Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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CALAMUS 1
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Calamus es una publicacin peridica de frecuencia anual que se propone como rgano
de difusin externa de la Sociedad Argentina de Estudios Medievales (SAEMED),
dirigido a la comunidad acadmica nacional y del exterior. Incluye artculos que reflejan
la produccin de sus socios y/o de los participantes de sus encuentros acadmicos en el
amplio marco de los estudios medievales en sus diferentes disciplinas (historia, literatura,
filosofa, arte). Los artculos publicados provienen de procesos de seleccin llevados
adelante por un Comit de Publicaciones y la Comisin Directiva de entre las ponencias
presentadas durante las Jornadas de Estudios Medievales organizadas por la Sociedad y/o
los workshops auspiciados y cofinanciados por la Sociedad. En todos los casos se
requiere de los autores la ampliacin de sus contribuciones originales y su adecuacin a
los formatos de una publicacin peridica. Los artculos resultantes son evaluados por un
referato con las caractersticas usuales (versin annima examinada por dos especialistas
pertinentes designados por el Comit de Publicaciones).
Consejo Editorial
Iaki Bazn Daz (Universidad del Pas Vasco - Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea)
Paul Freedman (Yale University)
Michle Goyens (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
Teodoro Manrique Antn (Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha)
Joseph Morsel (Universit Paris 1 - Panthon Sorbonne)
Jess Rodrguez Velasco (Columbia University)
Tefilo Ruiz (University of California, Los Angeles)
Daniel Russo (Universit de Bourgogne Franche-Comt)
Michelle Szkilnik (Universit Paris 3 - Sorbonne Nouvelle)
Alfredo Stork (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul)
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ALAMUS
Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Estudios Medievales
1 / 2017
ISSN 2545-627X
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TABLA DE CONTENIDOS
SOBRE CALAMUS
About Calamus
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CONFERENCIA
IAN WOOD
LA CADA DEL IMPERIO ROMANO O LA TRANSFORMACIN DEL MUNDO
ROMANO?
The Fall of the Roman Empire or the Transformation of the Roman World
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ARTCULOS
ELEONORA DELLELICINE
LOS PARIENTES, EL MUERTO Y EL CLERO: ECLESIOLOGA Y RITOS FUNERARIOS
ENTRE AGUSTN E ISIDORO DE SEVILLA
Kinsmen, the Corpse and the Clergy: Ecclesiology and Funerary Rites between
Augustine and Isidore of Seville
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HERNN GARFALO
LAS ALUSIONES A LA VIOLENCIA, LA LUCHA Y LA FE COMO PARTE DE LA
CONSTRUCCIN DE LA CREENCIA EN LA ALTA EDAD MEDIA EN LAS OBRAS DE
GREGORIO MAGNO E ISIDORO DE SEVILLA
Allusions to Violence, Struggle and Faith as Parts of the Construction of Belief
in the Early Middle Ages according to the Works of Gregory the Great and
Isidoro of Seville
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ANALA A. GODOY
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES Y SUS ESTRATEGIAS DE ASCENSO SOCIAL EN LAS
COMUNIDADES CAMPESINAS LEONESAS DEL SIGLO X
Strategies for Upwards Social Mobility of Local Presbyters in Leonese Peasant
Communities during the Tenth Century
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RESMENES
Summaries
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SOBRE CALAMUS
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Antecesor del rea de Investigaciones Medievales del Instituto
Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas (IMHICIHU)
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Desde 2007, tanto por las exigencias curriculares de las
instancias de investigacin del pas como por la intencin de
registrar la actividad cientfica de la medievalstica argentina,
comenzaron a publicarse las Actas de dichos encuentros, cuya
difusin se realiza hasta la actualidad a travs de la pgina web de
la Sociedad no solo a fin de dar amplia visibilidad a los
conocimientos que generan los socios sino tambin para
suministrar, libre y gratuitamente, bibliografa en espaol
procedente de centros acadmicos perifricos.
Como nuevo hito en este proceso, la Comisin Directiva
(2014-2016) impuls la creacin de un Comit de Publicaciones
encargado de implementar una renovada poltica editorial de la
Sociedad, cuyo objetivo principal fue dinamizar e incrementar la
oferta de publicaciones en las distintas especialidades que
conforman el amplio campo disciplinar, con la voluntad de
profundizar y expandir la produccin cientfica de los socios, apta
para la docencia universitaria y con proyeccin general hacia el
mundo cultural y acadmico de habla hispana.
La revista Calamus ocupa una posicin destacada dentro de
los lineamientos editoriales generales. Se propone complementar y
enriquecer la tarea de transmisin de saberes que desempean
otras publicaciones nacionales de la especialidad, entre ellas,
particularmente, la revista Temas Medievales que edita desde 1991
el IMHICIHU y que cofinancia SAEMED. Pero, a diferencia de
esta ltima, Calamus se plantea estrictamente como rgano de
difusin de la Sociedad y, de este modo, recoge artculos
provenientes de la produccin presentada en los eventos
organizados por ella, tanto las jornadas que se realizan en los aos
pares como tambin las contribuciones presentadas durante los
workshops que tienen lugar en los aos impares, auspiciados y
cofinanciados tambin por la Sociedad.
Esperamos que Calamus refleje la vitalidad de los estudios
medievales en el pas y contribuya a propagar la actividad cientfica
de los miembros de una organizacin acadmica que tiene por
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finalidad ltima nuclear a todos los investigadores y docentes de
este campo de estudios en la Argentina y propiciar el intercambio
de conocimientos, no solo con instituciones similares de los
centros tradicionales, sino, muy especialmente, con organismos
anlogos de Amrica Latina.
About Calamus
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Publications Committee in order to define the Society's new editorial policy.
Its main goal is to promote both the quantity and quality of publications
offered by the SAEMED in the different disciplines of Medieval studies. It
seeks to foster the scholarly production of our members and to make it
available to academics and the general public in Spanish-speaking countries.
Calamus plays a prominent role in this new policy. It intends to
complement and facilitate access to knowledge about the medieval period
along with other national journals within the field. Amongst them, special
mention should be made to the journal Temas Medievales, edited by the
Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas since 1991 and
partially financed by the SAEMED, and which is open for submissions by
all scholars within the field. In contrast with it, Calamus is conceived as our
main house organ. As such, it will gather contributions presented at the
various activities organized by our Society, such as the aforementioned
Jornadas (held during even years), and the workshops sponsored by the
Society, which take place in uneven years. We hope that Calamus will
reflect the vitality of Medieval Studies in Argentina and that it will make a
valuable contribution to publicise the scholarly endeavours of our members.
As an academic association, our primary goals are to bring together all
Argentine researchers and teachers working on this field, and to promote
the exchange of knowledge with established centres of research and,
especially, with similar institutions in Latin America.
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DOSSIER
SOCIEDAD Y CULTURA EN LA ALTA EDAD MEDIA OCCIDENTAL
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produccin campesina en la Galia de los siglos V y VI en un
contexto de guerra sistmica" ofreci una extensa argumentacin
respecto al hecho de que el estado de guerra en la Galia no afect la
produccin campesina, sino que la reduccin de la actividad
econmica fue consecuencia de la crisis del estado romano y la
subsecuente desestructuracin poltica. Por su parte, Vieira Pinto
ofreci una discusin pormenorizada de las hiptesis acerca del
origen de Jordanes y de su carrera poltica para proponer una idea
mucho ms lquida y mixta de su trasfondo tnico, que implica una
resignificacin de la Getica en "Quase como que se deste povo eu
traasse minha origem. Hipteses acerca do passado e da carreira
poltica de Jordanes". Finalmente, Ruchesi, en "Los brbaros, el
ejrcito y la unidad: brbaros y cohesin social" explor las
diversas maneras de cohesin social en el ejrcito brbaro y su
relacin en el siglo V con la necesidad de resolver conflictos y con
la proximidad profesional entre guerreros.
El segundo panel reuni contribuciones dentro del mbito de
la eclesiologa y los textos religiosos. En primer lugar, Eleonora
DellElicine (Universidad de Buenos Aires / Universidad
Nacional de General Sarmiento) problematiz cuestiones
vinculadas a la especificidad de la eclesializacin visigoda a partir
de la arqueologa y los enterramientos ad sanctos en su
presentacin titulada "Los parientes, el muerto y el clero:
eclesiologa y ritos funerarios entre Agustn e Isidoro de Sevilla".
En segundo lugar, la Lujn Daz Duckwen (Universidad Nacional
del Sur) reflexion sobre las representaciones sonoras de la
hagiografa latina en "El paisaje sensorial en las hagiografas:
Vidas de los Santos Padres de Mrida", recurriendo a conceptos
desarrollados recientemente en el campo de la antropologa de los
sentidos. Por ltimo, Gonzalo Can (Universidad de Buenos Aires)
argument en torno del didactismo de la exgesis isidoriana en
"Aproximacin a la labor exegtica en la sociedad tardoantigua a
partir del De ortu et obitu patrum de Isidoro de Sevilla".
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El tercer panel comprendi trabajos dedicados al estudio de
temas germnicos y, ms especficamente, escandinavos. Santiago
Barreiro (CONICET), en su comunicacin "Las ideas sobre el
origen de la riqueza en dos poemas en antiguo nrdico:
Arinbjarnarkvia y Hvaml", relev las dos nociones sobre el
origen de la riqueza presentes en dichas composiciones, a saber,
sobrenatural, mgico o divino, y la riqueza proveniente del trabajo.
Por su parte, Lukas Grzybowski (Universidade de So Paulo)
explor las ideas sobre el paganismo en Adn de Bremen en
funcin de sus intereses misionarios y polticos en "A ideia de
paganismo de Adn de Bremen em suas Gesta Hammaburgensis".
Renan Marques Birro (Universidade de So Paulo / Universidade
Federal do Amap) en "Memrias encarnadas em paisagens
polticas: novas perspectivas sobre as representaes iconogrficas
de Sigurr Ffnisbani na Ilha de Man" propuso reinterpretar las
imgenes escandinavas sobre la leyenda del matador del dragn
cruzndolas con textos y en su ubicacin concreta para
comprender el patrn de ocupacin simblica del espacio, lo que
permite establecer una topografa del poder en la Isla de Man.
En el panel cuatro se reunieron presentaciones relativas al
mbito de la Pennsula Ibrica y la Francia carolingia. Alfonso
Hernndez (CONICET) en "El Melquisedec de san Pablo en los
comentarios carolingios a Hebreos" analiz la doble funcin de
Melquisedec, real y sacerdotal, en los comentarios de Jernimo,
Isidoro de Sevilla, Beda, Pseudo-Primasio, Alcuino, Casiodoro y
Claudio. Anala Godoy (Universidad de Buenos Aires) examin la
influencia social de los presbteros y sus distintas estrategias de
ascenso social (econmicas y socio-culturales) en el norte de
Espaa en "Los presbteros locales y sus estrategias de ascenso
social en las comunidades campesinas del siglo X". Finalmente,
Patricio Zamora Nava (Universidad Andrs Bello), en "Sociedad y
Cultura en el De Institutione Regia de Jons de Orlens" explor
el modo en el que el autor expresa la lucha de los obispos en contra
del desorden del reinado de Luis el Piadoso.
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El quinto panel gir en torno de problemticas asociadas al
periodo visigtico. Dolores Castro (Universidad de Buenos Aires /
CONICET) trat sobre las diversas formas de lectura de la
Palabra Sagrada propuestas por el obispo hispalense en
"Instrucciones para leer. La Biblia en las Sentencias de Isidoro de
Sevilla. Por su parte, Hernn Garfalo (Universidad Nacional de
Crdoba) estudi las manifestaciones de la violencia y su
utilizacin para la salvacin de las almas en "Las alusiones a la
violencia, la lucha y la fe como parte de la 'construccin' de la
creencia en la Alta Edad Media en las obras de Gregorio Magno e
Isidoro de Sevilla". Por ltimo, Michael Kelly (University of
Leeds) present una lectura historiogrfica de la construccin de la
historia del reino visigodo en "Who Read Pierre Pithou?: The
Impact of the French Renaissance on Visigothic History and
Modern Representations of the Early Medieval Past".
A continuacin, el panel seis movi el eje de la discusin a las
Islas Britnicas. Luciana Cordo Russo (Universidad de San
Martn) consider las referencias a la risa en un corpus compuesto
por poemas heroicos en gals, por un lado, como smbolos de
triunfo, hostilidad y desdn y, de este modo, gestos de agresin
que implican la reafirmacin del cdigo heroico y, por otro lado,
como smbolos de felicidad y prosperidad en "Los guerreros
fueron a Gododdin con risa ansiosa: representaciones de la risa en
la poesa galesa antigua". Por su parte, el Elton Oliveira Souza de
Medeiros (University of Winchester / Faculdade Sumar) en "A
Linhagem Sagrada de Sceaf: Reflexes metodolgicas sobre
exegese crist, imaginao poltica e etnognese entre Inglaterra e
Escandinvia medieval", compar las distintas trazas genealgicas
del rey legendario y su uso en diversas fuentes insulares y nrdicas.
Finalmente, la conferencia de cierre estuvo a cargo de Ian
Wood, Professor of Early Medieval History de la University of
Leeds. Titulada The Fall of the Roman Empire or The
Transformation of the Roman World, incluy un repaso
historiogrfico de las principales posturas relativas a la cada del
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Imperio Romano y las migraciones brbaras, ofreci un panorama
de la evidencia que sustenta las diferentes explicaciones y defendi
el concepto de "transformacin" para pensar dicho fenmeno. El
texto de la conferencia, traducido al castellano especialmente para
esta ocasin, condensa una trayectoria de ms de cuarenta aos
dedicada a los estudios medievales de uno de los principales
referentes de la Historia de la Alta Edad Media Occidental.
SAEMED se honra en iniciar con su trabajo el primer nmero de
la revista Calamus.
Las contribuciones reunidas en el presente dossier sintetizan
las discusiones presentadas durante el VI Coloquio Medieval e
indican la vitalidad de los Estudios Medievales en Sudamrica. No
dudamos de que constituyen un aporte sumamente valioso a las
discusiones nacionales e internacionales y esperamos que
contribuyan al fortalecimiento de investigaciones en curso y al
surgimiento de nuevos mbitos de discusin.
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Estudios Medievales, welcomed all the participants and celebrated the
meeting of so many national and international colleagues.
The first panel, dedicated to the Barbarians of Late Antiquity,
included presentations by Diego Santos from the Universidad de Buenos
Aires and the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Otvio Vieira Pinto from
the University of Leeds, and Fernando Ruchesi from the Universidad
Nacional del Nordeste and the CONICET. In his paper Peasant Exchange
and Production in Gaul during the Fifth and Sixth Centuries within a
Context of Systemic War, Santos argued extensively that war did not affect
peasant production, but that its reduction was the consequence of the crisis
of the Roman Empire and its political decay. Later, Otvio Vieira Pinto
offered a detailed discussion on the different hypothesis about the origins of
Jordanes and its political career in order to propose a more fluid assessment
of his ethnical identity, which aims to resignify his Getica in his paper
Almost as if I traced my origin from this folk. Hypotheses about the Past
and the Political Career of Jordanes. Finally, Ruchesi in his Barbarians,
the Army and Unity explored the different modes of social cohesion within
the Barbarian armies and assessed how such cohesion could be based
bothoin the need to solve conflicts and on professional closeness between
warriors during the fifth century.
The second panel gathered contributions on ecclesiology and
religious texts. The opening presentation, by Eleonora DellElicine
(Universidad de Buenos Aires / Universidad Nacional de General
Sarmiento) problematised issues of the constitution of the Visigothic
Church through archaeological sources and the ad sanctos burials in a paper
titled Kinsmen, the Corpse and the Clergy: Ecclesiology and Funerary
Rites between Augustine and Isidore of Seville. Lujn Daz Duckwen
(Universidad Nacional del Sur) pondered on the soundscapes in Latin
hagiography in her paper The Sensory Landscape of Hagiographies: The
Vitas Sanctorum Patrum Emeritensium using recent theoretical
developments in the field of sensorial anthropology. The panel was closed
by Gonzalo Can (Universidad de Buenos Aires), who argued that Isidorian
exegesis was fundamentally didactical in a paper entitled An Approach to
Exegetical Practice in Late Antique Society through De ortu et obitu
patrum of Isidore of Seville.
The third panel included papers on Germanistics, in particular
focusing on the Scandinavian contexts. Santiago Barreiro (CONICET), in a
paper named Ideas about the Origin of Wealth in Two Norse Poems:
Arinbjarnarkvia and Hvaml assessed notions about the origins of riches
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present in those poems and synthesised two main trends: wealth as a
concession from divine and supernatural forces, on the one hand, and value
derived from labour on the other. Lukas Grzybowski (Universidade de So
Paulo) analysed ideas about paganism in Adam of Bremen as derived from
his missionary and political interest in his paper " Adam of Bremen's Idea of
Paganism in his Gesta Hammaburgensis". In his Memories Embodied in
Political Landscapes: New Perspectives on the Iconographic
Representations of Sigurr Ffnisbani in the Isle of Man, Renan Marques
Birro (Universidade de So Paulo / Universidade Federal do Amap)
proposed a reinterpretation of Scandinavian depictions of the dragon-killing
hero through their comparison both with texts and their specific spatial
placement, aiming to understand a pattern of symbolic occupation of the
landscape entwined with the topography of power in the Isle of Man.
The fourth panel reunited contributions on the Iberian peninsula and
Carolingian Francia. Alfonso Hernndez (CONICET), in The
Melchisedech of Saint Paul in the Carolingian Exegesis of the Epistle to the
Hebrews" analysed the double function of that character, royal and priestly,
in commentaries written by Jerome, Isidore, the Pseudo-Primasius, Alcuin,
Cassiodorus and Claudius. Anala Godoy (Universidad de Buenos Aires)
examined the social influence of presbyters and their strategies for social
mobility in both economic and socio-cultural terms in Northern Spain in
her paper The Strategies for Upwards Social Mobility of Local Presbyters
in Tenth Century Peasant Communities. The last paper, by Patricio
Zamora Nava (Universidad Andrs Bello), entitled Society and Culture in
Jonas of Orlans' De Institutione Regia, explored how that author
expressed Episcopal struggles against disorder during the reign of Louis the
Pious.
The fifth panel was concerned with themes related to the study of the
Visigothic era. Dolores Castro (Universidad de Buenos Aires / CONICET)
explored the different ways of reading the Holy Scripture proposed by the
Bishop of Hispalis in her paper Instructions for Reading. The Bible in the
Sententiae of Isidore of Seville". Hernn Garfalo (Universidad Nacional de
Crdoba) studied displays of violence and their use in the salvation of the
soul in his Allusions to Violence, Fighting and Faith as Part of the
'Construction' of Beliefs during the Early Middle Ages in the Works of
Gregory the Great and Isidore of Seville. The closing paper, by Michael
Kelly (University of Leeds), presented a historiographical reading of the
construction of the history of the Visigothic Kingdom in his Who Read
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Pierre Pithou?: The Impact of the French Renaissance on Visigothic
History and Modern Representations of the Early Medieval Past".
The last panel shifted the focus of attention to the British Isles.
Luciana Cordo Russo (Universidad de San Martn) considered aspects of
laughter in a corpus composed of Welsh heroic poetry, placing them as
either aggressive symbols of triumph, hostility and scorn (which reaffirm
the heroic ethos) or as signs of happiness and prosperity in her paper
Warriors went to Gododdin with eager laughter: Representations of
Laughter in Early Welsh Poetry. The last paper, by Elton Oliveira Souza
de Medeiros (University of Winchester / Faculdade Sumar) and titled
The Lost Lineage of Sceaf: Methodological Thoughts on Christian
Exegesis, Political Imagination and Ethnogenesis between Medieval
England and Scandinavia compared different genealogical tables of the
legendary king and their use in Norse and Insular sources.
The closing conference, entitled The Fall of the Roman Empire or
The Transformation of the Roman World was delivered by Ian Wood,
Professor of Early Medieval History at the University of Leeds. He offered
a survey of the main historiographical stances on the fall of the Roman
Empire and the barbarian migrations, an assessment of the evidence on
which these are based, and argued in favour of the concept of
transformation to understand this phenomenon. The text of his
conference synthesises more than four decades of scholarship by one of the
leading historians of the Western Early Middle Ages. We are honoured that
a Spanish translation of this text opens the first issue of the journal Calamus.
The articles reunited in this dossier reflect the presentations and
debates held during the VI Coloquio Medieval and indicate the vitality of
Medieval studies in South America. We have no doubt that they constitute
a valuable contribution to discussions both locally and abroad and we hope
that they will strengthen current research and create new spaces for
academic exchange.
Comisin Organizadora
Santiago Barreiro
Dolores Castro
Luciana Cordo Russo
Alfonso Hernndez Rodrguez
Fernando Ruchesi
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LA CADA DEL IMPERIO
IAN WOOD
UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS, REINO UNIDO
IAN.WOOD@UCL.AC.UK
21
IAN WOOD, La cada del Imperio Romano o la transformacin del mundo
romano?, Calamus 1 (2017): 21-50. ISSN 2545-627X /// Traduccin:
Alejandro Morin - Luciana Cordo Russo.
IAN WOOD
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LA CADA DEL IMPERIO
1
N. de T.: Vlkerwanderungszeit significa literalmente el tiempo / la poca
[Zeit] de las migraciones [Wanderungen] de los pueblos [Vlker], pero
dentro de la historiografa se utiliza para designar la poca / el perodo de
las migraciones (de los pueblos) o el tiempo de las invasiones (brbaras).
Se trata de una traduccin alemana del latn migrti gentium.
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IAN WOOD
2
N. de T.: el trmino Verfassungsgeschichte, historia de las constituciones
o historia constitucional, est formado sobre la base de Verfassung,
constitucin, y Geschichte, historia.
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Bibliografa
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LOS PARIENTES,
EL MUERTO Y EL CLERO
ELEONORA DELLELICINE
UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA
UNIVERSIDAD DE GENERAL SARMIENTO, ARGENTINA
ELEONORADELLELICINE@GMAIL.COM
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LOS PARIENTES,
EL MUERTO Y EL CLERO
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ELEONORA DELLELICINE
Mala mors putanda non est, quam bona vita praecesserit. Neque enim
facit malam mortem, nisi quod sequitur mortem.1
At enim in tanta strage cadaverum nec sepeliri potuerunt. Neque istuc pia
fides nimium reformidat, tenens praedictum nec absumentes bestias
resurrecturis corporibus obfuturas, quorum capillus capitis non peribit.2
54
LOS PARIENTES,
EL MUERTO Y EL CLERO
cadauere fidelis iuuenis Cynegii, quod materno et pio affectu desideravit, esse
conpletum, ut scilicet in beatissimi Felicis confessoris basilica poneretur. Ag,
De cura I, 1 (De Rose 2013: 75-86). Un comentario fundamental de esta obra
en Duval 1988: 4- 22 esp.).
4
sed cum haec ita sint, quomodo huic opinioni contrarium non sit quod dicit
apostolus: omnes enim astabimus ante tribunal Christi, ut ferat unusquisque
secundum ea quae per corpus gessit, siue bonum siue malum, non te satis
uidere significas. haec quippe apostolica sententia ante mortem admonet fieri
quod possit prodesse post mortem, non tunc, quando iam recipiendum est
quod quisque gesserit ante mortem. Ag., De cura I, 2 (De Rose 2013:96-8).
5
Duval, 1988: 24 y ss.; 2000: esp. 439. La autora encuentra tambin
testimonios en la documentacin y en la epigrafa. Ms anlisis de esta cuestin
en Patout & Jensen, 2014: 543-5.
6
et Tobis sepeliendo mortuos deum promeruisse teste angelo commendatur.
ipse quoque dominus die tertio resurrecturus religiosae mulieris bonum opus
praedicat praedicandumque commendat, quod unguentum pretiosum super
membra eius effuderit atque hoc ad eum sepeliendum fecerit. et laudabiliter
commemorantur in euangelio qui corpus eius de cruce acceptum diligenter
atque honorifce tegendum sepeliendumque curarunt. Ag., De cura III, 5 (De
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ELEONORA DELLELICINE
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LOS PARIENTES,
EL MUERTO Y EL CLERO
9
In addition to guiding his congregation into the right and fruitful way of
confessing their faith, Augustine had to face and respond to the claims that
only the Donatist church realized the ideal of witness to Christ. The Donatists
claimed to be continuing the fidelity of those Christians who had suffered in
the third and fourth centuries. Their own resistance to the attempts of the
Roman Empire to enforce the decisions of the ecclesiastical courts in Rome
and the Council of Arles in 314 witnessed to their identitiy as the persecuted
church. They characterized the Caecilianists as apostates for accepting alleged
traitors among their bishops and for collaborating in the persecution of the
faithful (Donastist) Christians. Patout & Jensen, 2014: 540. Sobre el trabajo
de Agustn sobre la ambigedad de la cristianizacin, Perrin (2010); Lepelley
(2010).
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ELEONORA DELLELICINE
10
Item placuit, ut corpora defunctorum nullo modo intra basilicam sanctorum
sepeliantur, /sed si necesse est de foris circa murum baselicae usque adeo non
abhorret. Nam si firmissimum hoc brebilegium usque nunc retinent civitates,
ut nullo modo intra ambitus murorum cuiuslibet defuncti corpus humetur,
quanto magis hoc venerabilium martyrum debet reverentia obtinere. Braga I,
XVIII. Un estudio del grado de aplicabilidad de esta norma conciliar en las
iglesias de la dicesis de Braga en Lpez Quiroga & Martnez Tejera (2009),
especialmente 159 y ss. Una posicin que rebaja al mnimo la aplicabilidad de
las normas en Utrero (2009: 29). Los mismos monumentos los analiza ms
recientemente Chavarra (2015).
11
Non oportet clericos ignaros et presumtores super monumenta in campo
ministeria portare aut distribuere sacramenta, sed aut in ecclesia aut in basilicas
ubi martyrum reliquiae sunt depositae ibi pro defunctis oblationem oferre.
Braga II, LXVIII.
12
Non liceat christianis prandia ad defunctorum sepulcra deferre et sacrificia
reddere mortuorum Deo. Braga II, LXIX. Estas recomendaciones no se
58
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59
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60
LOS PARIENTES,
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61
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21
Vitae tuae cotidie terminum intuere, omni hora habeto mortem prae oculis,
ante oculos tuos tenebrarum Semper versetur adventus. De morte tua cotidie
cogita, finem vitae tuae semper considera, recole semper diem mortis incertum.
Esto sollicitus ne subito rapiaris. Cotidie dies ultimmus adpropinquat, vitam
nostram cotidie die aufert, cotidie ad finem tendimus, cotidie viam vitae
transimus, ad mortem cotidie properamus, ad vitae terminum cotidie tendimus,
momentis decurrentibus adfinem ducimur. Isid. Syn. I, 48. Ed. Elfassi.
22
Inter sepulcrum et monumentum. Sepulcrum tantummodo tumulus
defunctorum est, monumentum vero nunc sepulcrum, nunc historia rerum
gestarum; monumentum autem dictum eo quod mentem moneat, vel ad
memoriam defuncti, vel ad recordationem rei scriptae. Porro tumulus bifarie
nunc tumens tellus, nunc sepulcrum vocatur. Sepulcrum autem a sepulto
dictum. Sepultus vero eo quod sine palpatione vel pulsu est, id est, sine motu.
Cadaver autem a cadendo dictum. Isid., De diff. I, 314 (522), ed. Codoer.
23
Transeuntibus autem de hac luce fratribus antequam sepeliantur, pro
dimittendis eorum peccatis sacrificium domino offeratur. Corpora fratrum in
unum uno in sepelienda sunt loco, ut quos viventes karitas tenuit unitos
morientes locus unus amplectatur. Pro spiritibus defunctorum altera die post
pentecostem sacrificium domino offeratur ut beatae vitae participes facti
purgatiores corpora sua in diem resurrectionis accipiant. (). Isid., Reg. XXV,
ed. Campos & Roca.
24
Nam cadaver nominatum a cadendo, quia iam stare non potest. Isid. Etym.
XI, 2, 35.
25
Sanguis autem non est integer, nisi in iuvenibus. Nam dicunt physici minui
sanguinem per aetatem; unde et in senibus tremor est. Proprie autem sanguis
62
LOS PARIENTES,
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animae possessio est: inde genas lacerare mulieres in luctu solent; inde et
purpurae vestes et flores purpurei mortuis praebentur. Isid. Etym. XI, 1, 123.
26
sollicite debet unusquisque vivere et semper terminum vitae suae
considerare, ut de contempltione illius, huius saeculi blanditias caveat.
Scriptum es enim: In omnibus operibus tuis memorare novissima tua et in
aeternum non peccabis. Isid., Sent. III, LXVI, 62, 3. vid. tambin III, LXVI,
62, 4. Ed. Czier.
27
Vase n. 25.
63
ELEONORA DELLELICINE
28
De exequiis morientis episcopi: Ea quae conpetunt honestati contingit saepe
quorumdam desidia non compleri: proinde quia notum est quae dignitas in
exequiis morientis episcopi ex canonibus conservetur traditione moris antiqui,
hoc tantum adiicimus, ut si quis sacerdotum secundum statuta Valetani concilii
ad humanda decidentis episcopi membra venire conmonitus pigra volumtate
distulerit, appellantibus clericis obeuntis episcopi apud synodum sive apud
metropolitanum episcopum, anni unius tempore nec faciendi missam nec
conmunicandi habeat omnino licentiam. Presbyteres autem sive ceteri clerici
quibus maior honoris locus apud eandem ecclesiam fuerit, cuius sacerdos aut
iam mortui aut continuo antestis morituri ad conmonendum episcopum tardi
inveniantur, aut per quamquumque molestiam animi id neglegere
conprobentur, totius anni spatio ad poenitentiam deputentur in monasteriis.
Tol. VII, III.
29
Los cnones en este sentido son numerossimos. Uno extrado de Toledo III,
para mostrar la preocupacin que genera el tema: Compertum est sancto
concilio episcopos, presbyteres et diacones venientes ex haerese, carnali adhuc
desiderio uxoribus copulari: ne ergo de cetero fiat, hoc praecipitur quod et
prioribus canonibus terminatur: ut non liceat eis vivere libidinosa societate, sed
manente inter eos fide coniugali communem utilitate habeant, et non sub uno
conclavi maneant, vel certe si suffragat virtus in aliam domum suam uxorem
faciat habitare, ut castitas et apud Deum et homines habeat testimonium
bonum. Tol. III, V.
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30
Tambin en este caso los cnones resultan numerosos. Uno a modo de
ejemplo: Ut in una provincia diversitas officiorum non tenantur: De his qui
contra Apostoli volumtatem circumferentur omni vento doctrinae placuit huic
sancto concilio, ut metropolitanae sedis auctoritate coacti uniuscuiusque
provinciae pontifices rectoresque ecclesiarum unum eundemque in psallendo
teneant modum, quem in metropolitana sede cognoverint insitutum, nec aliqua
diversitate cuiusque ordinis vel officii metropolitana se patiantur sede disiungi.
Tol. XI, III.
31
Tomemos por ejemplo los cnones elaborados en tiempos de Recesvinto, que
se repiten en las diversas crisis sucesorias. En este canon se advierte cmo los
concilios refuerzan la ley civil: De non violandis iuramentis in salutem regis
datis: Frequentium molestiarum nocens inpulsus contemni quidem
magnitudine decentis poterat gravitatis; sed quia levitas labens facile ad
praecipitia vana corda reclinat, bene honesta sollicitudo cohibere properat quod
frequentata usitatio visitare non curat. Adeo quum et quorundam paternorum
sancionibus decretorum et institutionibus sit legalibus cautum, ne contra
salutem principum gentisque aut patriae quisquam meditare conetur adversum,
hoc unum specialiter nunc depromitur observandum, ut si quis religiosorum ab
episcopo usque ad extremi ordinis clericum sive monacum generalia iuramenta
in salutem regiam gentisque aut patriae data repperiatur violasse volumtate
profana, mox propria dignitate privatus et loco et honore habeatur exclusus, id
miserationis obtentu tantummodo servato, ut an locum an honorem an utraque
possideat concedendi ius licentiamque principalis potestas obtineat. Tol. X, II.
32
Los cnones resultan innumerables en este punto tambin. A modo de
ejemplo: Ne extra constitutum ordinem morientis sacerdotis haeredes rem eius
adire praesumant: Propinqui morientis episcopi nicil de rebus eius absque
metropolitani cognitione usurpare praesumant; quod si is qui recessit
metropolitanus fuerit, haeres eius aut succcessorem illius aut successorem illius
aut concilium sustinebit, ne passim haereditatis eundem data licentia, de rebus
ecclesiae aut non reddatur ratio plena aut fraus [non] inveniatur inlata: quod si
presbyter aut diaconus fuerit quos obisse constiterit, non sine cognitione sui
episcopi rem eius haeredibus adire licebit. Quisquis sane post hec transgressor
inventus extiterit, pro his quae non expectato hoc ordine adierit invasionis
damno legis sententiae subiacebit. Tol. IX, VII
65
ELEONORA DELLELICINE
Conclusiones
33
When he [Augustine] became bishop he never thought uniformity in
liturgical usage to be in the least necessary (Chadwick, 2009: 42). Esta
observacin de Chadwick muestra a las claras que el proyecto eclesiolgico que
Agustn promueve es respetuoso respecto a la divergencia y a los matices
regionales. Uno de los objetivos fundamentales de los concilios visigodos, por
el contrario, es consolidar patrones uniformes para la prctica litrgica en el
reino.
66
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67
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Bibliografa
68
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69
ELEONORA DELLELICINE
70
LOS PARIENTES,
EL MUERTO Y EL CLERO
Martn Viso, I. (2014), El espacio del ms ac: las geografas funerarias entre
la Antigedad y la Plena Edad Media, en De la tierra al cielo. Ubi sunt
qui ante nos in hoc mundo fuere? XXIV Semana de Estudios Medievales,
Njera, del 27 de julio al 2 de agosto de 2013, Instituto de Estudios
Riojanos, Logroo.
Martn Viso, I. (2012), Enterramientos, memoria social y paisaje en la Alta
Edad Media: propuestas para un anlisis de las tumbas excavadas en roca
en el centro oeste de la peninsula ibrica, Zephyrus LXIX, ene- jul, pp.
165- 187.
Martin Viso, I. (2015), Espacios funerarios e iglesias en el centro peninsular:
una relacin compleja, en Sabatel, F.; Brufal, J. (eds.) Arqueologa
medieval. Els espais sagrats. Lrida: Pages Ed.
Martin Viso, I. (2012), Paisajes sagrados, paisajes eclesisticos: de la
necrpolis a la parroquia en el centro de la pennsula ibrica, Reti
Medievali Rivista 13: 2, pp. 3- 45.
Martin Viso, I. (2007), Tumbas y sociedades locales en el centro de la
pennsula en la alta edad media: el caso de la comarca de Riba Ca
(Portugal), Arqueologa y Territorio Medieval 14, pp. 21- 47.
McKenna, S. (1938), Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain up to the Fall of
the Visigothic Kingdom, Washington: The Catholic University of
America.
Molist, N.; Ripoll, G. (2012), Introduccin, Arqueologia Funerria Al Nord-
Est peninsular entre els segles VI y XII, Monografies dOlrdola 3.1,
Barcelona: MAC.
Morris, I. (1996), Death Ritual and Social Structure in Classical Antiquity,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oswood, J. (2011), Making Romans in the Family, en Peachin, M., Social
Telations in the Roman World, Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Patout Burns, J.; Jensen, R. (2014), Christianity in Roman Africa. The
Development of its Practices and Beliefs, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Perrin, M., (2010) Crevit hypocrisis. Limites d adhsion au christianisme
dans l Antiquit tardive: entre histoire et historiographie, en Inglebert,
71
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74
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78
LAS ALUSIONES A LA VIOLENCIA
79
HERNN GARFALO
80
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1
Gregoire Le Grand, Dialogues, (Edicin crtica de A. de Vog y P. Antn),
Pars, Du Cerf, 1980, 3 tomos (en delante, Dilogos), III, XXI, 4, p. 354: Illi
ergo nos necesse est ponte subdi, cui et aduersa omnia subiciuntur inuita. Una
idea similar se desarrolla en IV, I, 1-5, pp. 18 a 22.
2
Isidorus Hispalensis Sententiae (Ed. P. Cazier), CCL, Brepols, 1998 (en
adelante, Sentencias), I, II, 2, p.9: Cuncta enim intra diuini iudicii
omnipotentiam coartantur, siue quae continenda sunt ut salua sint, siue quae
amputanda sunt ut pereant. Nullatenus ergo posse effugi Deum quempiam.
Qui enim non habet placatum, nequaquam euadet iratum.
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La ley nos indica los preceptos que debemos seguir, la gracia nos ayuda a
ponerlos en prctica. O dicho de otro modo, que debemos valorar la ley no
slo histrica, sino tambin espiritualmente, toda vez que conviene
mantener la fe histricamente y entender la ley espiritualmente.5
3
Dilogos, II, III, 3, p.140: Cumque in eodem monasterio regularis uitae
custodiam teneret, nullique, ut prius, per actus inlicitos in dextram laeuamque
partem deflectere a conuersationis itinere liceret.
4
Ibid., III, XV, 16, p. 324: qui auertit aurem suam ne audiat legem, oratio eius
erit execrabilis. (La referencia es de Pr. 28, 9)
5
Sentencias, I, XIX, 6, pp. 66-67:lege per quam praecepta facienda
admonemur, gratia per quam ut operemur iuuamur. Vel quod lex non tantum
historice, sed etiam spiritaliter sentienda sit. Namque et historiae oportet
fidem tenere, et spiritaliter legem intellegere.
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7
Gregorio, en Dilogos, IV, I, 1, p. 18, dice: Cuando el primer padre del
gnero humano haba sido expulsado de las alegras del paraso en razn de su
culpa, vino a la tristeza de este exilio y esta ceguera que estamos padeciendo,
porque echado fuera de s mismo por el pecado, ya no fue capaz de ver aquellas
alegras de la patria celestial que antes contemplaba (Postquam de paradisi
gaudiis, culpa exigente, pulsus est primus humani generis parens, in huius
exilii atque caecitatis quam patimur aerumnam uenit, quia peccando extra
semetipsum fusus iam illa caelestis patriae gaudia, quae prius contemplabatur,
uidere non potuit). Isidoro, en Sentencias, I, IX, 8, p.245, sostiene: A causa
del pecado del primer hombre y en castigo del mismo, todos los males juntos
cayeron sobre la totalidad del gnero humano. Por ello, todas cuantas cosas nos
parecen malas nos atormentan en parte por su origen y en parte por culpa7.
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10
Dilogos, I, II, 2, p. 24
11
Ibid., III, XI, 1-3, pp.292-294.
12
Ibid., III, XVIII, 2, p.344.
13
Ibid., III, XXVII, p.372-374.
14
Ibid., III, XXXI, 1-8, pp.384-390. La otra referencia no itlica corresponde a
un suceso en Corinto, conocido por Gregorio durante su permanencia en
Constantinopla.
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LAS ALUSIONES A LA VIOLENCIA
15
Tal como mencionamos en el ejemplo de III, XXVII, p.372-374.
16
Ibid., III, XXVIII, 1, p. 374: Conforme a su costumbre ritual, inmolaron al
diablo una cabeza de cabra y se la dedicaron bailando rondas y cantando
blasfemias (more suo immolauerunt caput caprae diabolo, hoc ei currentes
per circuitum et carmine nefando dedicantes).
17
Ibid., III, XXIX, pp.376-378: Un obispo de los longobardos, un arriano,
lleg a Spoleto sin encontrar all ningn lugar para celebrar su liturgia. Trato
de solicitar del obispo de la ciudad una iglesia, con el fin de utilizarla para sus
servicios religiosos errneos () [Al intentar forzar la entrada a un edificio
sagrado] El obispo arriano que haba venido a emplear la fuerza, fue herido de
una repentina ceguera (Cum ad Spolitanam urben Langobardorum
episcopus, scilicet arrianus, uenisset, et locum illic ubi sollemnia sua ageret non
haberet coepit ab eius ciuitatis episcopo ecclesiam petere, quam suo errori
dedicaret [] arrianus uero episcopus, qui uim facturus aduenerat, sbita
caecitate percussus est) y para referirse a una vieja iglesia de Roma que fue
consagrada nuevamente segn el ritual catlico tras haber sido empleada por los
arrianos, dice III, XXX, 4, pp.380-382: De repente, el sonido fue tan
terrorfico como si toda la iglesia fuera arrancada de sus cimientos. De golpe, el
ruido desapareci y en adelante ya no se manifest ninguna agitacin ulterior
del antiguo enemigo (Cum subito tanto terrore insonuit, ac si omnis illa
ecclesia a fundamentis fuisset euersa, et protinus recessit, ac nulla illic ulterius
inquietudo antiqui hostis apparuit).
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18
Ibid., III, XXXVII, 21-22, p.426; IV, XXXVI, 12, p.122 y XLIII, 2, p.154.
19
Ibid., II, IV, pp.150-152. La referencia completa dice: Die igitur, expleta
oratione, uir Dei, oratorium egressus, stantem foris monachum repperit, quem
pro caecitate cordis sui uirga percussit. Qui ex illo die nihil persuasionis
ulterius a nigro iam puerulo pertulit, sed ad orationis studium inmobilis
permansit, sicque antiquus hostis dominari non ausus est in eius cogitatione, ac
si ipse percussus fuisset ex uerbere.
20
Ibid., I, XXX, 1. p.220.
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LAS ALUSIONES A LA VIOLENCIA
21
Ibid., III, XVI, 5, p. 330: ut ex mortis eius sententia darectur intellegi, quia
ualde omnipotenti Deo displicuit, quod eius famulum ausu inprobo
contristauit.
22
Ibid., II, XI, 1-2, pp. 172-174.
23
Ibid., II, XVI, pp.184-186.
24
Ibid., III, XV, 3-8, pp.186-190.
25
Ibid., IV, XLI, 6, p. 150: Sin embargo, hay que saber que en el ms all nadie
obtendr ningn perdn, ni de los pecados ms insignificantes, si no es que, en
virtud de sus buenas obras realizadas an aqu durante esta vida, haya merecido
obtenerlo all (Hoc tamen sciendum est quia illic saltem de minimis nil
quisque purgationis obtinebit, nisi bonis hoc actibus, in hac adhuc uita positus,
ut illic obtineat promereatur).
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26
Ibid., II, VIII, 1, p.160 (sub leni redemptoris iugo ceruicem cordis
edomarent). Idea que se repite en III, XII, 4, p.298: As Dios omnipotente
opera, a travs de los menospreciados, los milagros de su poder contra los
espritus engredos de los carnales, a fin de que quienes se eleven con orgullo
contra los mandatos de la verdad, la Verdad les abata la cerviz debajo del pie de
los humildes (Sic omnipotens Deus contra elatas carnalium mentes potentia
suae miracula per despectos operatur, ut, qui se superbe contra praecepta
ueritatis eleuant, eorum ceruicem ueritas per humiles premat) y III, XVI, 9,
p.334: Si eres servidor de Dios, no debe atarte una cadena de hierro, sino la
cadena de Cristo (Si seruus es Dei, non te teneat catena ferri, sed catena
Christi).
27
Ibid., IV, XLVIII, p.168.
28
Ibid., III, XXXIV, 2, p.400. El prrafo complete sostiene: Principaliter uero
conpunctionis genera duo sunt, quia Deum sitiens anima prius timore con
pungitur, post amore. Prius enim sese in lacrimis afficit, quia, dum malorum
suorum recolit, pro his perpeti supplica aeterna pertimescit. At uero com longa
moeroris anxietudine fuerit formido consumpta, quaedam iam de
praesumptione ueniae securitas nascitur et in amore calestium gaudiorum
animus inflammatur, et qui prius flebat ne duceretur ad supplicium,
postmodum flere amarissime incipit quia differtur a regno
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29
Ibid., II, III, 11, p. 148: Fortis etenim praeliator Dei teneri intra claustra
noluit, certaminis campum quaesiuit.
30
Ibid., III, XIV, 13, p.312: omnipotentis Dei dispensatio, et plerumque
contingit ut, quibus maiora bona praestat, quaedam minora non tribuat, ut
semper corum animus habeat unde se ipset reprehendat, quatenus, dum
appetunt perfecti ese nec possunt, et laborant in hoc quod non acceperunt nec
tamen elaborando praeualent, in his quae accepta se minime extollant, sed
discant quia ex semetipsis maiora bona non habent, qui in semetipsis uincere
parua uitia atque extrema non possunt.
31
Ibid., III, XIX, 5, p. 348: Sine labore certaminis non est palma uictoriae.
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32
Sentencias, I, XI, 9, p.40: Por ello, tampoco podr dominarse a s mismo, si
antes no estuviere sometido a Dios, y, contra su voluntad, tendr que ser
esclavo de s mismo quien de buen grado no quiso serlo de Dios (Unde nec
sibi poterit subiugari si prius Deo non fuerit subiugatus sibique seruiet nolens,
qui Deo noluit uolens).
33
Ibid., I, IX, 10, p.28. Esta idea se repite en I, XI, 9, p.40.
34
Ibid., I, XXII, 3-4, pp.74-75 y II, XIII, 11, p.122, por citar algunos ejemplos.
35
Ibid., I, XXIX, 4-6, p.87-88. Las referencias a la afliccin, al temor y al papel
purificador que este cumple son numerosas, como por ejemplo, II, VII, 8,
p.107; II, VIII, 2, p.109; II, XIII, 18, p.123; II, XXXII, 3, p.157 (en donde se
plantea la violencia del dolor como necesaria para destruir los vicios).
36
Ibid., II, VIII, 3, p.109: Ante necesse est timore conuerti ad Deum, ut metu
futurarum poenarum carnales inlecebrae deuincantur. Deinde oportet, abiecto
timore, ad amorem uitae aeternae transire).
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LAS ALUSIONES A LA VIOLENCIA
37
Ibid., II, XXI, 1-3, pp.136-137, hace una larga explicacin de esto, detallando
la gravedad del pecar voluntariamente, o por amor al pecado y aquel que no lo
comete pero por temor al castigo. Con todo, hay una ambigedad notable en
las obras de Gregorio y de Isidoro que no podemos dejar de destacar. Ambos
Padres han hablado del terror y su utilidad, pero a la vez, han producido
referencias en contra de la aplicacin de la violencia o la fuerza en la
conversin, por ejemplo. En el Prefacio de la Moralia in Job, p.76, Gregorio
destaca el ejemplo de la mansedumbre como fruto de inspiracin para
acercarse a Dios; concepto que se repite acompaando a la dulzura en
Dilogos, I, II, 8-10, pp.30-32. Isidoro, por su parte, en Sentencias, II, II, 4-5,
p.94, indica que la violencia no debe usarse para imponer la fe, sino el ejemplo.
En un contexto de elaboracin-reelaboracin constante de los principios
doctrinarios, adaptndolos a las necesidades, casos y contextos particulares, esto
puede considerarse una muestra de dinmica en la construccin de la creencia,
brindando lneas argumentales y opciones.
38
Ibid., III, VII, 5, p.221: Numquam est sine gemitu orandum, nam
peccatorum recordatio maerorem gignit Dum enim oramus, ad memoriam
culpam reducimus et magis reos tunc non ese cognoscimus () cum Deo
adsistimus, gemere et flere debemus, reminiscentes quam grauia sint scelera
quae commisimus, quamque dira inferni supplicia quae timemus Aunque
remarcando la afliccin de las lgrimas de un modo particular, esta idea del
hispalense puede rastrearse en esencia en lo que ya mencionamos de los
Dalogos gregorianos en la pgina 9, nota 28.
95
HERNN GARFALO
39
Ibid., III, XLVII, 1, p.295: Nam si omnes sine metu fuisset, quis esset qui a
malis quempiam cohiberet?.
40
Ibid., III, LI, 4., p.303: Principes saeculi nonnumquam intra ecclesiam
potestatis adeptae culmina tenant, ut per eandem potestatem disciplinam
ecclesiasticam muniant. Ceterum intra ecclesiam potestas necessariae non
essent, nisi ut, quod non praeualent sacerdos efficere per doctrinae sermonem,
potestas hoc imperet per disciplinae terrorem. En el punto 5, se explicita que
96
LAS ALUSIONES A LA VIOLENCIA
42
Ibid., I, X, 18, p.35: Quotiens Deus quocumque flagella huic mundo
irascitur. Ad ministerium uindictae apostatae angeli mittuntur. Qui tamen
diuina potestate coercentur ne tantum noceant quantum cupiunt
43
Ibid., II, IX, 4, p.111: Multos habet conflictus Dei seruus ex recordation
operum praeteritorum; multique post conuersionem etiam nolentes motum
libidinis sustinent, quod tamen ad damnationem non tolerant, sed ad
probationem, scilicet ut semper habeant, pro excutienda inertia, hostem cui
resistant, dum modo non consentient.
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Consideraciones finales
44
Ibid., II, II, 15, pp.96.
45
Ibid., I, XXII, 3-4, p.74-75. Respecto a la salvacin durante la vida, se abunda
en ello en II, XIII, 10, p.121, III, I, 2, p.194.
99
HERNN GARFALO
46
Es necesario tener en cuenta que Agustn de Hipona ya se haba explayado
largamente respecto a la violencia, el castigo y la intencin de quienes los
aplican. De un modo quiz demasiado simplista, podemos decir que el obispo
de Hipona sostuvo que la violencia poda ejercerse si el bien que procuraba su
aplicacin era mayor que el perjuicio que causara aquello que necesit ser
castigado. La condena se refiere sobre todo a aquella violencia que no puede
justificarse por hacerse a causa de la soberbia o del mero hecho de la venganza,
pero no ocurre lo mismo con la que busca la enmienda basada en la caridad. Al
respecto y entre las varias referencias que podran destacarse, sugerimos
especialmente la Carta 138 dirigida a Marcelino.
47
Dilogos, III, III, 2, p.268-270: [Al presenciar un milagro] Todos, llenos de
admiracin, empezaron a llorar de alegra, y al instante su alma fue invadida de
temor y respeto (Mirati omnes flere prae gaudio coeperunt, eorumque
mentes ilico metus et reuerentia inuasit, cum uidelicet cernerent; Sentencias,
II, IV, 2, p.99: en efecto, todo justo resplandece por la esperanza y el temor,
por cuanto ora la esperanza le dispone al gozo, ora el terror al infierno le
impulsa al temor (Omnis quippe iustus spe et formidine nitet, quia nunc
illum ad gaudium spes erigit, nunc ad formidinem terror gehennae addicit).
100
LAS ALUSIONES A LA VIOLENCIA
Bibliografa
101
HERNN GARFALO
103
HERNN GARFALO
104
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
ANALA GODOY
UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA
CONICET, ARGENTINA
ANAURGODOY@GMAIL.COM
ANALA A. GODOY, Los presbteros locales y sus estrategias de ascenso social en las
105
comunidades campesinas leonesas del siglo X, Calamus 1 (2017): 105-136. ISSN 2545-
627X . Recibido 01/03/2016, aceptado 16/05/2016
ANALA GODOY
106
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107
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1
Las colecciones diplomticas que sern las base de nuestro trabajo son:
Mnguez Fernndez, J.M., Coleccin Diplomtica del Monasterio de Sahagn
(Siglos IX y X), Len, 1976 [En adelante, Sahagn I]; Herrero de la Fuente,
M., Coleccin diplomtica del monasterio de Sahagn (857-1230), II (1000-
1073), Len, 1988 [En adelante, Sahagn II]; Fernndez Florez, J.A., Herrero
de la Fuente, M., Coleccin documental del monasterio de Santa Mara de
Otero de las Dueas I (854-1108) ed., Len, Caja Espaa de Inversiones y
Archivo histrico diocesano de Len, 1999 [En adelante, Otero de las Dueas];
Sez, E., Coleccin Documental del Archivo de la Catedral de Len (775-
1230). I (775-952), Coleccin Fuentes y estudios de historia leonesa, N 41,
Len, Centro de Estudios e Investigacin San Isidoro, 1990 [en adelante,
Catedral de Leon I]; Sez, E. y Sez, C. Coleccin Documental del Archivo de
la Catedral de Len (775- 1230). II (953-985), Coleccin Fuentes y estudios de
historia leonesa [en adelante, Catedral de Len II]; Ruiz Asencio, J. M.,
Coleccin Documental del Archivo de la Catedral de Len (775-1230). III (986-
1031), Len, Centro de Estudios e Investigacin San Isidoro, 1990 [en
adelante, Catedral de Len III].
108
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
2
Es necesario aclarar que en este trabajo no se considera la esfera religiosa
como autnoma de las otras esferas de la dinmica social que aqu se analizan
109
ANALA GODOY
110
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
5
Catedral de Len I, Doc. 137, 940.
6
kartula donationis de omnia quicquid abere, de quantum ganatum abeo in
suburbio de kastro quod dicitur Monteson, id est: ecclesia uocabulo Sancte
Marie, quod fuit dirupta a paganis et ego, cum Dei iuuamine, restauraui eam,
Catedral de Len I, Doc. 17, 904.
111
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7
Et construxi ipsum monasterium manibus meis, in hereditate mea propria,
quam habui de comparato, Sahagn II, Doc. 466, 1046.
8
Catedral de Len I, Doc. 210, 950.
112
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
113
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114
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
115
ANALA GODOY
15
antifonarium, comicum, manuale in duobus corporibus divisum, salterio
cum canticis et imnis ordinum, libellis aliis de cotidiano officio cum lectionibus
vel missas, orarum, sententiarum, precum, Sahagn I, Doc. 29, 922.
116
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
16
En la donacin que hace Ordoo I de la Iglesia de Santa Eulalia a la Catedral
de Len en el ao 860 incluye los libros de la misma, Catedral de Len I, Doc.
2, 860; en la donacin que Guidifredo realiza al monasterio de Piasca en el ao
966 incluye duos libros comicum et antifonarium Sahagn I, Doc. 242, 966.
As tambin los presbteros Florencio y Galeve donan en 1035, omnes libros
que posean Sahagn II, Doc. 442, 1035; tambin Ectauita y su mujer, Islavara
donan en 1060 el monaterio de San Cipriano de Villacreces con todas sus
posesiones entre los que mencionan I libro ordino Sahagn II, Doc. 610,
1060.
17
Otero de las Dueas, Doc. 13, 963; Otero de las Dueas, Doc 15, 964; Otero
de la Dueas, Doc. 16, 964.
117
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18
Sahagn I, Doc. 258, 970.
19
La profiliacin consista en un mecanismo jurdico que supona la admisin
de un extrao en el seno de la familia en calidad de hijo para que recibiera la
parte correspondiente en la herencia.
20
Et uindimus et dedimus uobis ipsos furctuarios in orem pro ipsa ceuaria
quem mizi prestatit, Otero de las Dueas, Doc. 14, 964; ut faceremus tibi
cartula perfiliacionis uel donacionis de omnem nostrum canatum, quantum
abuimus uel canare potuerimus, ut post ouitum nostrum tercia porcione
possideas, pro que mici bene facis et modoras de omnes maculas, Catedral de
Len II, Doc. 455, 978.
118
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
21
ipsa terra ab integritate vobis vendimus. Pro quo prebuisti michi adiutorium
in concilio ubi me tenebant vinculatum pro iudicium facere, Sahagn I, Doc.
133, 951.
119
ANALA GODOY
22
Catedral de Len II, Doc. 288, 955. En otras donaciones en las cuales los
religiosos son nombrados como clientulus son: el Confesor Constancio,
Catedral de Leon I, Doc. 187, 944; Riquilo cuando se entrega al monasterio de
Abellar aparece nombrada como clientula, Catedral de Len II, Doc. 293,
955; Catedral de Len II, Doc. 346, 961.
120
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
121
ANALA GODOY
23
Catedral de Len II, Doc. 278, 954. Doc. 279, 954. En la misma situacin
estuvo el presbtero Floridio, quien entreg sus bienes para vivir con los
monjes del monasterio de San Vicente y Santa Marina en Coyanza, Catedral de
Len I, Doc. 121, 937. En efecto, el documento refiere que los monjes vivan
con el presbtero: contestatum est pro remedio anime m et post parte de
fratres qui ibidem ad deseruiendum uenerint post parte de sanctos, in uita
nostra abeant et laborent et uiuant nobiscum, et post obitum nostrum abeant et
laborent firmiter, perhenniter, fratres qui ibidem ad deseruiendum uenerint
usque ad prefinitum tempus, et usque in perpetuum et in finem istius seculi
Sin embargo, se retoma la interpretacin de los editores del fondo documental
de la Catedral de Len, quienes han afirmado que se trata de un error del
copista o del escribiente y quien vivira el resto de su vida con los monjes sera
el presbtero Floridio.
122
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
24
Compras: catedral de Len I, Doc. 210, 950; Doc. 219, 950. Donacin:
Catedral de Len II, Doc. 288, 955.
25
Catedral de Len II, Doc. 408, 968; Doc. 417; 972; Doc. 419, 972; Doc. 440,
975; Doc. 452, 977; Doc. 509, 985; Doc. 510 [985].
26
ed propria mici accessit volumtas ut concederem vobis omnia mea causa, id
est, eglesia Sancti Felici, terras, pratos, ortos vel omnia quantum iuri meo
vindicavi in vestra potestate1 cunctis vite vestre diebus possidendum tradidi
aveatis, teneatis vel vindecetis cunctis diebus vite vestre. Nam vero post ovitum
123
ANALA GODOY
vestrum nullum ordi[na]mus qui ibidem potestatem abeat nisi post partem de
Domnos Sanctos, et qui ibidem servientes fuerint in atrio Domni Facundi et
Primitibi licentiam abeant inde facere quod voluerint, vendere vel vindicare in
illorum sit potestate atamen vos supradictos subrinos Iulianus et Olimundus,
Sahagn I, Doc. 25, 932.
124
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
27
Ego Ermegildus confessor et omnibus fratribus meis, id sunt, Argernirus.
Mehemutus, Donninus presbiter, Iulianus, Ferrus et Vistia pari mente, eqali
voto pro remedio animarum nostrarum () In primis eglesie vocabulo Sancti
Emiliani cum suis omnibus adiacentiis, id sunt, terminis constitutis agros vero
per circuitum ad liquido ter(ras cunctas); in baica confinio Sancti Felicis IIIIor
agros; et alio agro iuxta Villam de Mauzos; alteros enim IIIIor agros erga
fontem de Escapa; eglesie Sancte Marie cum suo agro, casas III et orreo uno.
Hec homnia que gratanter in loco suprataxato obtulimus (vos et) abba qui
ibidem modo preest vel alioprefuerit ut habeant, possideant et quiquid inde
facere voluerint libera permaneat facultate, Sahagn I, Doc. 29, 922.
28
En 922 el presbtero Donino afirma que era poseedor de la iglesia por parte
de su abuela Gotecia y el hijo de esta, el presbtero Galindo, quienes la
poseyeron en su vida y luego de su muerte la asignaron a Donino, Sahagn I,
Doc. 30, 922. Pero, en otro documento de 925 Ato y Esteban afirman ser
herederos junto al presbtero Ermegildo, Donino y otros cincos fratibus por
parte de sus tos, el presbtero Indura y Amores. Sin bien es posible que estos
ltimos fueran hermanos de Galindo y todos hijos de Gotecia no se puede
afirmarlo con seguridad, Sahagn I, Doc. 32, 925.
125
ANALA GODOY
29
de loco sancto sagro qui est in territorio legionense cuius vocabulo (nomina)
tum est Sancte Eulalie hic et Sancti Iohanis apostoli sicut et fecimus ab omni
integritate cum suis exitis et adiacensis sibe dextris, kasas, pomiferis, pasquis,
molinis, pratis, defensis adque (eius) concessum que ad eam contine(tur) ad
parte patrocinio eglesie sit serbituram. Ita ut ex presenti die abeatis de nostro
dominio iurique vestro sit possidendum seu defendendum concessum
perenniter abiturum, Sahagn I, Doc. 78, 941.
30
Sahagn I, Doc. 321, 984.
126
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
31
Obinde placuit nobis, bone pacis uolencie, ut, pro remedium anime nostre,
ut inde ante Deum Saluatorem merces nobis adueniad cumulum, testamus
ibidem medietatem de ipsa cclesia, et pro illa alia medietate accepimus de uos,
in offercione, argentum solidos XXti, Catedral de Len I, Doc. 231, 951.
127
ANALA GODOY
Conclusiones
128
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
129
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130
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Bibliografa
131
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132
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
133
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134
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES
135
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136
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
*
O presente trabalho parte de um projeto de pesquisa ps-doutoral conduzido
junto ao Departamento de Histria da Universidade de So Paulo. O
desenvolvimento do projeto financiado pela FAPESP Fundao de Amparo
Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo, em conjunto com a CAPES, processo n.
2014/18018-6.
1
Em 13 de maio de 2016 tive a oportunidade de participar de um Workshop
organizado pela universidade de Utrecht sob a tutela de Rob Meens e Elaine P.
Farrell, a quem sou muito grato pelo convite. O referido Workshop tratou da
temtica do paganismo na Alta Idade Mdia sob diversas perspectivas,
138
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
139
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
140
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
141
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
142
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
143
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
144
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
145
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
146
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
147
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
5
Uma posio contrria apresentada por Anne K. G. Kristensen em seu
trabalho de 1975, uma reviso da edio de Bernhard Schmeidler na MGH, como
informado por V. Scior (2009: 32 e segs.). No presente trabalho, segue-se a
posio de Schmeidler.
6
cogitabam diu, quo laboris nostri monimento exhaustam viribus matrem
potuerim iuvare.
148
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
7
Aps a discusso inserida acima pode parecer um tanto brusco falar em
paganismo nrdico nesse ponto. proposital. Intento aqui indicar que no se
trata de uma interpretao daquilo que realmente foi wie es eigentlich gewesen
(Ranke, 1824: VI) , mas sim, daquilo que Adam tinha por verdadeiro.
149
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
8
A crtica levantada por Goetz em seu recente estudo contundente nesse
sentido (2013).
9
Adam de Bremen utiliza o temo pagani cinquenta vezes; paganismus
aparece sete vezes. Alm desses termos preciso considerar ainda o termo
gentes, que aparece trinta e sete vezes, e gentiles, que aparece dezesseis vezes.
Considerados apenas os termos mais diretos, Adam fala sobre pagos e o
paganismo cento e dez vezes em seu texto. Por motivos evidentes, podero ser
abordados somente alguns trechos mais significativos na presente anlise.
150
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
aos cus apanhava cada um (graveto) trs vezes, e interpretava aos (gravetos)
apanhados segundo os sinais (nestes) anteriormente assinalados. Se
proibissem (os auspcios), no era feita consulta sobre a mesma coisa no
mesmo dia; se fosse permitido (favorvel), era ainda esperada a confirmao
dos sucessos.
Era (tambm) prprio daquele povo (saxes) interrogar o vo e os cantos
das aves. De mesmo modo, observavam os pressgios dos cavalos e
verificavam seus movimentos, seu relinchar e seu bufar. Nenhum outro
auspcio atraa maior fidelidade, no somente entre o povo comum, mas
tambm em meio nobreza. Havia tambm outras formas de observao de
auspcios, atravs das quais costumavam descobrir os resultados de batalhas
importantes. (...) De que modo (...) creriam e observariam outras
inumerveis formas de supersties vs, com as quais estavam envolvidos,
eu omito. Essas coisas pois certamente relembrei, a fim de que o leitor
prudente reconhea, de quo grande escurido de erros pela graa e
misericrdia de Deus foram liberados, quando (ele) condescendeu gui-los
atravs da luz da verdadeira f ao conhecimento de seu nome. De fato, eles
eram, como quase todos os habitantes da Germnia, naturalmente
selvagens, dados ao culto de demnios e adversrios da verdadeira religio;
no consideravam vergonhoso transgredir ou violar nem as leis humanas,
nem a lei divina. Pois apresentavam venerao tanto a rvores frondosas e a
fontes (dagua). De mesmo modo, adoravam certo tronco de madeira de
tamanho nada mdico elevado ao alto a cu aberto, chamado em sua prpria
lngua Irminsul, que em latim (portugus) diz-se coluna do universal, como
se sustentasse a todas as coisas (Adam de Bremen, 1917a: 89).10
151
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
152
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
153
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
154
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
155
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
156
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
18
Ubi tunc rex Oleph apud Bircam generale populi sui habuit placitum. Quem
preveniente misericordia Dei ita placatum invenit, ut ex a eius imperio et populi
consensu et iactu sortis et ydoli responso ecclesia ibidem fabricata et baptismi
licentia omnibus concessa sit. Adam de Bremen, 1917a, I. 26: 31-32.
157
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
158
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
21
Narrant eum aliqui christianum fuisse, quidam christianitatis desertorem;
omnes autem affirmant peritum auguriorum, servatorem sortium, et in avium
prognosticis omnem spem suam posuisse. Quare etiam cognomen accepit, ut
Olaph Craccaben diceretur. Nam et artis magicae, ut aiunt, studio deditus
omnes, quibus illa redundat patria, maleficos habuit domesticos eorumque
deceptus errore periit. Adam de Bremen, 1917a, II. 40: 100-101.
159
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
22
Suein interfecto Craccaben duo regna possedit. Ipse igitur mox destructo ritu
ydolatriae christianitatem in Nortmannia per edictum suscipere iussit. Tunc
etiam Gotebaldum quendam ab Anglia venientem episcopum in Sconia posuit
doctorem. Qui aliquando in Suedia, sepe dicitur euangelizasse in Norvegia.
Adam de Bremen, 1917a, II. 41: 101.
160
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
Consideraes finais
161
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
162
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
163
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
164
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
Referncias
165
LUKAS GRZYBOWSKI
166
A IDEIA DE PAGANISMO
Price, N. (2008), Dying and the dead: Viking age mortuary behaviour, em
Brink, S. e Price, N. (eds.), The Viking world. Londres: Routledge,
pp. 257-273.
Ranke, L. v. (1824), Geschichten der romanischen und germanischen Vlker von
1494 bis 1535. Leipzig, Berln: S. Reimer.
Raudvere, C. (2008), Popular religion in the Viking Age, em Brink, S. e Price,
N. (eds.), The Viking world. Londres: Routledge, pp. 235-243.
Rimbertus (1884), Vita Anskarii, em Waitz, G. (ed.), Vitae Anskarii et
Rimberti. Hannover: Hahn, pp. 13-79.
Roesdahl, E. (1998), The Vikings, 2da. ed. Londres: Penguin Books.
Rudolf e Meginhart (1829), Translatio Sancti Alexandri, em Pertz, G. H. (ed.),
Monumenta Germaniae Historica [Scriptores rerum Sangallensium.
Annales, chronica et historiae aevi Carolini]. Hannover: Hahn, pp. 673-681.
Sawyer, P. H. (1982), Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe, A.D. 700-
1100. Londres, Nueva York: Routledge.
Schjdt, J. P. (2014), Paganism and Christianity in the North: Two Religions -
Two Modes of Religiosity, em Hofmann, K. P., Kamp, H. e Wemhoff,
M. (eds.), Die Wikinger und das Frnkische Reich: Identitten zwischen
Konfrontation und Annherung. Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, pp. 265-274.
Scior, V. (2009), Das Eigene und das Fremde: Identitt und Fremdheit in den
Chroniken Adams von Bremen, Helmolds von Bosau und Arnolds von
Lbeck. Berln: Akademie Verlag.
Sundqvist, O. (2003), Sir, em Beck, H. et al. (eds.), Reallexikon der
germanischen Altertumskunde, 2da. ed. Berln: de Gruyter, pp. 273-276.
Sundqvist, O. e Kaliff, A. (2003), Rituale, em Beck, H et al. (eds.), Reallexikon
der germanischen Altertumskunde, 2da. ed. Berln: de Gruyter, pp. 32-52.
Winroth, A. (2012), The conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, merchants, and
missionaries in the remaking of Northern Europe. New Haven: Yale
University Press.
167
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168
CUMMING, KERMODE E
O NACIONALISMO MANX
170
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O NACIONALISMO MANX
171
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
1
little embeleshments [sic] of me non horseback, or in Arms, stags, dogs,
birds, or other devices, probably the Atchievements [sic] of some notable
person.
172
CUMMING, KERMODE E
O NACIONALISMO MANX
2
Here are more Runick [sic] Inscriptions to be met with in this Island,
than perhaps in any other Nation.
173
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
3
See the lines graven round it, all are runic mystic inscriptions, full of
wizard power to ward off ill.
4
the difficulty of obtaining information from the peasantry about things,
in several instances, in their immediate neighbourhoods.
174
CUMMING, KERMODE E
O NACIONALISMO MANX
175
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
176
CUMMING, KERMODE E
O NACIONALISMO MANX
177
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
178
CUMMING, KERMODE E
O NACIONALISMO MANX
179
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
Imagens 6 e 7 - A ilustrao de
Cumming da Cruz de Malew e o
monumento original. // Fontes:
Cumming (1857) e Radcliffe (2010).
180
CUMMING, KERMODE E
O NACIONALISMO MANX
5
Autor do monumental Os monumentos rnicos em antigo nrdico da
Escandinvia e Inglaterra (1866-1901, 4 vols.) e da obra As runas: de onde
vieram (1894). Sobre o nacionalismo, conferir a introduo da primeira obra,
onde Stephens anunciou aos leitores que usaria termos obsoletos e
provinciais do ingls para lavar a lngua dos latinismos, germanismos e
saxonismos (i.e., a influncia americana); a seguir, ele criticou a lavagem do
ingls de usa poca com o Latim bastardo (1867: vi-vii).
181
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
6
Conforme a Crnica, santo lfr teria alertado que Magns morreria
rapidamente caso no se afastasse da Noruega. Assim, ele foi primeiro para
as rcades e, em seguida, para a Ilha de Man (Chronica regum Manniae et
insularum, anno MXCVIII).
182
CUMMING, KERMODE E
O NACIONALISMO MANX
183
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
184
CUMMING, KERMODE E
O NACIONALISMO MANX
7
It is one of our Sigurd pieces, and is of special interest as showing for the
first time the figure of Loki in the act of heaving stones at the otter which is
eating the salmon it has just caught in the foss! Above, and separated by
some very characteristic Scandinavian interlacing, we see the steed Grani
with the chest containing the hoard won by Sigurd upon his slaying the
dragon Fafni a much later portion of the same tale.
185
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
Imagem 12, 13 e 14 -
Diferentes representaes
da Cruz de Malew pelas
mos de Kermode //
Fontes: Kermode (1896),
Kermode (1907) e
Kermode (1914).
186
CUMMING, KERMODE E
O NACIONALISMO MANX
187
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
188
CUMMING, KERMODE E
O NACIONALISMO MANX
189
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
190
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O NACIONALISMO MANX
191
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
Referncias
192
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O NACIONALISMO MANX
193
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
194
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O NACIONALISMO MANX
195
RENAN MARQUES BIRRO
196
AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
Introduction
OTAVIO LUIZ VIEIRA PINTO, As if from this People I Traced my Origin: Hypotheses on the
Life of Jordanes, Calamus 1 (2017): 197-222. ISSN 2545-627X. Recibido 15/11/2015,
aceptado 04/05/2016 197
OTVIO VIEIRA PINTO
1
In this paper, we will refer to primary sources through the name of the
author, work and passage. Proper reference can be found in the
bibliography. For the Latin text of Jordanes, I will use Mommsens edition;
for Cassiodorus, Adriaens edition as found in the Corpus Christianorum;
for Procopius, Dewings edition as found in the Loeb series. Equally,
translations, unless stated otherwise, will be Mierow for Jordanes Getica
and Regan for Jordanes Romana (available online), Dewing for Procopius
and Walsh for Cassiodorus (references, again, in the bibliography).
2
To address and settle down some of these debates, Christensen published
his fundamental book on Jordanes. He thoroughly covers the scholarship on
the topic, with special attention to Jordanes relation to Cassiodorus and the
factual accuracy of his claims. Cf. Christensen, 2002.
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AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
3
Volentem me parvo subvectum navigio oram tranquilli litoris stringere et
minutos de priscorum, ut quidam ait, stagnis pisciculos legere, in altum,
frater Castali, laxari vela compellis relictoque opusculo, quod intra manus
habeo, id est, de adbreviatione chronicorum, suades, ut nostris verbis
duodecem Senatoris volumina de origine actusque Getarum ab olim et
usque nunc per generationes regesque descendentem in uno et hoc parvo
libello choartem. [...] Quorum quamvis verba non recolo, sensus tamen et
res actas credo me integre retinere. Jordanes, Getica, I, 1-2.
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OTVIO VIEIRA PINTO
than upon its content, we hardly discuss who Jordanes really was.
It may seem rather pointless to elaborate long arguments over a
text whose authors ideological ground and political stances are
basically unknown.
Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore Jordanes
background and, having achieved concluding remarks on this
topic, offer new panoramas to understand the Getica, its content
and its goals.
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AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
the disaster of various peoples, you might desire to become free of all
trouble and turn to God, who is true freedom.5
It seems unthinkable that Jordanes would treat the Bishop of
Rome in this casual manner. Even worse, it is not probable that he
would try to persuade a pope to live a more religious life.
This is consistent with another biographical hint left by
Jordanes in the Getica. At some point in the narrative, he declares
that he was a notarius for a certain barbarian chieftain before
becoming himself a conversus. This is usually taken as proof that
he became, later in his life, a monk.6 Although potentially an
accurate argument, it does not necessarily convey the tone of this
conversion: Jordanes, just like Cassiodorus, could have turned
himself to a more contemplative, religious life, without necessarily
being part of an ecclesiastical institution including a proper
monastic existence (ODonnell, 1979: 60-61). Even his affirmation,
content-wise, is similar to the one left by Cassiodorus in his
Expositio Psalmorum:
Some time ago at Ravenna I thrust aside the anxieties of official
positions and the flavour of secular cares with their harmful taste. Once
I had sampled that honey of souls, the divine psalter, I did what
longing spirits often do, and plunged eagerly in to examine and to
5
(...) in vicensimo quarto anno Iustiniani imperatoris, quamvis breviter, uno
tamen in tuo nomine et hoc parvissimo libello confeci, iungens ei aliud
volumen de origine actusque Geticae gentis, quod iam dudum communi
amico Castalio ededissem, quatinus diversarum gentium calamitate conperta
ab omni erumna liberum te fieri cupias et ad deum convertas, qui est vera
libertas. Jordanes, Romana, 4.
6
This idea was mainly championed by Mommsen in the preface of his
edition of Jordanes opera. The argument of Jordanes as a monk, since then,
appears regularly in scholarship about Late Antiquity. For a summary and a
history of this argument, cf. Christensen, 2002: 94-101.
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OTVIO VIEIRA PINTO
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AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
had already spent many resources of the Empire in his wars, being
interested in the deeds and legends of the enemy was not at all
surprising. Moreover, through a pessimistic world view, Jordanes
was trying to motivate his friends to follow his path. His
disillusionment with an active, political life could hint at what the
Getica (and the Romana) was not: a politically engaged text
(ODonnell, 1982: 238). We have all the reasons to believe, mostly
because he said he had converted, that Jordanes did not have any
political or social preponderance, and this scenario points to the
fact that his works were indeed the result of intellectual and
personal interests rather than tools to, somehow, affect the
policies and decisions of the higher spheres of Constantinople.
The argument of the Getica as a clog in Justinians political
machine, championed by Goffart, cannot fully make sense if
Jordanes, as a person, was in no position to engender such a thing.
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OTVIO VIEIRA PINTO
included all that is written or told about them, nor spoken so much to
their praise as to the glory of him who conquered them.9
This is a very tricky passage, because the Latin is ambiguous.
When Jordanes affirms that he traces [his] own descent from it,
the original text goes quasi ex ipsa trahenti originem. The term
quasi, originally meaning as if, throughout Late Antiquity and
the Early Middle Ages, gets used more like ut, that is, a
conjunction with a causal meaning, such as as, how, because
(Galdi, 2010: 359; Galdi, 2008). In other words, this passage could
read both as as if I traced my own descent from it or because I
trace my own descent from it.10 Even though Jordanes employs
the particle quasi another 23 times in the Getica and 34 in the
Romana, the usage is not really consistent, as it works both as a
causal and a comparative conjunction (it seems to be more causal
in the Getica, but more comparative/illustrative in the Romana).
Hence, even though translations of the Getica tend to gloss
over this ambiguity (Snchez Martn, 2001; Devillers, 1995;
Mierow, 1915), they still choose to read the author as a Goth
and quasi as a causal conjunction.11 Scholars like Christensen have
postulated that, overall, the sentence cannot be fully understood
and, through the principle of Ockhams Razor, we should accept
9
Haec qui legis, scito me maiorum secutum scriptis ex eorum latissima
prata paucos flores legisse, unde inquirenti pro captu ingenii mei coronam
contexam. Nec me quis in favorem gentis praedictae, quasi ex ipsa trahenti
originem, aliqua addidisse credat, quam quae legi et comperi. Nec si tamen
cuncta. quae de ipsis scribuntur aut referuntur, complexus sum, nec tantum
ad eorum laudem quantum ad laudem eius qui vicit exponens. Jordanes,
Getica, LX, 316.
10
For the debate of this specific paragraph of Jordanes, I will employ
translations of my own rather than relying on Mierow as, concerning this
passage, his version seems to be too convenient and lacks insight.
11
The one exception to this widespread version is the German translation of
the Getica, cf. Mller, 2012.
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AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
12
The main manuscript basis for Mommsens edition was lost in a fire.
Overall, what I mean by editorial error is that we cannot be absolutely
certain of the accuracy of the remaining manuscripts because the
transmission is problematic. The original Latin in specific passages could
have been different and, in a paragraph where grammar and meaning
become crucial, like the one in debate here, our conclusions have to be, at
best, dubious and careful. Cf. Bradley, 1995.
205
OTVIO VIEIRA PINTO
206
AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
13
In the preface for his edition, Mommsen believes that Jordanes should be,
at least, partially Alan, given that his family worked for the Alani and his
father, called Alanoviamuth, apparently contained a genitive form in his
name (alano / alanorum, of the Alans).
207
OTVIO VIEIRA PINTO
14
,
, , .
Procopius, De Bello Gothico, IV, 26, 13.
15
Other Heruli names recorded in Procopius are Aruth, Aluith, Ochus,
Uligagus, Datius, Grepes, etc. Cf. Goffart, 2010: 335. With Aluith and
Aruth we can see the apocope and the muffled d rendered as th.
208
AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
209
OTVIO VIEIRA PINTO
public interest in their history and their deeds (that is exactly what
motivates the writing of that work in the first place). Jordanes has
to go around this ethnic recognition to establish that Getae,
Scythians and Dacians, when convenient, were the same thing as
Goths. His equation Getae = Goth is one of the most
acknowledged points of the work and part of the rhetorical
framework of the Getica is engineered in order to support this
argument (Rix, 2015: 194; Gillet, 2009; Merrills, 2005; 100-121). It
would have been easy for Jordanes to establish his own identity
and his own authority in the text if he just said, straight away,
that he was a Goth. Moreover, it seems, by the conciliatory tone at
the end of the work (the marriage between Germanus and
Mathasuntha), that being a Goth was not necessarily a political or
a social problem in Constantinople by 551. Vitiges, the very king
of the Ostrogoths, deposed by Belisarius, lived in peace in
Constantinople for the remaining of his life. Hence, if Jordanes
depicts himself as a non-Roman, clarifying, in no ambiguous
terms, his Gothic ethnicity would have strengthened his position
of authority.
The reality of the Getica is, in fact, the opposite. It is almost
as if Jordanes kept his ethnic affiliation ambiguous on purpose.
Perhaps it is because his works were aimed at a restricted
audience, people who would know Jordanes personally and be
aware of his identity, but it is also possible that he kept it hidden
because, in opposition to the Gothic one, a Herulean or another
Germanic/Nomadic ethnicity could have been socially and
culturally inconvenient: by 552, the Heruli had fought against the
Ostrogoths in Italy, led by their general Filimuth (Steinacher,
2010: 349-356). The Ostrogoths were ruled by the warrior king
Totila, whom Jordanes chose not to mention in the Getica
altogether (and, in the Romana, talks about him in very gloomy
210
AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
17
Qui et ipse vix anno expleto peremptus est et in regno. Malo Italiae
Baduila [Totila] iuvenis nepus asciscitur Heldebadi. Jordanes, Romana, 379.
18
Goffart has different views on this topic and claims that, for Procopius,
the origin of the Heruli goes back to the Danube, cf. Goffart, 2010: 209. For
an insightful overview of Herulean history and development, as well as
theories of ethnicity, cf. Steinacher, 2010.
19
() nec eorum fabulas alicubi repperimus scriptas, qui eos dicunt in
Brittania vel in unaqualibet insularum in servitute redactos et in unius
caballi praetio a quodam ereptos. Aut certe si quis eos aliter dixerit in nostro
urbe, quam quod nos diximus, fuisse exortos, nobis aliquid obstrepebit: nos
enim potius lectioni credimus quam fabulis anilibus consentimus. Jordanes,
Getica, V, 38.
20
Jordanes, in fact, says that the Heruli inhabited the area that is nowadays
the Sea of Azov (Sed cum tantorum servitio clarus haberetur, non passus est
nisi et gentem Herulorum, quibus praeerat Halaricus, magna ex parte
211
OTVIO VIEIRA PINTO
212
AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
21
Nam Gepidi Hunnorum sibi sedes viribus vindicantes totius Daciae fines
velut victores potiti nihil aliud a Romano imperio, nisi pacem et annua
sollemnia, ut strenui viri, amica pactione postulaverunt. Quod et libens tunc
annuit imperator et usque nunc consuetum donum gens ipsa a Romano
213
OTVIO VIEIRA PINTO
214
AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
215
OTVIO VIEIRA PINTO
Conclusion
216
AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
217
OTVIO VIEIRA PINTO
about the history and the current state of his own people. If
Jordanes stops being a Goth and is retroactively assigned to a
more generic East Germanic ethnicity be it a Heruli or not ,
we can already cast doubts on his interest to just convey a history
of the Goths. Moreover, if we also analyse him under the
background of a notarius who lived in a post-Hunnic world of
chaos and had witnessed the political debacle of various barbarian
nations in the Balkans, we can start looking at the Getica as a
wider text, one that springs from this very political and cultural
experience; a text that deals with more than Goths and Romans. It
considers the development and vicissitudes of a region and its
many people. Goths were main actors, but were tied together to
the fate of Gepids, Huns and many others. Giving Jordanes the
benefit of a new and ample scrutiny changes the way we view
author and work, and with fresh arguments, we can bring the
Getica to a new and updated debate on Late Antique and Early
Medieval politics, identities and cultures.
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Adriaen, M. (1958), Expositio Psalmorum I LXX, CCSL 97. Turnhout:
Brepols.
Dewing, H. B. (1962), Procopius: History of the Wars, The Loeb Classical
Library, vol. V. Massachussets: Harvard University Press.
Mommsen, T. (1882), Iordanis Romana et Getica, MGH, AA t. 5. Berlin:
Weidmann.
Translations
Cassiodorus (1990), Psalms 1 50, trans. by P. G. Walsh. New York:
Paulist Press.
218
AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
Secondary Sources
Amory, P. (2003), People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489 554.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
219
OTVIO VIEIRA PINTO
220
AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE
I TRACED MY ORIGIN
Wolfram, H. (1990), Die Goten: von den Anfngen bis zur Mitte des
sechsten Jahrhunderts: Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographie.
Munich: C.H.Beck.
221
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222
RESMENES
Summaries
IAN WOOD
LA CADA DEL IMPERIO ROMANO O LA TRANSFORMACIN DEL MUNDO
ROMANO?
The fall of the Roman Empire or the transformation of the Roman
World
The text presents an analysis of the changes that happened within Western
Europe between the fourth and the sixth centuries by tracing the different
theses proposed by scholars since the eighteenth century to the latest
historiographical trends. After reviewing the main disagreements between
those perspectives, the article seeks to assess recent historiography by
looking into key issues such as the scale of the barbarian raids and the
diverse ways of dealing with them, the channels and limits of the
relationship between the barbarian kingdoms and the Eastern Roman
Empire, the impact of climate patterns, and religious change.
223
ELEONORA DELLELICINE
LOS PARIENTES, EL MUERTO Y EL CLERO: ECLESIOLOGA Y RITOS
FUNERARIOS ENTRE AGUSTN E ISIDORO DE SEVILLA
Kinsmen, the Corpse and the Clergy: Ecclesiology and Funerary Rites
between Augustine and Isidore of Seville
224
that some are interred dressed and that women cry heavily during the burial.
In our perspective, this discontinuity in ecclesiastical modes of intervention
in the funerary practices showed by a comparative perspective, the African
of the V century and the Visigoth of VII, should be explained by the
existence of two different ecclesiologies. The interventionist scheme of
Augustine reflects the need to align Christian families closely around their
local bishop, growing apart from Donatists and pagans. The Visigoth
ecclesiology focuses instead on the integration of the Visigothic bishops to
the main tendencies of the Kingdom, and employs certain major devisers of
social life (death rituals, marriage, etc.) as issues for negotiating partnership
with the aristocracy and the rest of the lineages.
HERNN GARFALO
LAS ALUSIONES A LA VIOLENCIA, LA LUCHA Y LA FE COMO PARTE DE LA
CONSTRUCCIN DE LA CREENCIA EN LA ALTA EDAD MEDIA EN LAS OBRAS DE
GREGORIO MAGNO E ISIDORO DE SEVILLA
Allusions to Violence, Struggle and Faith as Parts of the
construction of belief in the Early Middle Ages according to the
Works of Gregory the Great and Isidoro of Seville
225
Palabras claves Iglesia Violencia Combate Demonios
References about how a believer in this world must fight against the wiles
of spiritual and temporal enemies abound in the early medieval ecclesiastical
discourse. In general, the idea of the daily struggle against evil and its
consequences became an instrument from which it was possible to articulate
a series of performative principles established not only "desirable" social
behavior for a Christian, but the structures of authority and social reference
able to indicate the wayforward.
Violence, struggle and faith can be considered as elements in the
ecclesiastical discourse built by Gregory the Great and Isidore of Seville in
his works. From them, they wanted to create a particular way of conducting
belief, appealing to the performative characteristics of these resources and
sorted based on criteria of authority, interpretation and a particular
organization of the life of the faithful.
ANALA A. GODOY
LOS PRESBTEROS LOCALES Y SUS ESTRATEGIAS DE ASCENSO SOCIAL EN LAS
COMUNIDADES CAMPESINAS LEONESAS DEL SIGLO X
Strategies for Upwards Social Mobility of Local Presbyters in Leonese
Peasant Communities during the Tenth Century
226
The aim of this paper is to understand the distinguished position of priests
in the villas of Len during the 10th century. We intend to study the
strategies for upward mobility that those priests were able to use in order to
consolidate or improve their social position, placing themselves as a rural
elite. The study will focus on the strategies developed by local priests within
the peasant community and the strategies based on relationships with the
superior ecclesiastical institutions that were consolidating their power in the
region.
The present paper deals with a central problem to the study of Scandinavian
culture in the time before its entrance in the historical dynamics of
Christian Europe, in the 11th century, that is, the character of its religious
practice. Its objective, however, confines itself to the investigation of Adam
of Bremens perceptions and the underlying ideas present in its portrayal in
the Gesta Hammaburgensis. For this end, this paper follows the methods
proposed by the Vorstellungsgeschichte. The results show certain data that
227
differ from some prevalent views on the issue and raise some questions in
the approach to the accounts of Viking religion.
228
OTVIO LUIZ VIEIRA PINTO
AS IF FROM THIS PEOPLE I TRACED MY ORIGIN: HYPOTHESES ON THE LIFE OF
JORDANES
Como si de esta gente yo trazase mi origen: hiptesis sobre la vida
de Jordanes
The aim of this paper is to discuss the authorial persona of Jordanes: who
he was, what was his religious/political position and how he identified
himself. With this information, frequently overlooked or glossed over by
Late Antique and Early Medieval scholarship, I intend to bring his famous
work, called Getica, under updated scrutiny. By increasing awareness of the
author, we can look at the Getica and perceive different goals and a different
agenda. By leaving the Gothic identity behind and assuming that his
ethnic background was more fluid or mixed, the Getica ceases to be just a
history of the Goths and becomes an analysis of the historical development
of Eastern regions and how different people, from Goths to Huns, tried to
shape the fate of the place.
229
INSTRUCCIONES PARA LOS AUTORES
Instructions for authors
4. El ttulo del trabajo deber estar centrado y en versales, tipografa Times New
Roman 12.
6. El cuerpo del texto deber estar en tamao de pgina A4, interlineado 1.5,
tipografa Times New Roman 12 y presentar mrgenes justificados. El prrafo
inicial no lleva sangra; los prrafos siguientes comienzan con una sangra de
1,25cm y no tienen espacios entre s.
8. Las enumeraciones comienzan luego de un espacio que las separe del cuerpo del
texto; se emplearn nmeros arbigos, sin espacio entre los tems y un espacio al
final de la enumeracin.
9. Las notas al pie justificadas, tipografa Times New Roman 10. Las llamadas de nota
deben ir despus de los signos ortogrficos. No utilizar las notas al pie para
referencias bibliogrficas (vase punto 10).
10. Los datos de las referencias bibliogrficas deben presentarse siguiendo el sistema
americano, en el cuerpo del texto y entre parntesis consignando autor, ao y
pginas citadas, de acuerdo con el siguiente modelo: (Andersson, 1964: 401). Si no
se cita una pgina especfica, utilizar: (Andersson, 1964).
11. Las referencias completas deben ubicarse en la bibliografa al final del artculo,
segn los siguientes modelos:
230
Libros:
Andersson, T. (1964), The problem of Icelandic saga origins: a historical survey, New Haven:
Yale University Press.
Artculos:
Freedman, D. (1979), Private creation and enforcement of law: A Historical case,
The Journal of Legal Studies 8:2, pp. 399-424.
Captulos de Libro:
Bournazel, E. (1992), Mmoire et parent : le problme de la continuit dans la
noblesse de lan mil, en Parisse, M. y Barrel I Altet, X. (eds.), Le Roi de France et son
Royaume autour de lan mil, Pars: Picard, pp. 23-46.
Cuando no
12. Se solicita a los autores que utilizan alfabetos no latinos que adjunten la tipografa
necesaria cuando enven el trabajo.
14. Los pasajes citados cuya extensin supere las tres lneas debern colocarse en
prrafo aparte utilizando la tipografa Times New Roman 11, con margen izquierdo
adicional de 1 cm y sin comillas; el margen derecho no debe ser alterado.
15. Debern utilizarse las bastardillas para las voces extranjeras que aparezcan de forma
aislada en el texto (es decir, cuando no son parte de una cita).
16. Evitar el uso general de abreviaturas, con excepcin de etc. y de las abreviaturas
bibliogrficas habituales, que deben ir en minscula y con punto: vol., t., p.,
pp..
17. Respecto del uso de ibid., op. cit., idem, se solicita utilizar las formas no
castellanizadas, siempre en cursiva minscula y con punto si estn abreviadas.
18. Para las rayas de aclaracin, pedimos no utilizar el guion corto (-) ni emplear coma
u otro signo ortogrfico antes del parntesis de apertura o de la raya de aclaracin: ,
( ) o , .
19. Los pronombres demostrativos y el adverbio solo deben escribirse siempre sin
tilde.
231
232