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SECTION 1 Step-by-Step
Instruction
WITNESS HISTORY
The Spark
AUDIO
1
On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a member of a
Serbian terrorist group, killed Austrian Archduke
Objectives Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie.
As you teach this section, keep students
focused on the following objectives to help The first [bullet] struck the wife of the Archduke, the
Archduchess Sofia, in the abdomen. . . . She died
them answer the Section Focus Question instantly.
and master core content. The second bullet struck the Archduke close to
Describe how international rivalries the heart. He uttered only one word, Sofiaa call
and nationalism pushed Europe to his stricken wife. Then his head fell back and he
toward war. collapsed. He died almost instantly.
Borijove Jevtic, co-conspirator
Explain how the assassination in Sara- The assassin, Gavrilo Princip The assassinations triggered World War I, called The
jevo led to the start of World War I.
Great War by people at the time.
Austrian Archduke Francis
Analyze the causes and effects of the Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Focus Question Why and how did World War I begin
European alliance system. in 1914?
European Alliances and Military Build-Up, 1914 For: Audio guided tour
20 W
60
N 0
Web Code: nap-2611
10 W N O R W AY Central Powers Have students read this
Allies
SWEDEN Neutral Nations section using the Structured Read
Neutral nations that later
joined the Allies
Aloud strategy (TE, p. T20). As they
Neutral nations that later read, have students fill in the chart
No r t h joined the Central Powers
summarizing the sequence of events
ea
Sea The Balkans
cS
DENMAR leading to the start of World War I.
UN K
ti
KIN ITED l 100,000 soldiers
50
N GDO Ba Reading and Note Taking
M
Study Guide, p. 232
IA
NETH.
GERMANY RUSS
At Lond
o Berlin
la n
Oc ntic
ea
n
BELGIU
M Teach
N LUX.
Paris
W
E
FRAN
Alsa
Lorraicne-
e Vienna Alliances
CE Budapest
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SWITZ.
AU S T R I A H U N G A R Y Draw Lines L3
Instruct
40
N ROMANIA Sea
Sarajevo
Black Introduce: Key Terms Draw stu-
L
GA
SERBIA
I T A LY MONTENEGRO
BULGARIA
dents attention to the key term
RTU
S PA
IN entente (in blue) in the text. Explain
Rome ti nople
Constan
PO
ALBANIA
that an entente is a type of alliance.
MP IRE
AN E Ask students to brainstorm why coun-
GREECE OTTOM
tries might form alliances.
Teach Ask students to make a quick
Conic Projection list of the countries in the Triple Alli-
0 200 400 mi
Mediterranean Sea ance and the countries in the Triple
0 200 400 km
Entente. Ask Why did Germany
Map Skills By 1914, most of Europe 1. Locate (a) Germany (b) Alsace- 3. Synthesize Information Based on form alliances with Italy and
was divided into two armed camps, the Lorraine (c) the Balkans (d) Serbia the information on the map, which Austria-Hungary? (to protect itself
Allies and the Central Powers. Millions 2. Regions Why would Germans worry alliance do you think had the greater against a potential attack by France
of troops stood ready for war. about the alliance between France military advantage in 1914? and/or Russia)
and Russia?
Quick Activity Have students access
Web Code nap-2611 to take the
The Triple Entente A rival bloc took shape in 1893, when France and Geography Interactive Audio
Russia formed an alliance. In 1904, France and Britain signed an entente
Guided Tour and then answer the
(ahn TAHNT), a nonbinding agreement to follow common policies. Though
map skills questions in the text.
not as formal as a treaty, the entente led to close military and diplomatic
ties. Britain later signed a similar agreement with Russia. When war
began, these powers became known as the Allies. Independent Practice
Other alliances also formed. Germany signed a treaty with the Otto- Have students fill in the Outline Map
man empire. Britain drew close to Japan. Allies and Central Powers and use a map
What two large alliances took shape before the key to identify the different alliances.
beginning of World War I? Teaching Resources, Unit 6, p. 15
Answers
Solutions for All Learners Map Skills
1. Review locations with students.
L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners 2. France and Russia bordered Germany on two
To reinforce the concept of alliances, ask students to Use the following resources to help students acquire sides and could attack it from each direction.
suppose they came across two groups of classmates basic skills. 3. The Allies appear to have a greater advantage.
involved in a fight. Each group asks them to join their Adapted Reading and Note Taking They have more troop strength and surrounded
side. Ask students the pros and cons of staying out of Study Guide the major Central Powers.
the fight. What are the the pros and cons of getting Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 232 the Triple Alliance, made up of Germany, Italy,
involved? How would they decide who to help? Then, Adapted Section Summary, p. 233 and Austria-Hungary; and the Triple Entente,
have students compare and contrast their responses made up of France, Britain, and Russia
with the chart entitled Reasons for Entering the War.
Chapter 26 Section 1 817
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Rivalries and Nationalism Competition Economic rivalries helped sour the international atmo-
sphere. Germany, the newest of the great powers, was growing into an
Increase Tension L3 economic and military powerhouse. Britain felt threatened by its rapid
economic growth. Germany, in turn, thought the other great powers did
Instruct not give it enough respect. Germany also feared that when Russia caught
Introduce: Vocabulary Builder up to other industrialized nations, its huge population and vast supply of
Have students read the Vocabulary Vocabulary Builder natural resources would make it an unbeatable competitor.
Builder terms and definitions. Then ask overseas(OH vur SEEZ) adj. across the Overseas rivalries also divided European nations. In 1905 and again
students to read the first three sen- sea; foreign in 1911, competition for colonies brought France and Germany to the
tences under the heading Rivalries and brink of war in Morocco, then under Frances influence. Although diplo-
Nationalism Increase Tension and the mats kept the peace, Germany did gain some territory in central Africa.
black headings underneath it. Ask stu- As a result of the two Moroccan crises, Britain and France strengthened
dents to predict why status might be their ties against Germany.
With international tensions on the rise, the great powers began to
important to Europes great powers.
build up their armies and navies. The fiercest competition was the naval
How would overseas colonies affect
rivalry between Britain and Germany. To protect its vast overseas
their status?
empire, Britain had built the worlds most respected navy. As Germany
Teach Ask How did Germany feel began acquiring overseas colonies, it began to build up its own navy. Sus-
about the other great powers? picious of Germanys motives, Britain in turn increased naval spending.
(Germany felt that it was not respected Sensational journalism dramatized the arms race and stirred national
enough by the other nations.) How did public opinion against rival countries.
other great powers feel about The rise of militarism, or the glorification of the military, also helped
Germany? (Britain feared Germanys to feed the arms race. The militarist tradition painted war in romantic
economic potential and resented colors. Young men dreamed of blaring trumpets and dashing cavalry
Germany challenge to its navy; France chargesnot at all the sort of conflict they would soon face.
was embittered towards Germany after Nationalism Aggressive nationalism also caused tension. Nationalism
it lost the Franco-Prussian War and the was strong in both Germany and France. Germans were proud of their
provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.) new empires military power and industrial leadership. The French were
Quick Activity Have students bitter about their 1871 defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and yearned
Germanys Glorious Military to recover the lost border province of Alsace and Lorraine.
explain one effect of each of the follow-
Eager crowds watch a cavalry regiment, or In Eastern Europe, Russia sponsored a powerful form of nationalism
ing developments: (1) The French were group of troops serving on horseback, ride called Pan-Slavism. It held that all Slavic peoples shared a common
defeated in the Franco-Prussian War through Berlin in August 1914. Germanys
nationality. As the largest Slavic country, Russia felt that it had a duty to
and lost Alsace and Lorraine to Ger- army was known to be highly trained and
well disciplined, making it a formidable lead and defend all Slavs. By 1914, it stood ready to support Serbia, a
many. (2) Russia felt kinship with other proud young nation that dreamed of creating a South Slav state.
ghting force. How are the people pictured
Slavic countries. (3) There was rising showing pride in their military?
nationalism in Austria-Hungary and
the Ottoman empire. (4) Germany
gained territory as a result of the
Moroccan crises. (5) Countries joined
together in alliances.
Independent Practice
Break students into groups and assign
them one of the following countries or
empires: Britain, France, Germany, Rus-
sia, the Ottoman empire, Austria-
Hungary, Serbia. Ask each group to
write a few paragraphs describing the
position of their country or countries on
the eve of World War I. Then have each
group present their position to the class.
Monitor Progress
As students fill in their charts, circulate to
make sure they understand the events Solutions for All Learners
that led to World War I. For a completed
version of the chart, see L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented Students
Note Taking Transparencies, 169 To help students recognize bias, read aloud the fol- assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his
lowing headline from the New York Sun, written the wife, each from a separate country somehow involved
day after the assassination: Death of Francis Ferdi- in World War I. Remind students that before writing
Answer nand Makes for Peace of Europe. The correspondent each headline, they should take into account the politi-
Caption by watching the parade, saluting the who wrote the headline believed that Europe would cal viewpoints and biases that each newspaper might
soldiers on horseback, and waving hats and be more peaceful without the archduke, whose ideas have had. Then have students display their headlines,
handkerchiefs on some issues had led to tension in the past. Assign and invite other students to identify and explain any
students to write four additional headlines about the biases that they see in each headline.
818 World War I and the Russian Revolution
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Alliances Kick In/Reaction Reasons for Entering the War, JulyAugust 1914
to the War Instruct L3 Country Allied With Reasons for Entering War
Introduce: Key Terms Ask students Austria-Hungary Germany Wanted to punish Serbia for
to find the key term mobilize (in blue) encouraging terrorism
in the text and explain its meaning. Germany Austria-Hungary Stood by its one dependable
Remind students that Russia is the ally, Austria-Hungary
largest country in the alliance system. Serbia Russia Attacked by Austria-Hungary
Have them speculate as to why Russia after assassination of Archduke
might mobilize its troops early. What is Russia Serbia, France, Wanted to defend Slavic
the drawback to this plan? Britain peoples in Serbia
Teach Austrias declaration of war on France Russia and Britain Wanted to avoid facing
Serbia kicked off a chain reaction of Germany alone at a later date
events. Using the Idea Wave strategy Belgium Neutral Invaded by Germany
(TE, p. T22), have students briefly note
Britain France and Russia Outraged by invasion of Belgium
each event in the chain. Ask How was
France drawn into the war? (France Chart Skills Who started the war? During the war, each side blamed the other. Afterward, the
victorious Allies placed all blame on Germany, because it invaded Belgium. Today, historians
supported its ally, Russia, and Ger- still debate who should bear the blame for a catastrophe nobody wanted. Using information
many demanded that France keep out of from the chart, describe why Russians might feel that Germany started the war.
the conflict.) Why did Britain declare
war? (Britain had an agreement guar-
anteeing Belgian neutrality. Britain Alliances Kick In
declared war after Germany invaded
The war between Austria and Serbia might have been another
Belgium on the way to France.)
summer war, like most European wars of the previous century. How-
Quick Activity Display Color Trans- ever, the carefully planned alliances soon drew the great powers deeper
parency 157: The Schlieffen Plan. into conflict.
Review the map with students. Use the
Russia and France Back Serbia After Austrias declaration of war,
lesson suggested in the transparency
Serbia turned to its ally, Russia, the champion of Slavic nations. From
book to guide a discussion on the
St. Petersburg, Nicholas II telegraphed William II. The tsar asked the
causes and consequences of the kaiser to urge Austria to soften its demands. When this plea failed, Rus-
Schlieffen Plan. sia began to mobilize, or prepare its military forces for war. On August 1,
Color Transparencies, 157 Germany responded by declaring war on Russia.
Russia, in turn, appealed to its ally France. In Paris, nationalists saw
Independent Practice a chance to avenge Frances defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Though
French leaders had some doubts, they gave Russia the same kind of
Have students study the political cartoon
backing Germany offered to Austria. When Germany demanded that
on this page. Tell them that leaders
France keep out of the conflict, France refused. Germany then declared
emphasized that their countries were war on France.
fighting on the side of justice, and so could
not be blamed for starting the war. Ask Germany Invades Belgium By early August, the battle lines were
students to return to the groups with hardening. Italy and Britain still remained uncommitted. Italy chose to
whom they wrote their position papers. stay neutral for the time being. Neutrality is a policy of supporting nei-
Have them discuss how their assigned ther side in a war. Britain had to decide quickly whether or not to sup-
country or region might have spun events port its ally France. Then, Germanys war plans suddenly made the
to avoid blame. Then have them amend decision for Britain.
A cornerstone of Germanys military policy was a plan developed years
their papers to include the start of the war.
earlier by General Alfred von Schlieffen (SHLEE fun). Germanys location
presented the possibility of a two-front waragainst France in the west
Monitor Progress and Russia to the east. The Schlieffen Plan was designed to avoid this
Make sure students understand the problem. Schlieffen reasoned that Germany should move against France
position of their country or region. If a first because Russias lumbering military would be slow to mobilize.
group is having difficulty, direct them
to the chart on this page.
Check Reading and Note Taking Study History Background
Guide entries to ensure students
understand the causes of World War I. The War-Guilt Question Ever since the Treaty of In the 1960s, Fritz Fischer and other German histori-
Versailles forced Germany and its allies to accept ans suggested that German leaders desire for world
responsibility for starting World War I, there has been power may have been to blame. Fischer studied Ger-
Answer continued debate as to who should bear this blame. man war goals and concluded that the government
Scholarship moved away from blaming Germany in intentionally incited the 1914 crisis. In the 2004 study
Chart Skills Russians might feel that Germany
the 1920s and 1930s. Instead, it blamed the European Cataclysm, historian David Stevenson agreed but he
started the war because of their support of leaders collectively. Some pointed to such long-term also showed that each country could have gained from
Austria-Hungary and eventual invasion of causes as nationalism and the alliance system. Others war and each took a calculated risk in engaging in it.
Belgium, which was a neutral country. held that the war was a series of blunders. The discussion continues.
Answers
4. Small nations in the Balkans had national- Plan and invade Belgium, which caused
Section 1 Assessment istic goals, which threatened the Austria- Britain to declare war on Germany.
1. Sentences should reflect an understand- Hungarian and Ottoman empires. A con- Writing About History
ing of each term, person, or place listed at flict in the Balkans would quickly spread Charts should show an event from the sec-
the beginning of the section. because of the alliance system. tion, such as Germany invading Belgium,
2. After a long period of growing antagonism 5. It issued an ultimatum to the Serbian with one valid cause and one valid effect.
between allied blocs, Europes great powers government. When Serbia refused to meet
were drawn into a regional conflict by the all demands, Austria declared war.
alliances they had formed for protection. 6. Germanys location between France and For additional assessment, have students
3. to discourage rival countries from attack- Russia caused it to follow the Schlieffen access Progress Monitoring Online at
ing them Web Code naa-2611.