Alfred Nobel
Not to be confused with Alfred Noble.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel (/nobl/; Swedish: [alfrd
nbl] listen ; 21 October 1833 10 December 1896)
was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman,
and philanthropist.
Known for inventing dynamite, Nobel also owned Bofors,
which he had redirected from its previous role as primar-
ily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer
of cannon and other armaments. Nobel held 355 dif-
ferent patents, dynamite being the most famous. After
reading a premature obituary which condemned him for
proting from the sales of arms, he bequeathed his for-
tune to institute the Nobel Prizes.[1][2] The synthetic el-
ement nobelium was named after him.[3] His name also
survives in modern-day companies such as Dynamit No-
bel and AkzoNobel, which are descendants of mergers
with companies Nobel himself established.
1 Life and career
Alfred Nobel at a young age
Born in Stockholm, Alfred Nobel was the third son of
Immanuel Nobel (18011872), an inventor and engineer,
and Carolina Andriette (Ahlsell) Nobel (18051889).[4]
The couple married in 1827 and had eight children. The
family was impoverished, and only Alfred and his three
brothers survived past childhood.[4][5] Through his father,
Alfred Nobel was a descendant of the Swedish scien-
tist Olaus Rudbeck (16301702),[6] and in his turn the
boy was interested in engineering, particularly explosives,
learning the basic principles from his father at a young
age. Alfred Nobels interest in technology was inherited
from his father, an alumnus of Royal Institute of Tech-
nology in Stockholm.[7]
Following various business failures, Nobels father moved
to Saint Petersburg in 1837 and grew successful there
as a manufacturer of machine tools and explosives.
He invented modern plywood and started work on the
torpedo.[8] In 1842, the family joined him in the city.
Now prosperous, his parents were able to send Nobel to
private tutors and the boy excelled in his studies, partic-
ularly in chemistry and languages, achieving uency in
English, French, German and Russian.[4] For 18 months,
from 1841 to 1842, Nobel went to the only school he
ever attended as a child, the Jacobs Apologistic School
in Stockholm.[5]
As a young man, Nobel studied with chemist Nikolai
Zinin; then, in 1850, went to Paris to further the
work. There he met Ascanio Sobrero, who had invented
nitroglycerin three years before. Sobrero strongly op-
posed the use of nitroglycerin, as it was unpredictable,
exploding when subjected to heat or pressure. But No-
bel became interested in nding a way to control and use
nitroglycerin as a commercially usable explosive, as it
had much more power than gunpowder. At age 18, he
went to the United States for one year[9] to study chem-
istry, working for a short period under inventor John Er-
icsson, who designed the American Civil War ironclad
USS Monitor. Nobel led his rst patent, an English
patent for a gas meter, in 1857, while his rst Swedish
patent, which he received in 1863, was on 'ways to pre-
pare gunpowder'.[5][10][4][11]
The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean
War (18531856), but had diculty switching back to
regular domestic production when the ghting ended and
they led for bankruptcy.[4] In 1859, Nobels father left
his factory in the care of the second son, Ludvig Nobel
(18311888), who greatly improved the business. No-
bel and his parents returned to Sweden from Russia and
Nobel devoted himself to the study of explosives, and es-
1
2 3 PERSONAL LIFE

pecially to the safe manufacture and use of nitroglycerin. During his life Nobel was issued 355 patents interna-
Nobel invented a detonator in 1863, and in 1865 designed tionally and by his death his business had established
the blasting cap.[4] more than 90 armaments factories, despite his belief in
[12][4]
On 3 September 1864, a shed used for preparation pacism.
of nitroglycerin exploded at the factory in Heleneborg, In 1888, the death of his brother Ludvig caused several
Stockholm, killing ve people, including Nobels younger newspapers to publish obituaries of Alfred in error. A
brother Emil.[5] Dogged and unfazed by more minor ac- French obituary stated Le marchand de la mort est mort
cidents, Nobel went on to build further factories, focus- (The merchant of death is dead).[4]
ing on improving the stability of the explosives he was
developing.[5] Nobel invented dynamite in 1867, a sub-
stance easier and safer to handle than the more unstable 2 Death
nitroglycerin. Dynamite was patented in the US and the
UK and was used extensively in mining and the build-
Accused of high treason against France for selling
ing of transport networks internationally.[4] In 1875 No-
Ballistite to Italy, Nobel moved from Paris to Sanremo,
bel invented gelignite, more stable and powerful than dy-
Italy in 1891.[13][14] On December 10, 1896, Alfred No-
namite, and in 1887 patented ballistite, a predecessor of
bel succumbed to a lingering heart ailment, suered a
cordite.[4]
stroke, and died.[14] Unbeknownst to his family, friends
Nobel was elected a member of the Royal Swedish or colleagues, he had left most of his wealth in trust, in
Academy of Sciences in 1884, the same institution that order to fund the awards that would become known as the
would later select laureates for two of the Nobel prizes, Nobel Prizes.[4] He is buried in Norra begravningsplatsen
and he received an honorary doctorate from Uppsala Uni- in Stockholm.
versity in 1893.

3 Personal life
Through baptism and conrmation Alfred Nobel was
Lutheran and during his Paris years he regularly attended
the Church of Sweden Abroad, led by pastor Nathan
Sderblom, who would in 1930 also be the recipient of
the Nobel Peace Prize.[15][16] However, he became an ag-
nostic at youth and was an atheist later in life.[17][18][19]
Nobel travelled for much of his business life, maintain-
ing companies in various countries in Europe and North
America and keeping a permanent home in Paris from
1873 to 1891.[5] He remained a solitary character, given
to periods of depression. [4] Though Nobel remained un-
married, his biographers note that he had at least three
loves. Nobels rst love was in Russia with a girl named
Alexandra, who rejected his proposal. In 1876 Austro-
Bohemian Countess Bertha Kinsky became Alfred No-
bels secretary, but after only a brief stay she left him to
marry her previous lover, Baron Arthur Gundaccar von
Suttner. Though her personal contact with Alfred Nobel
had been brief, she corresponded with him until his death
in 1896, and it is believed that she was a major inuence
in his decision to include a peace prize among those prizes
provided in his will. Bertha von Suttner was awarded the
1905 Nobel Peace prize, 'for her sincere peace activities.
Nobels third and longest-lasting relationship was with
Soe Hess from Vienna, whom he met in 1876.[5] The
Alfred Nobels death mask, at Bjorkborn, Nobels residence in
Karlskoga, Sweden. liaison lasted for 18 years.[5] After his death, according
to his biographers Evlano, Fluor and Fant, Nobels let-
Nobels brothers Ludvig and Robert exploited oilelds ters were locked within the Nobel Institute in Stockholm.
along the Caspian Sea and became hugely rich in their They were released only in 1955, to be included with
own right. Nobel invested in these and amassed great other biographical data.
wealth through the development of these new oil regions. Despite the lack of formal secondary and tertiary level

education, Nobel gained prociency in six languages:
Swedish, French, Russian, English, German and Italian.
He also developed sucient literary skill to write poetry
in English. His Nemesis, a prose tragedy in four acts about
Beatrice Cenci, partly inspired by Percy Bysshe Shelley's
The Cenci, was printed while he was dying. The entire
stock except for three copies was destroyed immediately
after his death, being regarded as scandalous and blas-
phemous. The rst surviving edition (bilingual Swedish
Esperanto) was published in Sweden in 2003. The play
has been translated into Slovenian via the Esperanto ver-
sion and into French.[20] In 2010 it was published in Rus-
sia in another bilingual (RussianEsperanto) edition.
4 Inventions
Main articles: Dynamite, Gelignite, and Ballistite
Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorpo-
Portrait of Nobel by Gsta Florman (18311900)
rated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr
(diatomaceous earth) it became safer and more conve-
nient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as
'dynamite'. Nobel demonstrated his explosive for the rst
time that year, at a quarry in Redhill, Surrey, England. In
order to help reestablish his name and improve the im-
age of his business from the earlier controversies associ-
ated with the dangerous explosives, Nobel had also con-
sidered naming the highly powerful substance Nobels
Safety Powder, but settled with Dynamite instead, re-
ferring to the Greek word for power (). The formulation for the literary prize being given for
3
Nobel later combined nitroglycerin with various nitro-
cellulose compounds, similar to collodion, but settled
on a more ecient recipe combining another nitrate ex-
plosive, and obtained a transparent, jelly-like substance,
which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite.
'Gelignite', or blasting gelatin, as it was named, was
patented in 1876; and was followed by a host of simi-
lar combinations, modied by the addition of potassium
nitrate and various other substances. Gelignite was more
stable, transportable and conveniently formed to t into
bored holes, like those used in drilling and mining, than
the previously used compounds and was adopted as the
standard technology for mining in the Age of Engineer-
ing bringing Nobel a great amount of nancial success,
though at a signicant cost to his health. An oshoot of
this research resulted in Nobels invention of ballistite, the
precursor of many modern smokeless powder explosives
and still used as a rocket propellant.
5 Nobel Prizes
Main article: Nobel Prize
In 1888 Alfreds brother Ludvig died while visiting
Cannes and a French newspaper erroneously published
Alfreds obituary.[4] It condemned him for his invention
of dynamite and is said to have brought about his decision
to leave a better legacy after his death.[4][21] The obituary
stated, Le marchand de la mort est mort (The merchant
of death is dead)[4] and went on to say, Dr. Alfred No-
bel, who became rich by nding ways to kill more people
faster than ever before, died yesterday.[22] Alfred (who
never had a wife or children) was disappointed with what
he read and concerned with how he would be remem-
bered.
On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club
in Paris, Nobel signed his last will and testament and set
aside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prizes,
to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality.
After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobels will al-
located 94% of his total assets, 31,225,000 Swedish kro-
nor, to establish the ve Nobel Prizes. This converted to
1,687,837 (GBP) at the time.[23][24][25][26] In 2012, the
capital was worth around SEK 3.1 billion (USD 472 mil-
lion, EUR 337 million), which is almost twice the amount
of the initial capital, taking ination into account.[24]
The rst three of these prizes are awarded for eminence
in physical science, in chemistry and in medical science
or physiology; the fourth is for literary work in an ideal
direction and the fth prize is to be given to the person
or society that renders the greatest service to the cause of
international fraternity, in the suppression or reduction of
standing armies, or in the establishment or furtherance of
peace congresses.
4 8
a work in an ideal direction (i idealisk riktning in
Swedish), is cryptic and has caused much confusion. For
many years, the Swedish Academy interpreted ideal as
idealistic (idealistisk) and used it as a reason not to give
the prize to important but less romantic authors, such as
Henrik Ibsen and Leo Tolstoy. This interpretation has
since been revised, and the prize has been awarded to,
for example, Dario Fo and Jos Saramago, who do not
belong to the camp of literary idealism.
There was room for interpretation by the bodies he had
named for deciding on the physical sciences and chem-
istry prizes, given that he had not consulted them before
making the will. In his one-page testament, he stipulated
that the money go to discoveries or inventions in the phys-
ical sciences and to discoveries or improvements in chem-
istry. He had opened the door to technological awards,
but had not left instructions on how to deal with the dis-
tinction between science and technology. Since the de-
ciding bodies he had chosen were more concerned with
the former, the prizes went to scientists more often than
engineers, technicians or other inventors.
In 2001, Alfred Nobels great-great-nephew, Peter No-
bel (b. 1931), asked the Bank of Sweden to dierentiate
its award to economists given in Alfred Nobels mem-
ory from the ve other awards. This request added to
the controversy over whether the Bank of Sweden Prize
in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is ac-
tually a legitimate Nobel Prize.[27]
6 Monuments
The Monument to Alfred Nobel (Russian: -
, 595739N 302006E / [12] Alfred Nobel (18331896)". BBC. Retrieved 6 Decem-
59.960787N 30.334905E) in Saint Petersburg is lo-
cated along the Bolshaya Nevka River on Petrogradskaya
Embankment. It was dedicated in 1991 to mark the 90th
anniversary of the rst Nobel Prize presentation. Diplo-
mat Thomas Bertelman and Professor Arkady Melua ini-
tiators of creation of the monument (1989). Profes-
sor A. Melua has provided funds for the establishment
of the monument (J.S.Co. Humanistica, 19901991).
The abstract metal sculpture was designed by local artists
Sergey Alipov and Pavel Shevchenko, and appears to be
an explosion or branches of a tree.[28] Petrogradskaya
Embankment is the street where the Nobels family lived
until 1859.[29]
7 Criticism
Criticism of Nobel focuses on his leading role in weapons
manufacturing and sales, and some question his motives
in creating his prizes, suggesting they were intended to
improve his reputation.[30]
REFERENCES
8 References
[1] Alfred Nobels Fortune. The Norwegian Nobel Com-
mittee. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
[2] Alfred Nobels Will. The Norwegian Nobel Committee.
Retrieved 26 February 2016.
[3] Nobelium. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 26
February 2016.
[4] Alfred Nobel. Britannica.com. 19 March 2012. Re-
trieved 26 January 2014.
[5] Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe 17891914: En-
cyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire, Alfred No-
bel, 2006 Thomson Gale.
[6] Schck, Henrik, Ragnar Sohlman, Anders sterling, Carl
Gustaf Bernhard, the Nobel Foundation and Wilhelm
Odelberg, eds. Nobel: The Man and His Prizes. 1950.
3rd ed. Coordinating Ed., Wilhelm Odelberg. New York:
American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., 1972, p.
14. ISBN 0-444-00117-4, ISBN 978-0-444-00117-7.
(Originally published in Swedish as Nobelprisen 50 r:
forskare, diktare, fredskmpar.)
[7] http://www.svantelindqvist.com/anobel_inventor.pdf
[8] The Man Who Made It Happen Alfred Nobel. 3833.
Retrieved 3 May 2012.
[9] https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=8143
[10] Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientic American Inventions
and Discoveries, p. 256. John Wiley & Songs, Inc., New
Jersey. ISBN 0-471-24410-4.
[11] Patents Alfred Nobel. nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13
October 2015.
ber 2015.
[13] Nobel, Alfred. Alfred Nobels House in Paris. Nobel
Media AB. Nobel Media AB.
[14] Nobel, Alfred. Alfred Nobels Final Years in Sanremo.
Nobel Media AB.
[15] Nobel of Peace Laureates. March 2013. Retrieved 8
December 2013. For seven years, from 1894 to 1901,
Sderblom preached in Paris, where his congregation in-
cluded Alfred Nobel
[16] Alfred Nobel, hans far och hans brder. March 2013.
Retrieved 9 December 2013. (swe: Genom dop och kon-
rmation var Alfred Nobel lutheran -en: Alfred Nobel was
through baptism and conrmation a Lutheran)
[17] https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/
articles/russia/
[18] Michael Evlano; Marjorie Fluor (1969). Alfred No-
bel, the loneliest millionaire. W. Ritchie Press. p. 88.
He declared himself an agnostic in his youth, an atheist
later, but at the same time, bestowed generous sums to the
church...
 5

[19] Cobb, Cathy, and Harold Goldwhite. Creations of Fire:
Chemistrys Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic
Age. New York: Plenum, 1995. Print. But Nobel, both
atheist and a socialist...
[20] Alfred Nobel (2008). Nmsis: tragdie en quatre actes.
Belles lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-44342-3. Retrieved 19
August 2011.
Sri Kantha, S. Alfred Nobels unusual creativity; an
analysis. Medical Hypotheses, April 1999; 53(4):
338344.
Sri Kantha, S. Could nitroglycerine poisoning be the
cause of Alfred Nobels anginal pains and premature
death? Medical Hypotheses, 1997; 49: 303306.

[21] The History Channel, Modern Marvels, episode 038 (orig-

inally aired 21 June 1999)
[22] Golden, Frederic (16 October 2000). The Worst And
The Brightest. Time.
[23] At exchange rate of 18.5:1 in SEK:GBP
[24] Lobell, Hkan (2010). Historical Monetary and Financial
Statistics for Sweden Exchange rates, prices, and wages,
12772008. S V E R I G E S R I K S B A N K. p. 291.
ISBN 978-91-7092-124-7.
[25] Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the
Laureates. Watson Publishing International. p. 7. ISBN
0-88135-388-4.
[26] Fant, Kenne (Ruuth, Marianne, transl.) (1991). Alfred
Nobel: a biography. New York: Arcade Publishing ISBN
1-55970-328-8, p. 327
10 External links
Media related to Alfred Nobel at Wikimedia Com-
mons
Alfred Nobel Man behind the Prizes
Biography at the Norwegian Nobel Institute
Nobelprize.org
Documents of Life and Activity of The Nobel Fam-
ily. Under the editorship of Professor Arkady
Melua. Series of books.
The Nobels in Baku in Azerbaijan International,
Vol 10.2 (Summer 2002), 5659.

[27] (Ntb-Afp). Alfred Nobels familie tar avstand fra

The Nobel Prize in Postage Stamps
konomiprisen. Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 26 January A German branch or followup (German)
2014.

[28] Monument to Alfred Nobel. Saint-Petersburg.com. Re-

trieved 5 July 2014.

[29] Lemmel, Birgitta. Alfred Nobel St. Petersburg, 1842

1863. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 5 July 2014.

[30] Article by Daven Hiskey at Today I Found Out 2011-01-

03

9 Further reading
"Nobel, Alfred Bernhard". Encyclopdia Britan-
nica. 19 (11th ed.). 1911.
Schck, H, and Sohlman, R., (1929). The Life of
Alfred Nobel. London: William Heineman Ltd.
Alfred Nobel US Patent No 78,317, dated 26 May
1868
Evlano, M. and Fluor, M. Alfred Nobel The
Loneliest Millionaire. Los Angeles, Ward Ritchie
Press, 1969.
Sohlman, R. The Legacy of Alfred Nobel, transl.
Schubert E. London: The Bodley Head, 1983
(Swedish original, Ett Testamente, published in
1950).
Jorpes, J.E. Alfred Nobel. British Medical Journal,
3 January 1959, 1(5113): 16.
6 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Steamroller23, Utility Monster, Intwizs, Gryllida, FoxBot, Sintau.tayua, TobeBot, , Juhko, Vrenator, January, Defender of
torch, ThinkEnemies, Charlie9163, Suusion of Yellow, Tbhotch, MegaSloth, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Mikel96, Onel5969, Mean as cus-
tard, Bhawani Gautam, Spooliscool, Nick897, Friend of a friends, WikitanvirBot, Franjklogos, AppuruPan, RA0808, MarturetCR, Ri-
leyw25, RenamedUser01302013, ZxxZxxZ, Wikipelli, K6ka, MalTsilna, Thecheesykid, JDDJS, PhosphateBueredSaline, ZroBot, PBS-
AWB, Septimus Wilkinson, SheogorathForever, Mentoz86, Wayne Slam, Judyholiday, Pgarret, Sven Manguard, Outsidedog, DASHBo-
tAV, ClueBot NG, Jack Greenmaven, MelbourneStar, Adamrce, Rtucker913, 123Hedgehog456, O.Koslowski, Spel-Punc-Gram, MarB23,
Widr, Zedriodor, Helpful Pixie Bot, Hteink.min, Outlawz187, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Island Monkey, XStarburstX, Cade rogers1,
MusikAnimal, Mark Arsten, Tom Pippens, Ulfahl, The Almightey Drill, Nikck, Karma842w, PwilliamQ99, Klilidiplomus, Geiresdal, Pen-
dragon5, Millennium bug, Mrpanda01, David.moreno72, ~riley, Ninmacer20, BR3ISAURUS, ChrisGualtieri, Laberkiste, Durantula135,
Dexbot, MarioCGR, Webclient101, Mogism, Kbog, Periglio, Movario, Bosonhiggs287, Frosty, SFK2, Olaagente, Carzx7, I am One of
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hitran, AlexanderYuanata, Stolen Vehicle, Manul, Little miss bobby joe, Hectorpedroza, Sharbatc, Floradarwin, G S Palmer, Prof. Nel-
son, Skr15081997, 7Sidz, Benita.lagzdina, TheKaiser53, Marcosoldfox, Blablabliam, NickelAz, JackHoang, Mangoman140, Frans de
zob, Brocgauz, ChamithN, Jack Matelot, 2020saurav, Quickscoping Creeper, Kmilocab, Milkbrian, Macheezmo, Tonyb1104, Rohanbhau,
Lonestarr54321, Gynger666, Isac rlebring, Brysonwadebaumunk, Primebear, DJV74, GeneralizationsAreBad, MLODROB, KasparBot,
TSAgreenhawk, Kiwist, God Srijan, The Ruler Of All Water, CAPTAIN RAJU, Dgray101, U r annoy me, HarryKernow, ArianaGrande-
Belen, The Wikia Participant, Abdulqahar hasan, Johnatheniscool, Marius2003Korn, Dankmeemay6969, Aylmaooo, Behind history, Rasta-
farianPandaDude, Ygbgjg hj jh, I2padams, DeusNovo00 and Anonymous: 844
11.2 Images 7

11.2 Images
File:AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg License:
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wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Alfred_Nobel_Recorded_by_Dimitri_O_Ledenyov_and_Viktor_O_Ledenyov.ogg License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Viktor O. Ledenyov
File:Alfred_Nobel_Signature.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Alfred_Nobel_Signature.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work by uploader traced by hand Original artist: Connormah, Alfred Nobel
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utors: New version of Image:Loudspeaker.png, by AzaToth and compressed by Hautala Original artist: Nethac DIU, waves corrected by
Zoid
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Photograph: JonathunderMedal: Erik Lindberg (1873-1966)
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Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Sound-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Sound-icon.svg License: LGPL Contributors:
Derivative work from Silsor's versio Original artist: Crystal SVG icon set
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