reflection,
reached its destinations that are also present in the Refraction,
behavior of light. Diffraction
38. Ground wave propagation is used for propagating signals
2 MHz
with frequencies of up to approximately ____.
39. Ionization levels change with the amount of solar activity
Sunspot Cycle
which varies over an 11-year cycle called ____________.

30
BLAKE Summary

40. Since there is a general instability of the ionosphere, its is

Optimum Working Frequency
usually better to operate at lower frequency, perhaps 85%
(OWF)
of the MUF, also called as ____________________.
41. These are regions that may be uncovered by the signals
propagated in the area due to its closeness to the Skip Zones
transmitter.
42. Another name for tropospheric propagation. Line-of-Sight Propagation (LOS)
43. The transmitting antenna is aimed in the direction of the
Troposcatter
receiver, but the receiver is over the horizon.

CHAPTER 16: ANTENNAS

1. A device used radiate or receive electromagnetic radio at

Antenna
radio frequencies.
2. A receiving antenna with a built-in preamplifier. Active Antenna
3. An enclosure lined with material that absorbs
Anechoic Chamber
electromagnetic radiation.
4. Angle measured upward from the horizon. Angle of Elevation
5. An antenna system composed of two or more simpler
Array
antenna elements.
6. The angle between the points of the major lobe of an
antenna at which the radiated power density is one-half its Beamwidth
maximum value.
7. The measure of antenna gain in decibels with respect to a
dBd
lossless half-wave dipole.
8. A measure of antenna gain: decibels with respect to an
dBi
ideal isotropic radiator.
9. Any antenna consisting of a single conductor with zero
Dipole
current only at its two ends.
10. It is the ratio of the maximum to the average radiation of
Directivity
intensity for an antenna.
11. For a receiving antenna, it is the ratio of the available
Effective Area
output power to the power density of the received wave.
12. The product of the power supplied to a transmitting Effective Radiated Power (ERP)

31
 BLAKE Summary

antenna and the gain of the of the antenna with respect to

a lossless half-wave dipole.
13. In an antenna array, it is an individual conductor or group
Element
of conductors.
14. It is the distance far enough from an antenna that local
Far-Field Region
inductive and capacitive effects are insignificant.
15. It is the ratio between the radiation intensity in an
antennas direction of the maximum radiation and the Front-to-back Ratio
intensity at an angle of 180 to this direction.
16. An artificial ground consisting of a conductor surface or an
Ground Plane
equivalent.
17. Also known as spiral. Helix
18. It is a hypothetical antenna that would radiate all the
Isotropic Antenna
energy supplied to it, with equal intensity in all directions.
19. It is the process of increasing the electrical length of an
Loading
antenna by an addition of inductance or capacitance.
20. It is the portion of an antenna pattern between two nulls. Lobe
21. An antenna with a current null at one end and a maximum
Monopole
at the other, with no other nulls in between.
22. It is the region close to antenna, where local inductive and
Near Field Region
capacitive effects predominate.
23. The lobe in the direction of maximum radiation. Major Lobe
24. The lobe with less intensity than the main lobe. Minor Lobe
25. It denotes the angle in the horizontal plane, from the x axis
toward the y axis. Phi ()

26. The direction of the electric field vector of an

electromagnetic wave. Polarization

27. In a monopole antenna, it is the wire extending along the

surface of the ground or just below it, away from the
Radial
antenna is called _______.
28. A set of it is used to improve the effective conductivity of
the ground in a monopole antenna.. Radial

29. It is the equivalent resistance at the feedpoint

corresponding to the radiation of energy by an antenna. Radiation Resistance

30. A minor lobe at an angle of approximately 90 to the main

lobe. Side Lobe

32
BLAKE Summary

31. It refers to the angle from the horizontal (x-y) plane toward
the zenith, represented by the z-axis. Theta ()

32. It is the direction straight up from the horizontal plane.

Zenith

33. It refers to a dipole of infinitesimal length.

Hertzian Dipole
34. Typically, the length of a half-wave dipole, assuming that
the conductor diameter is much less than the length of the
antenna, is _____ of one-half the wavelength measured in 95%

free space.

35. It refers to the wavelength.

Lambda ()
36. It is the speed of light also constant to radio waves in free
space. 300 x 106 m/s

37. It is the coordinate representation of the antennas

radiation. Radiation Pattern

38. Fading is caused by _________ of antennas radiation

though it is very important at a considerable distance.. Reflection

39. Ground effects are important up through the ____ range.

High Frequency (HF)
40. It has the same length as a standard half-wave dipole, but
it is made with two parallel conductors, joined at both ends
and separated by a distance that is short compared with Folded Dipole

the length of the antenna.

41. The characteristic impedance of a balanced line used
mainly in TV and FM receiving installations. 300

42. This is used mainly for low and medium frequency

transmission that utilizes vertical polarization to take
Monopole Antenna
advantage of ground wave propagation.

43. Refer to no. 42: another name for it.

Marconi Antenna
44. This antenna is often used in vertically as either a mobile or
base antenna in VHF and UHF systems. 5/8 wavelength Antenna

45. This antenna is also known as air-wound coil.

Loop Antenna
46. This antenna, its structure combination acts as a
transformer to match the feedline impedance to the
Discone Antenna
impedance of free space.

33
 BLAKE Summary

47. How much is the impedance of free space?

377

48. Another name for helix or spiral antenna.

Helical Antenna
49. Refer to no. 48: another popular name for it that is used
with many handheld transceivers. Rubber Ducky Antenna

50. Classifications of arrays according to their direction of Broadside,

maximum radiation..
End-fire

Phased Array,
51. Classification of antenna arrays according to how the
elements are connected. Driven Array,

Parasitic Array

52. Arrays that radiates through its length.

Broadside

53. Arrays that radiates at its ends.

End-fire

54. These arrays are connected to the feedline.

Phase Array

Phase-shifting,

55. Possible applications of phase arrays.

Power Splitting,

Impedance Matching
56. Arrays that each elements are supplying power for
transmission. Driven Array

57. refer to no. 56: Arrays that are dependent to it.

Parasitic Array

58. Yagi antenna is more formally referred to as the ________.

Yagi-Uda Array
59. This antenna derives its name from the fact that the
feedpoint impedance is a periodic function of the operating
Log-periodic Antenna
frequency.
60. This antenna is a combination of two dipoles designed to
give omnidirectional performance in the horizontal plane,
Turnstile Antenna
with horizontal polarization.

34
BLAKE Summary

61. This antenna has one type of broadside array using half-
wave dipoles. Collinear Arrays

62. In an antenna, it acts as an ordinary mirror that enhances

the directivity of the antennas radiation. Reflector

63. Antenna often used for terrestrial microwave links.

Hog-horn Antenna

CHAPTER 17: MICROWAVE DEVICES

1. It is conventionally the electromagnetic radiation in the

Microwave
range above approximately 1GHz.
2. In a klystron, it is a cavity that velocity modulates the
Buncher
electron beam.
3. It is the velocity modulation of an electron beam. Bunching
4. In a klystron, it is a cavity that removes some of the energy
from the electron beam and transfers it in the form of Catcher
microwave energy to the output.
5. It is a space in which microwaves can resonate by means
Cavity
of in-phase reflections from the walls.
6. A device with three or more ports that allows an input to
Circulator
one port to emerge only at the next port in order.
7. It is the element in a klystron or TWT that receives the
Controller
electron beam
8. refer to no. 7: another term for it. Anode
9. It is a microwave tube in which the electric and magnetic
Crossed-field Tube
fields are at right angles.
10. A device that launches or receives a wave in a transmission
Directional Coupler
line or waveguide in one direction only.
11. It is the variation of velocity as a function of frequency in a
Dispersion
waveguide or medium.
12. It is a concentration of charge. Domain
13. It states that a change in frequency that occurs when a
Doppler Effect
wave reflects from a moving object.
14. A lens that is stepped to reduce its size. Fresnel Lens
15. It is the speed of transmission of a signal along a Group Velocity

35
 BLAKE Summary

waveguide.
16. It is a slab of N-type gallium arsenide that can operate as
Gunn Device
an oscillator or amplifier by means of domain formation.
17. A combination of E-plane and H-plane tees. Hybrid Tee
18. A junction device that can operate as an oscillator or
IMPATT Diode
amplifier.
19. A waveguide device that has low loss in one direction and
Isolator
high loss in the other.
20. a type of linear-beam microwave tube that uses velocity
Klystron
modulation of the electron beam.
21. A microwave tube in which electrons travel in a straight line
Linear-beam Tube
down to the length of the tube.
22. Another name for hybrid tee. Magic Tee
23. A cross-field microwave-tube oscillator in which electrons
circle around the cathode under the influence of a magnetic Magnetron
field.
24. A microwave transmission line constructed on a printed-
circuit board, consisting of a single conductor on one side Microstrip
of the board and a ground plane on the other side.
25. The speed of electron drift in a conductor or
Mobility
semiconductor.
26. It is the specific configuration of electric and magnetic
Mode
fields that allows a wave to propagate.
27. The apparent speed of propagation along a waveguide
based on the distance between wavefronts along the walls Phase Velocity
of the guide.
28. A three-layer diode that can be used as a switch and an
PIN Diode
attenuator at microwave frequencies.
P-type,
29. The three layers of the PIN diode. Intrinsic Layer,
N-type
30. It is the rotation of the axis or rotation of the electrons. Precession
31. The equivalent size of a radar target, in terms of perfectly
Radar Cross Section
conducting flat plate oriented toward the receiver.
32. It is any device that causes a wave to propagate at less
Slow-wave Structure
than the speed of light, so that the electron beam and the

36
BLAKE Summary

wave move at approximately the same speed.

33. A microwave transmission line that consists of a conductor
inside a circuit board, working against two ground planes, Stripline
one on top and one on the bottom of the board.
34. It is the object whose range, direction, and/or velocity is to
Target
be measured.
Transferred-electron Device
35. Another name for Gunn Device.
(TED)
36. A variation of the IMPATT designed for high-power
TRAPATT Diode
operation.
37. A metal object threaded into a waveguide to add
Tuning Screw
capacitance or inductance.
38. A hollow structure that has no center conductor but allows
Waveguide
waves to propagate down to its length.
39. A type of ferrite. Yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG)
40. It means it is a more than one mode propagating at a time. Multimode Propagation
41. It can be achieved by using only the mode with the lowest
Single-mode Propagation
cutoff frequency.
42. Refer to no. 41: another name for it. Dominant Mode
Transverse Electric (TE),
43. Two kinds of modes.
Transverse Magnetic (TM)
44. The dominant mode depends on the shape of the ______. Waveguide
45. Like any transmission line, a waveguide has a ________
Characteristic Impedance
_____.
46. The impedance of the free space is ________. 377
By Probe,
47. Three ways to launch a wave down a guide. By Loop,
By Hole
48. It is used to transfer power from a waveguide to a
transmission line to which the line will accept only energy Directional Couplers
traveling along the guide from right to left.
49. It is the amount by which a signal in the main guide is
Insertion Loss
attenuated.
50. It gives the amount by which the signal in the main guide
Coupling
is greater than that coupled to the secondary waveguide.
51. It refers to the ratio between the power coupled to the Directivity

37
 BLAKE Summary

secondary guide.
52. Striplines and microstrips, like waveguides, have ________
Critical Frequency
_________.
53. Another name for H-plane tee. Shunt Tee
54. Another name for E-plane tee. Series Tee
55. Instead of using a continuous waveguide, waves can also
be launched in a short section that reflects waves back and Cavity Resonator
forth from one end to the other. What is this short section?
56. It is a type of frequency meter that consists of a cavity with
Wavemeter
an adjustable plunger.
57. It allows separation of signals. Circulator
58. The operation of both the isolator and the circulator is
Ferrites
based on the magnetic properties of __________.
59. It is the interaction between an electromagnetic wave and
the ferriet results in a phase shift as the wave propagates Faraday Rotation
through the material.
Impact Avalanche and Transit
60. IMPATT means
Time
P-type,
N-type,
61. Chronological layers of the IMPATT diode.
Intrinsic layer,
N-type
62. The intrinsic layer of the IMPATT diode is commonly made
Gallium Arsenide
up of ______.
Trapped Plasma Avalanche
63. TRAPATT means
Triggered Transit
64. These device is often used as frequency multipliers. Varactor Diode
65. Two variations of the varactor that can be also used as Step-recovery,
multipliers. Snap Diode
66. This is essentially a resonant cavity that is made of a solid
Dielectric Resonator
slab of a dielectric material such as alumina.
67. It is the oldest microwave tube design. Magnetron
68. refer to no. 67: The year that it is invented. 1921
69. It is the preferred tube for high power, high stability
amplification of signals at frequencies from UHF to about Klystron
30 GHz.

38
BLAKE Summary

70. It can be used as a moderate-power amplifier or as an

Traveling Wave Tube
oscillator if modified.
71. This antenna can be viewed as impedance transformers
Horn Antenna
that match waveguide impedances to that of free space.
72. It consist of thin metallic patch placed a small fraction of a
Patch Antenna
wavelength above conducting ground plane.

CHAPTER 18: TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

1. A single transmission path from transmitter to receiver. Hop

2. The signal-to-noise ratio in a receiver at a point before the
Carrier-to-noise Ratio
detector.
3. The deviation of a wave as it passes an obstacle or passes
Diffraction
through a small aperture.
4. It is the use of more than one frequency or transmission
Diversity
path to improve system reliability in the presence of fading.
5. It is the energy received in the time taken to transmit one
Energy per Bit
bit.
6. Variation in received field strength over time due to
Fading
changes in propagation conditions.
7. A region near an object in which diffraction effects are
Fresnel Zone
significant.
8. It is the abrupt variations in the timing of a digital signal. Jitter
9. It is a network using microwaves for two-way transmission Local Multipoint Distribution
for telephony, television, and high-speed data. System (LMDS)
10. This is a terrestrial microwave system for the distribution of
Multichannel Multipoint
television, Internet, and telephone services to businesses
Distribution System (MMDS)
and residences.
11. A receiver-transmitter combination that amplifies and
Repeater
transmits a signal.
12. A map showing surface features, including the elevation of
Topographic Map
the terrain.
13. Terrestrial microwave links generally use ______________
Line-of Sight (LOS)
propagation.
14. Causes of fading. Multipath Reception,

39
 BLAKE Summary

Attenuation due to rain,

Ducting,
Aging or partial failure
15. Fading due to multipath reception can reduce the received
20dB
signal strength by ______ or more.
16. This technique is done by slightly changing the frequency
so that the phase difference between the direct and Frequency Diversity
reflected signals is no longer 180.
17. To protect against fading on a moment-to-moment basis,
frequency diversity requires two transmitters and two Hot Standby
receivers, better known as a _____.
18. This technique is done by placing two antennas one above
Space Diversity
and the other on the same tower.
Analog,
19. Two systems of terrestrial microwave links.
Digital
AM System,
20. Analog system is also called ______ or _______.
FM System
21. Digital system is also called _______. QAM System
22. Digital data can also be transmitted with FM systems using
External Modems
______ ______.

CHAPTER 19: TELEVISION

1. Ratio of the width to the height of a television picture. Aspect Ratio

2. The portion of the horizontal blanking pulse after the synch
Bach Porch
pulse.
3. The video level corresponding to zero luminance. Black Setup
4. The period of time when the electron beam in a CRT is cut-
Blanking
off.
5. A vacuum tube that uses a moving electron beam to
Cathode-ray Tube (CRT)
produce patterns or images on a photophorescent screen.
6. The color signal. Chrominance (Chroma)
7. These are several cycles of color subcarrier on the back
Color Bursts
porch of the horizontal sync for color synchronization.
8. A filter that can pass or reject a fundamental frequency and Comb Filter

40
BLAKE Summary

its harmonics.
9. A video system in which color and luminance are sent
Component Color
separately, without frequency interleaving.
10. A video system in which luma, sync, and chroma signals
Composite Video
are combined.
11. Alignment of the three electron beams in a color CRT so
Convergence
that they land on the same triad of color phosphor dots.
12. the pulses in the vertical blanking interval of a video signal
Equalizing Pulses
that create interlaced scan.
13. In an interlaced video system, it is one-half of a frame
Field
consisting of alternate lines.
14. One complete image in a video system is called ________. Frame
15. The portion of horizontal blanking pulse before the sync
Front Porch
pulse.
16. A television receiver design that uses mixing between the
picture and sound carriers to generate the sound Intercarrier Sound
intermediate frequency.
17. A video scanning system that divides a frame into two
Interlace
fields to reduce flicker.
18. The signal that provides brightness information in a video
Luminance (Luma)
system.
19. A North American television standard. NTSC Video
20. The video signal level representing maximum luminance. Peak White
21. Picture element. Pixel
22. A video system that does not use interlace. Progressive Scan
23. In a color CRT, it is the adjustment of the three electron
beams so that each lands on phosphor dots of the Purity
appropriate color.
24. The pattern of scanning lines in a video system. Raster
25. The amount of detail produced by a video system. Resolution
26. The return of the electron beam in a CRT from right to left
Retrace
or from top to bottom.
27. A color video system in which the three primary colors are
RGB Color
transmitted separately.
28. The main accelerating element in a CRT. Ultor
29. The proportion of scanning lines in a video system that can Utilization Factor

41
 BLAKE Summary

be used in determining vertical resolution.

30. A specialized oscilloscope designed for the observation of
Vectorscope
composite color signals.
31. The assembly that contains the deflection coils and is
Yoke
mounted on the neck of a CRT.
32. The North American NTSC television system transmits ___
30
frames per second.
33. Each frame transmitted by NTSC consists of _______ lines. 525
34. The NTSC uses a _______ interlace so that ______ fields 2:1,
are transmitted per second. 60
35. Composite color video uses two color signals modulated on
DSBSC QUAM
a subcarrier at 3.58 MHz using _________ ________.
36. Terrestrial television broadcasting uses a channel _______
6 MHz
wide.
37. The picture in terrestrial television broadcasting is
VSB AM
transmitted using _______ with carrier.
38. The sound in the terrestrial television broadcasting uses
FM
___ on separate carrier to the video.
39. Picture and sound travel together through the _____ and Tuner,
___ ______ of a television receiver. Picture IF Sections
40. The sound is converted to a separate 4.5 MHz IF, in a
Intercarrier Sound
system known as __________ _________.
41. Color receivers use _______ _________ to retrieve the
Synchronous Demodulation
color signal.
42. The frequency and phase reference for the color
demodulators are provided by a ________ _______ on the Color Burst
back porch of the horizontal synchronizing signal.
43. The CRTs used in television receivers generate an
________ ______ that is intensity-modulated by the video
Electron Beam
signal and deflected horizontally and vertically by coils that
surround the tube.
44. Color CRTs use three electron beams striking three Red,
different types of phosphors that glow ____, ____, and Green,
______. Blue
45. It reduce losses by moving UHF signals to the VHF range. Cable-television System
46. It is a technique used for reducing flicker on frame rates of Interlaced Scan

42
BLAKE Summary

25 or 30 Hz..
Horizontal Blanking Interval,
47. Two time intervals.
Vertical Blanking Interval
Red,
48. The three primary colors that are mixed to achieve good
Green,
color reproduction.
Blue
Phase Alteration By Line (PAL),
49. Two other standards of color television. Sequential Color and Memory
(SECAM)
50. The television stereo sound system is called ___________
Multichannel Television Sound
_____ _________.
51. The first CRT. Monochrome CRT
52. In order to reproduce the three primary colors of the color
television system, a color CRT must have _______ electron Three (3)
beams.

CHAPTER 20: SATELITE COMMUNICATION

1. A structure that naturally orbits the earth. Natural Satellite

2. Name of the natural satellite. Moon
3. A structure that orbits the earth and was built by humans. Artificial Satellite
4. The point farthest from earth in a satellite orbit. Apogee
5. A satellite transponder design that receives signals and
retransmits them at higher power and at a different Bent-pipe Configuration
frequency.
6. It is a group of satellites coordinated in such a way as to
Constellation
provide continuous communication.
7. A radio or optical connection directly between satellites,
Crosslink
without going through an earth station.
8. Transmission of signals from a satellite to an earth station. Downlink
9. A satellite orbit that is entirely above the equator. Equatorial Orbit
10. It is the change in the direction of polarization of signals
Faraday rotation
passing through the ionosphere.
11. It is the ratio expressed in decibels of gain to noise
Figure of Merit
temperature.

43
 BLAKE Summary

12. It is the depiction of the signal strength contours from a

Footprint
satellite transmitter on the earth.
13. It is the satellite orbit in which the satellite appears to
Geostationary Orbit
remain stationary at a point above the equator.
14. It is a satellite orbit in which the satellites period of
Geosynchronous Orbit
revolution is equal to the period of rotation of the earth.
15. Antenna beam on a geostationary satellite that is adjusted
Hemispheric Beam
to cover the whole earth.
16. It is an artificial satellite orbiting the earth at an altitude
Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) Satellite
less than about 1500 kilometers.
17. A satellite in orbit at a distance above the earths surface of Medium-Earth-Orbit (MEO)
approximately 8,000 to 20,000 km. Satellite
18. Any artificial satellite that is not geostationary. Orbital Satellite
19. The point closest to Earth in a satellite orbit. Perigee
20. A satellite orbit passing over the north and south poles. Polar Orbit
21. It is the time taken for a signal to travel through space
Propagation Time
from transmitter to receiver.
22. It is a focused beam of energy that covers a relatively small
Spot Beam
area on the earth.
23. It is the process of adjusting the orbit of a geostationary
satellite so that it appears to remain stationary above a Station-keeping
point on earth.
24. It is the use of device to receive one or more data packets,
Store-and-Forward Technique
store them and restransmit them at a later time.
25. It is adjusting the position of a directional antenna on the
Tracking
ground.
26. A repeater located in the satellite. Transponder
27. Transmission of signals from an earth station to a satellite. Uplink
28. Geostationary satellites are far enough from earth that on a
40%
satellite can cover about ___ of the earths distance.
29. Three geostationary satellites can provide worldwide
Polar Regions
communication except for the ______ _______.
30. All satellite orbit shapes are ____________. Elliptical
Centrifugal Force,
31. All satellites are held in orbit by a balance between the two.
Centripetal Force
32. An antenna is aimed at a satellite by adjusting its Azimuth,

44
BLAKE Summary

__________ and _______. Elevation

33. It is a device incorporating a level that can measure the
Inclinometer
angle of the antenna axis from the horizontal.
34. The amount by which the antenna axis is offset from the
Declination
earths axis is called ___________.
35. It was established in 1979 and known as third generation International Maritime Satellite
of satellites. Organization (INMARSAT)
36. INMARSAT uses a total of __ GEO satellites. Nine (9)
37. Range of Low-earth orbit satellites above the earth. 300 - 1500 km
38. range of Medium-earth orbit satellites above the earth. 8000 20000 km
39. These radiation belts surrounds earth that can damage
Van Allen Belts
satellites.
40. This system comprises 66 LEO satellites in a complex
constellation, such that at least one satellite is visible from Iridium
one everywhere on earth at all times.
41. This system began commercial operation in 1999, and uses
Globalstar
a constellation of 48 LEO satellites.
42. This system is expected to use 288 satellites. Teledesic
43. This system went into operation in 1998, uses 35 satellites. ORBCOMM
44. This system has a similar structure to ORBCOMM and
LEO One
became operational in 2003.
45. This system is considered a special case LEO system, using
E-Sat
only six satellites, orbiting an altitude of 1260 km.
46. This MEO uses an interesting combination of elliptical and
Ellipso
circular orbits.
47. This MEO is planned by Inmarsat that will launch ten
Intermediate Circular Orbit (ICO)
satellites providing global coverage.

CHAPTER 21: CELLULAR RADIO

1. A cellular telephone system designed mainly for use with Personal Communication System
portable telephones. (PCS)
2. North American first-generation cellular radio standard Advanced Mobile Phone Service
using analog FM. (AMPS)
3. In wireless communication, it is the radio equipment and Air Interface

45
 BLAKE Summary

the propagation path.

4. It is the electronics that control base station transmitters
Base Station Controller
and receivers.
5. It is interrupting the voice channel to send control
Blank-and-burst Signaling
information.
6. Failure to connect a telephone call because of lack of
Call Blocking
system capacity.
7. Method of transmitting data on AMPS cellular telephone Cellular Digital Packet Data
voice channels that are temporarily unused. (CDPD)
8. Information sent by the base station in a cellular radio Control Mobile Attenuation Code
system to set the power level of the mobile transmitter. (CMAC)
9. Signal transmitted by a cell site to identify that site to the
Digital Color Code (DCC)
mobile user.
10. A telephone connection that is unintentionally terminated
Dropped Call
while in progress.
11. Number assigned to a cell phone by the manufacturer as a
Electronic Serial Number (ESN)
security feature.
12. This is a control information that is transmitted by Fast Associated Control Channel
stealing bits that are normally used for voice information. (FACCH)
13. Communication from a cell site or repeater to a mobile unit. Forward Channel
14. Two-way communication in which both terminals can
Full Duplex
transmit simultaneously.
15. Two-way communication in which only one station can
Half Duplex
transmit at a time.
16. Transfer of a call in progress from one cell site to another. Handoff
17. A mobile telephone service using trunked channels but not Improved Mobile Telephone
cellular in nature. Service (IMTS)
18. A small cell designed to cover a high-traffic area. Microcell
Mobile Identification Number
19. Number that identifies a mobile phone in a cellular system.
(MIN)
20. refer to no. 19: This is popularly known as Mobile telephone number
21. Switching facility connecting cellular telephone base
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
stations to each other and to the public telephone network.
22. A memory location that stores the telephone numbers to be Number Assignment Module
used on the system. (NAM)
23. Very small cells in a cellular radio system. Picocells

46
BLAKE Summary

24. A company that acts as a carrier to the base station. Reverse Channel
25. A cellular customer using a network other than the
Roamer
subscribers local cellular network.
26. It is the control information that is transmitted along with Slow Associated Control Channel
the voice. (SACCH)
27. Code which describes the maximum power output of a
Station Class Mark (SCM)
cellular phone.
28. A sine wave above the voice frequency range, transmitted
Supervisory Audio Tone (SAT)
on the voice channel used to detect the loss of signal.
29. A number transmitted by the base station to identify the System Identification Number
system operator. (SID)
30. Frequency of a signal tone during a call. 10 kHz
31. Transmitters in adjacent cells are separated by frequency
60 kHz
by at least
Mobile Identification Number
(MIN),
32. Two unique numbers of each mobile unit.
Number Assignment Module
(NAM)
33. It is simply the 10-digit phone number for the mobile Mobile Identification Number
phone. (MIN)
34. It is a unique 32-bit number assigned to the phone at the
Electronic Serial Number (ESN)
factory.
Mobile (Class I),
35. The three station class marks. Transportable (Class II),
Portable (Class III)
36. ERP of Class I. +6 dBW (4 W)
37. ERP of Class II. +2 dBW (1.6 W)
38. ERP of Class III. -2 dBW (600 mW)
39. Mobile transmitter power is controlled by the land station in
4dB increments, with the lowest power level being -22 dBW (6.3 mW)
___________ ERP.
40. It occurs when two or more mobiles try to use the control
Collision
channel at the same time.
41. Three possible frequencies of a supervisory audio tone. 5970 Hz, 6000 Hz, 6030 Hz
42. Most portable cell phones use this kind of antenna. Quarter-wave Monopole
43. Refer to no. 42: At 800 MHz, the length of this antenna is 9.5 cm

47
 BLAKE Summary

____.
44. Phone traffic is defined in ________. Erlangs (E)
One (1)continuous phone
45. Refer to no. 44: One unit of it is equivalent to
conversation
46. The most obvious way to avoid call blocking and call
Provide more channels
dropping is to __________.
47. The reduction of cell size to increase traffic. Cell-splitting
48. The bit rate in the RF channel for CDPD. 19.2kb/s
49. The common digital system developed by the European
Global System for Mobile
Community.
50. The digital system would seem to be able to carry ___
Three (3)
times as much traffic as the analog system.
51. It provides essentially the same information as SAT in Coded Digital Verification Color
AMPS. Code (CDVCC)
Analog Control Channel (ACCH),
52. The two TDMA control channels.
Digital Control Channel (DCCH)

CHAPTER 22: PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

1. Signal path from a base station or satellite to a mobile

Downlink
station or a ground station.
2. Changing the time order or digital information before
transmission to reduce the effect of burst errors in the Interleaving
channel.
3. It is the telephone number that is unique to a given user International Mobile Subscriber
worldwide. Identification (IMSI)
4. It is the tendency for stronger signals to interfere with the
Near-Far Effect
reception of weaker signals.
5. A radio receiver that is capable of combining several
received signals with different time delays into one Rake Receiver
composite signal.
6. Transmission of brief text messages, such as page or email, Short Messaging Service
by cellular radio or PCS. (SMS)
7. A card with an embedded integrated circuit that can be
Smart Card
used for functions such as storing subscriber information

48
BLAKE Summary

for a PCS system.

8. It is connecting a mobile to two or more base stations
Soft Handoff
simultaneously.
9. It contains all user information which is inserted into the
Subscriber ID Module (SIM)
phone before use.
10. Transmission of data in two directions on a channel by
Time-division Duplexing (TDD)
using different time slots for each direction.
11. Transmission channel to a satellite or base station. Uplink
12. Class of orthogonal spreading codes used in CDMA
Walsh Code
communications.
To allow each individual to have
personal phone and phone
13. The eventual goal of personal communication systems. number which will take the place
of home, office, care, and
portable phones.
14. Current PCS resemble cellular radio systems except that Higher frequency and are
they operate at completely digital
15. The PCS frequency range is divided in such a way that
there can be up to _______ service providers in a given Six
region.
16. They allow roaming on the analog cellular system when the
Dual mode, dual band phones
correct type of PCS service is unavailable.
17. This features higher maximum data rates, greater capacity
of voice calls, and the ability to work with a wide range of Third Generation
cell sizes and types.
18. These systems appear likely to be part of the third CDMA,
generation specifications. TDMA
19. Voice channels are called ___________ _______ in GSM. Traffic Channels
20. This is used by the mobile to contact the base, for
Random Access Channel (RACH)
registration, authentication, and call setup.
21. It is used for control messages to individual telephones and
Short Message Service, Paging
for short paging-type messages to be displayed on the
and Access Channel (SPACH)
phone.
22. It is the system used in Europe and most of Asia for both
GSM
cellular and PCS bands.
23. This allows the mobile receiver to lock on the beginning of Synchronizing (SYNCH)

49
 BLAKE Summary

the transmission.
24. They provide acknowledgement of messages from mobiules
and inform the mobiles of the status of the reverse control Shared Channel Feedback (SCF)
channel.
25. Time slots per superframe of fast broadcast channel. 3 to 10
26. Time slots per superframe for extended broadcast channel. 1 to 8
Short message service,
27. Functions of short message service channel.
Remote phone programming
28. Function of paging channel. Paging
Control messages to individual
29. Function of access response channel.
phones
30. Bandwidth of GSM channels. 200 kHz
31. Total bit rate for an RF channel in GSM. 270.833 kb/s
32. Time slots in the structure of an RF channel is also called
Burst
as ______ in GSM.
33. Each voice transmission in GSM is coded at ______. 13 kb/s
Short code,
34. Two codes in use at a CDMA base station.
Long code
35. This code in CDMA base station is for synchronizing. Short code
36. This code in CDMA base station in used for encryption of
Long code
voice and control system data.
37. CDMA uses this for voice coding. Variable rate vocoder
9600 b/s,
4800 b/s,
38. The four possible bit rates used in voice coding of CDMA.
2400 b/s,
1200 b/s
General Packet Radio Service
39. The packet-switched data in GSM system is called
(GPRS)
40. The de facto standard created by wireless manufacturers Wireless Application Protocol
for displaying web content on wireless devices. (WAP)
Improved Data Communication;
Greater Capacity;
41. Requirements for the third generation PCS.
Adaptability to mobile,
pedestrian, and fixed operation

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BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 23: PAGING AND WIRELESS DATA NETWORKING

1. A device to connect two segments of a network. Bridge

2. Unique address for a pager. Capcode
Carrier-Sense Multiple-Access
3. Method of reducing contention in a network by involving
With Collision Avoidance
each station checking for interference before transmitting.
(CSMA/CA)
4. Method of reducing contention to the network by involving Carrier-sense Multiple-access
each station by checking continuously for interference with Collision Detection
before and during transmissions. (CSMA/CD)
5. Attempt by two transmitters to use the same channel
Collision
simultaneously.
6. Form of local-area network using CSMA/CD and a logical
Ethernet
bus structure.
7. Communication channel from mobile to base station. Inbound Channel
8. A radio channel used for communication from a base
Outbound Channel
station to mobile stations.
9. Transmission of data in two directions on a channel by
Time-division Duplexing (TDD)
using different time slots for each direction.
Paging system,
Cellular and PCS radio,
10. Options for wireless data communication.
Wireless LAN and Modems,
Packet Data Network
One-way beeper,
One-way numeric,
11. Types of paging systems. One-way alphanumeric,
Two-way alphanumeric,
Voice pagers
12. It transmit all pages throughout the whole system to avoid
One-way paging system
having to locate the recipient.
13. Most current wireless LAN equipment follows the
IEEE 802.11
___________ standard.
14. This resembles the standard in no. 13. Bluetooth
15. It is common for very short-range connections and is
Infrared Light
occasionally used for wireless LANs.
16. Uses of public packet data networks. Email,

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 BLAKE Summary

Keeping contact with employees

in the field,
Limited web browsing,
Low-data-rate applications
Post Office Code Standardization
17. Most common protocol for one-way paging system.
Advisory Group (POCSAG)
18. It is the de facto standard for two-way alphanumeric
Motorola ReFLEXTM
pagers.
1. A set of wireless nodes is
called Basic Service Set (BSS).
2. A network can consist of
only of wireless node
communicating with each of
wireless nodes in BSS
3. There can be multiple
19. Standards that have been established in IEEE 802.11.
access points for extended
coverage.
4. A network with multiple
access points is called an
Extended Service Set (ESS)
5. Wireless units can roam
within the ESS.
20. It is a wireless networking scheme that competes with both
HomeRF
802.11 and Bluetooth schemes.
Ericsson,
IBM,
21. The Bluetooth specification is a joint venture involving
Intel,
these several companies.
Nokia,
Toshiba
22. The simplest Bluetooth network Piconet
23. A conglomeration of two or more piconets. Scatternet
24. It is a short range infrared system that has been used for
some time to allow two devices communicate with each Infrared Data Association (IRDA)
other.
25. This standard for wireless packet-switched data was
Mobitex
created by the Swedish telephone company for use by its

52
BLAKE Summary

field personnel.
26. Mobitex can best be called ________. Near real time
27. This system is created by IBM as a joint venture with Advanced Radio Data
Motorola for its own use. Information Services (ARDIS)

CHAPTER 24: FIBER OPTICS

1. The maximum angle between the axis of an optical fiber
Angle of Acceptance
and a ray of light entering the fiber.
2. The angle an incident ray makes with the normal to a
Angle of Incidence
reflecting or refracting surface.
3. The angle a reflected ray makes with the reflected to a
Angle of Reflection
reflecting surface.
4. The angle a refracted ray makes with the normal to a
Angle of Refraction
refracting surface.
5. In optical fiber, it is the material of lower refractive index
Cladding
that surrounds the core.
6. It is the central part of the fiber where the light
Core
propagates.
7. The maximum angle of incidence for which refraction takes
Critical Angle
place.
8. Interference between signals on separate cables in close
Crosstalk
proximity.
9. In a photodetector, it is the current that flows in the
Dark Current
absence of light.
10. A measure of how well a coupler or similar device rejects
Directivity
power passing through it in the reverse direction.
11. Variation of propagation velocity with wavelength. Dispersion
12. the energy given to or absorbed by an electron that moves
Electron-volt
through a potential difference of one volt.
13. The proportion of the power entering a coupler that is lost
Excess Loss
inside the coupler.
14. An optical fiber in which the index of refraction of the core
decreases gradually with decreasing distance from the Graded-index Fiber
center.
15. A PN junction in which the two sides of the junction are Heterojunction

53
 BLAKE Summary

made of different materials.

16. The ratio between the velocity of light in free space and
Index of Refraction
that in a given medium.
17. Acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of
LASER
radiation.
18. A low-power laser resembling an LED in its construction. Laser Diode (LD)
19. A fiber that allows light to travel along it in more than one
Multimode Fiber
waveguide mode.
20. A line perpendicular to a reflecting or refracting light
Normal
surface.
21. The sine of the aperture of acceptance in optical fiber. Numerical Aperture
22. A quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photon
23. The smallest amount in which energy can exist. Quantum
24. The relationship between output current and input light
Responsivity
power for a photodetector.
25. An optical fiber whose core is sufficiently narrow that only
Single-mode Fiber
one waveguide mode can propagate.
26. An optical finer that has one index of refraction for the core
Step-index Fiber
and a second.
27. reflection at the boundary between two media when the
Total Internal reflection
angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.
28. Detectors in fiber optics systems are usually _________ or PIN Diodes,
_____________. Avalanche Photodiode
29. A well-made splice can have as much loss as ______ of
1km
fiber.
Larger bandwidth,
Greater distance between
repeaters,
Lower weight,
30. Advantages of fiber optics over copper cable.
Smaller size,
Immunity from electrical
interference,
Lower cost
31. Optical fibers are waveguides for _____. Light
32. An infrared LED is also called as _______. Infrared-emitting Diode (IRED)
33. The light is emitted from the flat surface of the junction. Surface-emitting

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BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 25: FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS

1. Synchronization of digital signals by adding extra bits to

Bit Stuffing
one signal.
2. A 100 Mb/s LAN signaling standard intended for use with Fiber Distributed Data Interface
fiber optics but also used with coax. (FDDI)
3. Use of fiber optic cable for telephone subscriber
Fiber in the Loop (FITP)
connections.
4. Use of fiber for all of a telephone system except for the
Fiber to the Curb (FTTC)
subscriber loop.
5. Calculation of received power in a system in order to
compare it with the power required for satisfactory Loss Budget
performance.
6. A laser used as an energy source to excite electrons into a
Pump Laser
higher energy state.
7. The time required for the voltage level at the beginning of
a pulse to increase from 10 to 90 percent of its maximum Rise Time
value.
8. Single pulses that can travel through a medium with no
Solitons
dispersion.
9. The European Standard for synchronous transmission over Synchronous Optical Network
a fiber-optic network. (SONET)
10. The use of two or more light sources at different Wavelength-division Multiplexing
wavelengths separately modulated with the same fiber. (WDM)
11. The maximum distance that can be used with a fiber link Losses,
can be limited by either ________ or ______. Dispersion
12. Limitations due to losses are expressed in a ___
Loss Budget
__________.
13. Dispersion is expressed in terms of either _____________ Bandwidth-distance,
or _____________. Rise Time
14. These can be used in digital systems to extend the
Regenerative Repeaters
communication distance indefinitely.
15. Optical amplifiers can amplify an optical signal without
Electrical Form
converting it to _____________ ______.
16. To increase the amount of data that can be carried on a
Time-division Multiplexing
fiber, wavelength-division multiplexing can be used in

55
 BLAKE Summary

conjunction with ___________ ___________.

17. fiber optics has greatly increased both the capacity and the
Submarine Cables
reliability of __________ ___________.

ADDITIONAL NOTES: NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

1. It is the art of detecting the movements of a craft from one
Navigation
point to another along a desired path.
Navigational by Pilotage,
Celestial Navigation,
2. Methods of navigation.
Navigation by Dead Reckoning,
Radio Navigations
3. A method of navigation wherein the navigator fixes his position
Navigational by Pilotage
on a map by observing known visible landmarks.
4. It is accomplished by measuring the angular position of
Celestial Navigation.
celestial bodies.
5. It is the most common and widely used method of navigation
wherein the position of crafts at any instant of time is
calculated from previously determined position, speed of its Navigational by Dead Reckoning
motion with respect to the earth with the direction and the time
elapsed.
6. Refer to no. 6: Another name for it. Deduced Calculations
7. It uses electromagnetic waves to attain a fix. Radio Navigation
8. It is basically a means of gathering information about distant
Radio Detection and Ranging
objects or targets by sending electromagnetic waves at them
(RADAR)
and analyzing the echoes.
9. A one radar mile can be traveled by a signal within ______. 6.16 microsec
10. A round trip of a transmitted signal in a radar will consume a
12.36 microsec
time of __________.
11. After the radar pulses has been transmitted, a __________
_______ _______ must be allowed for the echo to return so as Sufficient Rest Time
not to interfere with the next transmit pulse.
12. It determines the maximum distance to the target to be
Pulse Repetition Time
measured.
13. It is the range beyond which objects appear as second return
Maximum Unambiguous Range
echoes.

56
BLAKE Summary

14. It is the transmitted pulse that maybe reflected by the target

Double Range Echoes
for one complete round trip.
Rayleigh Region,
15. The effective areas considered in a radar cross section of the
Resonance Region,
target.
Optical Region,
Polarization of the independent
wave,
Degree of surface roughness,
16. The radar cross section target depends on
Use of special coatings on the
target,
Aspect of the target
17. Pulse characteristics is Flat-topped rectangular pulses
18. Leading edge must be _____ to ensure that the leading edge of
Vertical
the received pulse is also close to it.
19. It is required for the voltage pulse applied to the magnetron
Flat Top
anode.
20. It is needed for the transmitted pulse so that the duplexer can
switch the receiver over to the antenna as soon as the body of Steep Trailing Edge
the pulse has passed.
Dipole,
Horn Fed Paraboloid Reflector,
21. Antennas that can be used for radar.
Reflectros of basically paraboloid
shape
Lobe switching technique,
22. Antenna tracking and scanning techniques in radar. Conical Scanning,
Monopulse Tracking
23. It is a sequential lobing and the direction of the antenna beam
Lobe Switching Technique
is rapidly switched between two positions.
24. It is the logical extension of lobe switching. Conical Scanning
25. It is a system using four horn antennas displaced about the
Monopulse Tracking
central focus of the reflector.
More complex motion of the
antenna,
26. Disadvantages of conical scanning. Additional servomechanisms are
required,
More than one returned pulse is

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 BLAKE Summary

required.
A scope,
27. Methods of radar display. Plan Position Indicator,
Automatic Target Detection
28. It is the deflection modulation of the CRT screen. A scope
29. It is the intensity modulation of the CRT and it shows a map of
Plan Position Indicator
the largest area.
30. It is a method of radar display where direct feeding is toward a
Automatic Target Detection
computer.
Search for targets,
31. General tasks of radar systems. Track them once they have been
acquired
Tracking in angle,
32. Types of tracking radar systems.
Tracking in range
33. It is a system that gives the angular position of a target
Tracking in Angle
accurately.
34. It is a type of tracking radar system wherein the range
Tracking In Range
information is continuously obtained.
35. It is the transmitting and receiving antennas that are located at
Monostatic Radar
the same point.
36. In this radar, the transmitter and receiver are separated by
Bistatic Radar
quite large distances.
37. It is the effect that the apparent frequency of the
electromagnetic or sound waves depends on the relative radial Doppler Effect
motion of the source and the observer.
38. These are small radar sets consisting of a receiver, a separate
Radar Beacons
transmitter and an antenna which is often omni directional.
Identification Friend or Foe (IFF),
39. Applications of radar beacons. Calculation of position, similar to
lighthouses
40. This provides a sloping glide path for instrument landing
Instrument Landing Services (ILS)
approach of an aircraft.
Localizer,
Glide Slope Equipment,
41. Components of an ILS.
ILS Marker Beacons,
Runway Lights

58
BLAKE Summary

42. It provides lateral guidance. Localizer

VHF Radio Transmitter,
43. Parts of a localizer
Antenna System
Very High Frequency
44. A localizer uses same general range as ____ Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
Transmitters
45. It provides vertical guidance. Glide Slope Equipment
46. A glide slope equipment is produced by a ________ and Ground-base UHF Transmitter,
_______. Antenna System
47. The UHF transmitter of the glide slope equipment is operating
329.30 MHz to 335 MHz
at the range of _____.
48. It provides information on distance from the runway by
ILS Marker beacons
identifying predetermined points along the approach track.
49. These ILS beacons are low power transmitters that operates at
75 MHz
a frequency of _______.
50. The power rated output of ILS beacons. Less than 3 Watts
Approach Lights,
Sequence Lights,
Runway Edge Lights,
51. Kinds of runway lights. Threshold Lights,
Runway End Lights,
Precision Approach Path Indicator
(PAPI) Lights
52. The color of approach lights. White
53. The color of runway edge lights. Yellow
54. The color of threshold lights. Green
55. The color runway end lights. Red
56. It provide guidance to the pilot on an approaching aircraft to
Approach Lights
the runway.
57. It is a part of approach light that flashes twice in second in
sequence that distinguishes aeronautical ground lights in an Sequence Lights
aero dome to the other lights in the area.
58. It provides sufficient guidance to the pilot during landing and
Runway Edge Lights
takeoff especially at night or zero visibility.
59. it signifies the end of runway and is placed on a lines at right
Runway End Lights
angle to the runway access.

59
 BLAKE Summary

60. It provides a positive indicating on the aircraft position relative

PAPI Lights
to the optimal slope during final approach to the runway.
61. This is an instrument approach system consisting of extremely
Ground-Controlled Approach
high precision microwave radar equipment that gives the
(GCA)
position of an aircraft in range, azimuth, and elevation.
62. The ground equipment of the airport consists of two microwave Search System,
radar sets, these are _______ and _______. Precision System
63. It locates all aircraft within 30 miles or so of the airport and it
Search System
provides a radar map of the vicinity.
64. It is the medium range radar accomplished in the initial phase
Plan Position Indicator
of the GCA.
65. It provides continuous information regarding the position of the
Precision System
incoming aircraft with respect to the runway.
66. The final approach of the GCA operator uses short-range
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
precision radar that indicates the proper glide path for descent.
67. These are low-frequency transmitters operating into an omni
Non-Directional Beacons (NDB)
directional vertically polarized antenna.
68. Frequency range of NDB. 200 kHz to 415 kHz
69. the reception range of the radio beacon of NDB 15 Nautical Miles
70. It is an equipment that provides information of the distance Distance Measuring Equipment
between an aircraft and the VOR Station. (DME)
Transceiver,
Internal Computer,
71. Components of DME.
Antenna,
DME Controls
72. It sends out signals to ground station. Transceiver
73. It is built within the transceivers that measures the time
Internal Computer
intervals that elapsed until the response.
74. It is used for both transmission and reception, mounted on the
Antenna
underside of the aircraft.
75. It incorporates digital readouts of frequency, DME and ground
DME Controls
speed information.
Distance to the station,
76. DME displays information in the form of _______, ________,
Aircrafts Ground Speed,
and __________.
Time to station
77. It is a radio facility providing bearing information to and from Very High Frequency Omni Range

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BLAKE Summary

such facility at all azimuth within its service area. (VOR)

VOR Receiver,
Navigation Indicator,
78. Components of the VOR.
Track Arrow,
Reference Line
79. This receives the VOR signals. VOR Receiver
80. It gives the pilot aircraft position information. VOR Navigation Indicator
Track Selector,
81. The three components of the VOR navigation indicator. TO-FROM/OFF Flag,
Track Deviation Bar
82. It is used to rotate the azimuth ring which displays the VOR
Track Selector
track.
83. Refer to no. 87: Another name for it. Omni Bearing Selector (OBS)
84. It indicates whether the track will take the pilot to or from the
TO-FROM/OFF Flag
station.
85. It shows the pilot the position relative to the track selected and
indicates whether the radial is to the right or left when the Track Deviation Bar (TB)
aircraft heading agrees generally with the track selector.
86. It is a needle that you could think of as a line that runs through
the station and points in the direction of the selected track that Track Arrow
divides the area around the VOR station into halves.
87. It is a line perpendicular to the track arrow and intersecting it
Reference Line
at the station.
88. It is a microwave pulse system that provides highly accurate
bearing and range information from a shipboard or ground Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)
radio beacon.
89. TACAN operates completely in the UHF band from ______ to
962 to 1213 megacycles
____.
90. The TACAN system has a total of ______ channels in the UHF
126
band.
91. TACAN provides ______ _______ with less than one degree
Compass Direction
error end.
92. TACAN can use a very small ground station antenna which Air Force Mobile Units,
permits its installation on _________ and _________. Navy Carriers
Airborne Interrogator-Responsor,
93. Components of TACAN.
Ground or Shipboard Surface

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 BLAKE Summary

Beacon
94. It could be tuned to 126 channels and has a special range and
Airborne Interrogator-Responsor
azimuth circuit.
95. This is a beacon that could be triggered by distance Ground or Shipboard Surface
interrogation pulses coming from an airborne radio set. Beacon
96. It is the combination of VOR and TACAN. VORTAC
97. These are range stations that provides four aircraft course legs. Low Frequency Radio (LFR) Range
98. The LFR depends on the superposition of the figure-8
ON-COURSE Signals
directional antenna patterns that provide __________.
99. Radio range stations operate on frequency between _______
200 kHz and 400 kHz
and _______.
100. An existing area where practically no signal is heard in a
Cone of Silence
radio range station.
Ground Referenced,
101. The station references in long distance navigation system.
Satellite Referenced
102. Navigational aids installed in the ground. Ground Referenced
103. It uses the interferometic techniques in the satellite. Satellite Referenced
104. Produces hyperbolic lines of position through the
measurement of the difference in times of transmission of radio
Hyperbolic System
signals from two or more synchronized transmitters at fixed
points.
105. It is an electronic method of determining ship position by
the reception of signals from transmitting stations of known Long Range Navigation (LORAN)
locations.
106. It has a peak power of 100 kW and can be received over
LORAN A System
sea at a distance of 500 to 700 nautical miles.
107. Its transmitters operate at a lower frequencies of 100 kHz
and this frequency, ground waves of a 300 kW transmitter can LORAN C System
be received up to 1200 nautical miles.
108. the ground stations are transportable and therefore be
LORAN D System
quickly deployed.
109. A continuous wave hyperbolic system operating in the 70 to
DECCA
130 kHz band.
110. It is a hyperbolic system which works in the very low
frequency region and has a very long base line of the order of OMEGA
7000 km.

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BLAKE Summary

111. Refer to no. 115: The developers of this system. US Navy

112. Refer to no. 115: The year it was developed. 1957
Ground Electronics Engineering
113. It operates from 20 to 85 MHz.
(GEE)
114. It is the contraction of the phrase Sound Navigation and
SONAR
Ranging.
115. A system used aboard navy ships for sonic and ultra sonic
SONAR
underwater detection, ranging, sounding and communications.
116. It alerts the flight crew of potential conflicts with other Traffic alert and Collision
airplanes in the same area. Avoidance System (TCAS)
Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon
117. TCAS tracks other airplanes or intruders if it is equipped
System (ATCRBS),
with ______________ or _____________.
Mode S ATC Transponder
Traffic Advisory (TA),
118. Two types of collision avoidance alerts provided by TCAS.
Resolution Advisory (RA)
119. It shows the relative position of any intruder airplane. TA
120. It shows a vertical maneuver to avoid a possible airplane
RA
collision.
Navigation Systems Time and
121. It is a worldwide navigation radio aid which uses satellite
Ranging Global Positioning
signals to provide accurate navigation information.
System (NAVSTAR GPS)
Space Segment,
122. The three segments of NAVSTAR. Control Segment,
User Segment
123. It is composed of a constellation of 24 satellites arranged
in six separate orbital planes of four satellites each on a circular Space Segment
orbit.
124. It is composed of four monitor stations and one master
control station which track the satellite, compute the
Control Segment
ephemeris, clock corrections and control the navigation
parameters and transmit them to the GPS users.
125. The civil and military users of the GPS. User Segment
55 inclination to the Equator,
An altitude of approximately
126. Characteristics of the space segment.
20200 km with an orbit period of
12 sideral hours

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 BLAKE Summary

Satellite Position,
127. What do these satellites in the space segment provide? Constellation Data,
Atmospheric Corrections
Kwajalein,
Hawaii,
128. The four monitor stations of the GPS are located in
Ascencion Island,
Diego Garcia
129. The master control station of the GPS is located in Colorado Springs
130. Who funded and controlled GPS? US Department of Defense (DOD)
Anytime, anywhere and in any
weather,
131. Advantages of GPS. Highly accurate measurements,
GPS has almost endless
applications
GPS measurements becomes less
132. Disadvantage of GPS. accurate when SA and AS is
effected.

-end-
(ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, 2nd edition by BLAKE)

64