CAUSE AND EFFECTS

1. By using the method cause and effects, you can determine the Responding
Variable and Manipulate Variable of the experiment.

CAUSE EFFECT

MANIPULATE VARIABLE RESPONDING VARIABLE

(MV) (RV)

2. After determining your cause and effects, you are now able to answer
Paper 3, question 3 or 4 by using the following formats.

No. Item Formats

1. Inference : (RV) depends on (MV)____

2. Hypothesis : The greater the (MV)____ , the greater the (RV)

3. Aim/Purpose: To study the relationship between (MV) and (RV)

4. Variables :
Manipulate (MV)
Variables:
Responding (RV)
Variable:
Constant
Variable:

5. Apparatus: { make sure your apparatus include all material to measure your
MV,RV and CV }

6. Arrangement: Draw and label!!

7. Procedure: 1. The apparatus arranged according to the diagram above.

2. (write oh how you measure or gain your RV)
3. The experiment is repeated with ( your MV)
4. The data is then tabulated.

8. Results:
MV (unit) RV (unit)
10
20
Cumpolsary6numberof 30
values!! 40
50
60

9. Analysis Of Data:
RV (unit)

MV (unit)

Exercise
Determine the cause and effects on every cases.
Q3,Q4page: 1
1. Figures show two slides P and Q of different heights in a playground.

Slide P Slide Q

A boy going and sliding down from the top of both slides P and Q found that he
reaches the ground at different speeds.

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

2. As a diver dives deeper, he experinces increasing pain in his eardrums. When he

swims to the surface, he discovers that the pain disappears.

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

3. Diagram 3.1 and 3.2 show two wooden tops. One of tops is partly coated with tin.
Both tops are the same size and are rotated with the same velocity.
Diagram 3.2 shows the top, which is partly coated with tin table to spin longer.

Diagram 3.1

Diagram 3.2

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

4. Diagram 3 shows two different situations of a skier by wearing ordinary shoes and
then wearing snow hoes. The mass of ordinary shoes and the snow shoes are the same.

Q3,Q4page: 2
 Diagram 3

Based on your observations on the depth of sinking of the skier in the snow by
wearing ordinary shoes and by wearing snow shoes.

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

5. A boy pushes the boxes along a level walkway as shown in Diagram 4.1. The boy
experiences that the boxes move slowly. When the boy removes one of the boxes
as shown in Diagram 4.2, he experiences that the boxes move faster than before
although the same force was applied.

Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

1. Diagram 3.1 shows a worker carrying a gas tank. Diagram 3.2 shows the same
worker carrying two gas tanks.

Observe the length of the spring in the suspension system of the motorcycle in both
situations.
CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)
CHAPTER 2: FORCES

SPM 2010 Question 3

Q3,Q4page: 3
Diagram 3.1 shows a man pushing a broken-down car with passengers in it. The car moves
with a small acceleration.
Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan seorang lelaki sedang menolak kereta yang rosak dengan
beberapa orang penumpang berada di dalamnya. Kereta itu bergerak dengan pecutan
yang kecil.

Diagram 3.2 shows the man pushing the same car with the same force with no passenger
in it. The car moves with a bigger acceleration.
Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan lelaki itu sedang menolak kereta yang sama dengan daya yang
soma tanpa penumpang di dalamnya. Kereta itu bergerak dengan pecutan yang lebih
besar.

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

CHAPTER 3: PRESSURE

SPM 2012 Question 3

Diagram 3.1 shows a student squeezing a balloon filled with air. Diagram 3.2 shows the
student squeezing the balloon further upwards. The volume of the balloon decreases and it
becomes harder.
Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan seorang murid sedang mencerut satu belon yang berisi udara.
Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan murid itu meneruskun cerulan ke arah alas. Isi padu belon itu
semakin berkurang dan belon itu terasa menjadi lebih keras.

Based on the information and observation:

Berdasarkan maklumat dan pemerhatian tersebut:

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

CHAPTER 4: HEAT

Q3,Q4page: 4
SPM 2005 Question 3

Before going on a long journey. Shareena measured the air pressure in the tyre of the car,
as shown in figure 3.1. She found that the air pressure in the tyre was 190 kPa.
After the journey. Shareena measured again the air pressure in the tyre as shown in Figure
3.2. She found that the air pressure in the tyre had increased to 235 kPa.
Shareena also found that the tyre became hot after the journey. However the size of the
tyre remained the same.
Sebelum membuat suatu perjalanan yang jauh, Shareena mengukur tekuman udara di
dalam tayar keretanya seperti ditunjukkan pada Rajah 3.1. Dia mendapati lekanan udara
dalam tayar itu adalah 190 kPa. Selepas perjalanan yang jauh itu, Shareena mengukur
semula udara dalam tayar itu, seperti ditunjukkan pada Rajah 3.2. Dia mendapati tekanan
udara dalam tayar itu meningkat kepada 235 kPa. Shareena juga mendapati tayar itu
menjadi panas selepas perialanan itu. Walau hagaimana pun saiz tayar itu tidak berubah.

Using the information on Shareena's observation on the air pressure in the tyre;
Menggunakan maklumat dalam pemerhatian Shareena tentang tekanan udara dalam
tayar itu

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

CHAPTER 5: LIGHT

SPM 2007 Question 3

Diagram 3 shows two opaque cups, A and B. containing different amount of water. A similar
coin is placed at the bottom of each cup.When the coin is observed from the same position,
the image of the coin in cup A cannot be seen, but the image of the coin in cup B can be
seen.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan dua cawan legap, A dan B. yang berisi air yang berlainan kuantiti.
Sekeping syiling serupa diletakkan di dasar setiap cawan itu.
Apabila syiling itu diperhati daripada kedudukan yang sama, imej syiling dalam cawan A
tidak boleh dilihat tetapi imej syiling dalam cawan B boleh dilihat.

Q3,Q4page: 5
 Based on your observations on the depth of the water and the position of the images of
the coins:
Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda tentang kedalaman air dan kedudukan imej syiling-
syiling tersebut:

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

SPM 2011 Question 3

Diagram 3.1(a) and Diagram 3.1(b) show a camera with the convex lens in different
positions.
The photograph in Diagram 3.2(a) shows the image of two cars formed when the convex
lens of the camera is in the position as shown in Diagram 3.1(a).
The photograph in Diagram 3.2(b) shows a bigger image of the two cars formed when the
convex lens of the camera is nearer to the cars as shown in Diagram 3.1(b).
Rajah 3.1(a) dan Rajah 3.1(b) menunjukkan satu kamera dengan kedudukan kanta
cembung yang berbeza.
Fotograf dalam Rajah 3.2(a) menunjukkan imej yang terbentuk hagi dua buah kereta
apabila kanta cembung
bagi kamera berada pada kedudukan seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.1(a).
Fotograf dalam Rajah 3.2(b) menunjukkan imej yang lebih besar terbenluk bagi kedua-dua
buah kereta itu bila kanta cembung bagi kamera lebih dekat kepada kereta seperti
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.1(b).

Q3,Q4page: 6
 CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

CHAPTER 6: WAVE

SPM 2006 Question 4

Diagrams 4.1 and 4.2 show two taps releasing droplets of water into large containers.The
number of droplets which fall per second in Diagram 4.1 is more compared to the number
of droplets in Diagram 4.2.
The cross-sections of the water waves formed from the droplets in the containers are
shown in the diagrams. Rajah 4.1 dan Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan dua buah pili yang
menitiskan air ke dalam bekas besar.
Bilangan titisan yang jaiuli dalam masa satu saat pada Rajah 4.1 lebih hanyak berbanding
bilangan titisan pada Rajah 4.2. Keraian rentas gelombang air yang terbentuk daripada
titisan dalam bekas itu ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

CAUSE EFFECT

Q3,Q4page: 7
 (MV) (RV)

SPM2011 Question 4

Diagram 4.1 shows a boy tapping the surface of the water with both his feet
simultaneously. Diagram 4.2 shows the boy repeating his action with his feet further apart.
The boy notices that when his feet are further apart, the distance between the ripples
becomes less.
Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan seorang budak lelaki sedang merentak-rentakkan kedua-dua
kakinya secara serentak ke atas permukaan air.
Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan budak lelaki itu mengulang perbuatannya dengan jarak kedua-dua
kaki yang lebih jauh. Budak lelaki itu mendapati bila jarak kedua-dua kakinxa lebih jauh,
jarak antara riak-riak air berkurang.

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

CHAPTER 7: ELECTRICITY

SPM 2007 Question 4

Diagram 4.1 shows Jason taking a shower on a very cold morning. After the water heater is
switched on for a while, he still feels cold.
Diagram 4.2 shows that Jason no longer feels cold after the temperature control knob on
the heater is turned.
Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan Jason sedang mandi pada suatu pagi yang sangat sejuk. Selepas
pemanas air dihidupkan beberapa ketika, dia masih terasa sejuk.
Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan Jason tidak lagi terasa sejuk selepas tombol kawalan suhu pada
pemanas diputarkan.

Q3,Q4page: 8
Based on the observation on Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 and using your knowledge of
the effect of current on heating:
Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda pada Rajah 4.1 dan Rajah 4.2 dan menggunakan
pengetahuan anda tentang kesan arus terhadap pemanasan:

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

SPM 2012 Question 4

Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show two electric bread toasters A and B with the same
power rating. A has a thick heating clement. It glows less brightly and produces less heat.
Toaster B has a thin heating element. It glows more brightly and produces more heat.
Rajah 4.1 dan Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan dua pembakar roti elektrik A dan B dengan kadar
kuasa yang sama. Pembakar A mempunyai unsur pemanas yang tebal. la berbara dengan
kurang cerah dan menghasilkan kurang haba. Pembakar B mempunyai unsur pemanas
yang nipis. la berbara dengan lehilt cerah dan menghasilkan lebih haba.

Based on the observation and your knowledge about electrical resistance:

Berdasarkan pemerhatian dan pengetahuan anda tentang rintangan elektrik:

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

Q3,Q4page: 9
CHAPTER 8: ELECTROMAGNETISM

SPM 2009 Question 4

Diagram 4.1 shows an electromagnet being used to lift scrap metal.

Diagram 4.2 shows the same electromagnet being used to lift a bigger quantity of scrap
metal when the
current flowing through it is increased.
Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan satu eleklromagnet digunakan untuk mengangkat besi buruk.
Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan elektromagnet yang soma digunakan untuk mengangkat lebih
hanyak kuantiii besi buruk
apabila arus yang mengalir melaluinya ditambah.

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

SPM 2010 Question 4

Diagram 4 shows two similar electric bells. A and B. The current which flows through both
bells is same. Bell A has more turns of wire. Its hammer strikes the gong harder to produce
a louder ring. Bell B has less turns of wire. Its hammer strikes the gong weaker to produce
a softer ring.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan dua loceng elektrik. A dan B. yang serupa. Arus yang mengalir
melalui kedua-dua loceng itu adalah sama. Loceng A mempunyai lebih bilangan lilitan
dawai. Penukulnya memukul gong lebih kuat dan menghasilkan deringan yang lebih kuat.
Loceng B mempunyai kurang bilangan lilitan dawai. Penukulnya memukul gong lebih
lemah dan menghasilkan deringan yang lebih perlahan.

Q3,Q4page: 10
 CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

SPM 2008 Question 4

Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show a mixer.

In Diagram 4.1, the dial is set at minimum current and the beaters are spinning.
In Diagram 4.2, the dial is set at maximum current and the beaters spin faster.
When the beaters spin faster, the force exerted on the mixture is greater.
Rajah 4.1 dan Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan suatu pengadun.
Dalam Rajah 4.1, pelarasnya dilaraskan pada arus minimum dan pemukul berputar.
Dalam Rajah 4.2. pelarasnya dilaraskan pada arus maksimum dan pemukul berputar lebih
laju.
Apabila pemukul berputar dengan lebih laju, daya yang bertindak ke atas adunan lebih
besar.

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

SPM 2005 Question 4

Figure 4.1 shows a cross-section of a bicycle dynamo which has a magnet and a coil of
insulated copper wire. The output of the dynamo is connected to a bicycle lamp.
The lamp will light up when the magnet is rotated by turning the wheel. The light gets
brighter when the wheels turns faster.
Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan keratan rentas suatu dinamo basikal yang mengandungi suatu
magnet gegelung dawai kuprum bertebat. Output dinamo itu disambung kepada sebuah
lampu basikal.

Q3,Q4page: 11
Lampu basikal itu akan menyala apabila magnet itu diputar dengan cara memusingkan
basikal itu . Nyalaan lampu itu menjadi bertambah terang apabila roda basikal itu dipusing
dengan lebih laju.

CAUSE EFFECT

(MV) (RV)

Q3,Q4page: 12