QUESTION 1

1. The following figure shows four hypothetical relationships between the frequency of
an allele in one generation (p) and its change in the next generation (p = p' p). Imagine
a population with an allele frequency of p = 0.5. In the following generation the allele
frequency changes to p' = 0.6. Which of the scenarios shown in the figure is consistent with
these observations. Assume that genetic drift has no effect.

None of the above

0.5 points
QUESTION 2
1. Under which of the evolutionary scenarios shown in Question #1 do you expect
populations to evolve towards a stable equilibrium in allele frequency? Assume that the
equilibrium is neither at p = 0 nor at p = 1. Assume that genetic drift has no effect.
a
 b

None of the above

0.5 points
QUESTION 3
1. The following figure shows the results of four evolution experiments with the
nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae. In each experiment, six populations were founded with
a neutral mutation affecting locomotory behavior at a frequency of p = 0.5. The experiments
followed one of the following designs:
1. All populations were founded with a small size and maintained at that size for
100 generations.
2. All populations were founded with a small size and maintained at that size for
50 generations, then all populations were expanded to a large size and maintained at that
size for 50 generations.
3. All populations were founded with a large size and maintained at that size for
100 generations.
4. All populations were founded with a large size and maintained at that size for
50 generations, then all populations were reduced to a small size and maintained at that
size for 50 generations.
The plots show the frequency of the mutation in each population in each experiment over
100 generations.
 In which experiment did populations undergo an expansion at generation 50 (design #2)?
a

All of the above

0.5 points
QUESTION 4
1. One measure of genetic variation within a population is the frequency of
heterozygotes, H. In which of the experiments described in the previous question, was the
average H of the six populations highest after 100 generations? Assume that each genotype
within each population in each experiment was at the frequency predicted under Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium.
a

c
 d

All experiments show approximately the same H.

0.5 points
QUESTION 5
1. Two loci, A and B, in Drosophila simulans have two alleles each (A/a and B/b). A
population shows the following haplotype frequencies:
A a
B 0.2 ?
b ? 0.4
2.

3. If the frequency of the B allele is 0.5, what is the frequency of the aB haplotype?
a. 0.3

b. 0.4

c. 0.5

d. 0.6

e. 0.7

0.5 points
QUESTION 6
1. What is the absolute value of the coefficient of linkage disequilibrium (|D|) between
the two loci in the population described in the previous question?
a. 0.01

b. 0.02

c. 0.03

d. 0.04

e. 0.05

0.5 points
QUESTION 7
1. The two loci are in different chromosomes, so the recombination frequency is r =
0.5. Assuming random mating and no selection, how do you expect the frequency of
the aB haplotype to change in the following generation?
Decrease by 0.05
 Decrease by 0.025

Remain constant

Increase by 0.025

Increase by 0.05

0.5 points
QUESTION 8
1. What would be the frequency of the aB haplotype in a population with the same allele
frequencies but in linkage equilibrium?
0.29

0.31

0.33

0.35

0.37