DC MOTOR:

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A

current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field when this is then placed in an
external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the
conductor, and to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of
from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while
like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal configuration of a
DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying
conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion.

The shunt motor is different from the series motor in that the field winding is
connected in parallel with the armature instead of in series. You should remember from
basic electrical theory that a parallel circuit is often referred to as a shunt. Since the field
winding is placed in parallel with the armature, it is called a shunt winding and the motor
is called a shunt motor. Figure shows a diagram of a shunt motor. Notice that the field
terminals are marked Fl and F2, and the armature terminals are marked Al andA2. You
should notice in this diagram that the shunt field is represented with multiple turns using
a thin line.

Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a
magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or
winding with a "South" polarization).

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator,
commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that
BEAMers will see), the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent
magnets1. The stator is the stationary part of the motor ,this includes the motor casing, as
well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and
attached commutator) rotate with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings
(generally on a core), the windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The
above diagram shows a common motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field)
magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such
that when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator
magnet(s) are misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the
stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next
commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole motor,
the rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip"
of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a
very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can
imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its
rotation (perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile,
with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power
supply (i.e., both brushes touch both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be
bad for the power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet
another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would exhibit a high amount of
torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic with the position of the
rotor).
Diagram of DC shunt motor.
 Two factors are important in the selection of a motor for a particular application:
the variation of the speed with a change in load, and the variation of the torque with a
change in load. A shunt motor is basically a constant speed device. If a load is applied,
the motor tends to slow down.

The slight loss in speed reduces the counter emf and results in an increase of the
armature current. This action continues until the increased current produces enough
torque to meet the demands of the increased load. As a result, the shunt motor is in a state
of stable equilibrium because a change of load always produces a reaction that adapts the
power input to the change in load.

The basic circuit for a shunt motor is shown in figure. Note that only a shunt field
winding is shown. Figure shows the addition of a series winding to counteract the effects
of armature reaction. From the standpoint of a schematic diagram, figure represents a
compound motor. However, this type of motor is not considered to be a com pound motor
because the commutating winding is not wound on the same pole as the field winding and
the series field has only a few turns of wire in series with the armature circuit. As a result,
the operating characteristics are those of a shunt motor. This is so noted on the nameplate
of the motor by the terms compensated shunt motor or stabilized shunt motor.

DC MOTOR CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS:

A shunt-wound motor is a direct-current motor in which the field windings and the
armature may be connected in parallel across a constant-voltage supply. In adjustable
speed applications, the field is connected across a constant-voltage supply and the
armature is connected across an independent adjustable-voltage supply. Permanent
magnet motors have similar control
DC MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS:

It will be easier to understand the operation of the DC motor from a basic

diagram that shows the magnetic interaction between the rotating armature and the
stationary field's coils. Below Figure shows three diagrams that explain the DC motor's
operation in terms of the magnetic interaction.
In Fig. (a) you can see that a bar magnet has been mounted on a shaft so that it
can spin. The field winding is one long coil of wire that has been separated into two
sections. The top section is connected to the positive pole of the battery and the bottom
section is connected to the negative pole of the battery. It is important to understand that
the battery represents a source of voltage for this winding. In the actual industrial-type
motor this voltage will come from the DC voltage source for the motor. The current flow
in this direction makes the top coil the north pole of the magnet and the bottom coil the
south pole of the magnet.

The bar magnet represents the armature and the coil of wire represents the field.
The arrow shows the direction of the armature's rotation. Notice that the arrow shows the
armature starting to rotate in the clockwise direction. The north pole of the field coil is
repelling the north pole of the armature, and the south pole of the field coil is repelling
the south pole of the armature.

(a) Magnetic diagram that explains the operation of a DC motor. The rotating
magnet moves clockwise because like poles repel.
(b) The rotating magnet is being attracted because the poles are unlike.
(c) The rotating magnet is now shown as the armature coil, and its polarity is
determined by the brushes and commutator segments.
 As the armature begins to move, the north pole of the armature comes closer to
the south pole of the field, and the south pole of the armature is coming closer to the
north pole of the field. As the two unlike poles near each other, they begin to attract. This
attraction becomes stronger until the armature's north pole moves directly in line with the
field's south pole, and its south pole moves directly in line with the field's north pole (b).

When the opposite poles are at their strongest attraction, the armature will be
"locked up" and will resist further attempts to continue spinning. For the armature to
continue its rotation, the armature's polarity must be switched. Since the armature in this
diagram is a permanent magnet, you can see that it would lock up during the first rotation
and not work. If the armature is an electromagnet, its polarity can be changed by
changing the direction of current flow through it. For this reason the armature must be
changed to a coil (electromagnet) and a set of commutator segments must be added to
provide a means of making contact between the rotating member and the stationary
member.

One commutator segment is provided for each terminal of the magnetic coil.
Since this armature has only one coil, it will have only two terminals, so the commutator
has two segments.

Since the armature is now a coil of wire, it will need DC current flowing through
it to become magnetized. This presents another problem; since the armature will be
rotating, the DC voltage wires cannot be connected directly to the armature coil.

A stationary set of carbon brushes is used to make contact to the rotating

armature. The brushes ride on the commutator segments to make contact so that Current
will flow through the armature coil.In Fig. (C) you can see that the DC voltage is applied
to the field and to the brushes.

Since negative DC voltage is connected to one of the brushes, the commutator

segment the negative brush rides on will also be negative. The armature's magnetic field
causes the armature to begin to rotate. This time when the armature gets to the point
where it becomes locked up with the magnetic field, the negative brush begins to touch
the end of the armature coil that was previously positive and the positive brush begins to
touch the end of the armature coil that was negative.

This action switches the direction of current flow through the armature, which also
switches the polarity of the armature coil's magnetic field at just the right time so that the
repelling and attracting continues. The armature continues to switch its magnetic polarity
twice during each rotation, which causes it to continually be attracted and repelled with
the field poles.

This is a simple two-pole motor that is used primarily for instructional

purposes. Since the motor has only two poles, the motor will operate rather roughly and
not provide too much torque. Additional field poles and armature poles must be added to
the motor for it to become useful for industry.

Two factors are important in the selection of a motor for a particular application:

(1) the variation of the speed with a change in load.

(2) the variation of the torque with a change in load.

A shunt motor is basically a constant speed device. If a load is applied, the motor
tends to slow down. The slight loss in speed reduces the counter emf and results in an
increase of the armature current.

This action continues until the increased current produces enough torque to meet
the demands of the increased load. As a result, the shunt motor is in a state of stable
equilibrium because a change of load always produces a reaction that adapts the power
input to the change in load.

The basic circuit for a shunt motor is shown in figure . Note that only a shunt field
winding is shown. Figure 1-10B shows the addition of a series winding to counteract the
effects of armature reaction. From the standpoint of a schematic diagram, figure 1-10B
represents a compound motor. However, this type of motor is not considered to be a com
pound motor because the commutating winding is not wound on the same pole as the
field winding and the series field has only a few turns of wire in series with the armature
circuit.

As a result, the operating characteristics are those of a shunt motor. This is so noted
on the nameplate of the motor by the terms compensated shunt motor or stabilized shunt
motor.

Speed Control
 A dc shunt motor has excellent speed control. To operate the motor above its rated
speed, a field rheostat is used to reduce the field current and field flux. To operate below
rated speed, reduce the voltage applied to the armature circuit.

A more modem method of speed control is the electronic speed control system. The
principles of control are the same as the manual controls. Speeds above normal are
achieved by reducing the field voltage electronically and speeds below normal reduce the
voltage applied to the armature.

Rotation

The direction of armature rotation may be changed by reversing the direction of cur
rent in either the field circuit or the armature circuit. For a motor with a simple shunt field
circuit, it may be easier to reverse the field circuit lead. If the motor has a series winding,
or an interpole winding to counteract armature reaction, the same relative direction of cur
rent must be maintained in the shunt and series windings. For this reason, it is always
easier to reverse the direction of the armature current.

Shunt motor connections:

(A) Without Commutating Poles; (B) With Commutating Poles

Torque

A dc shunt motor has high torque at any speed. At startup, a dc shunt motor develops 150
percent of its rated torque if the resistors used in the starting mechanism are capable of
withstanding the heating effects of the current. For very short periods of time, the motor
can develop 350 percent of full load torque, if necessary.

Speed Regulation
The speed regulation of a shunt motor drops from 5 percent to 10 percent from the no-
load state to full load. As a result, a shunt motor is superior to the series dc motor, but is
inferior to a compound-wound dc motor. Figure shows a dc motor with horse power
ratings ranging from 1 hp to 5 hp.

the field coil. In this application the armature coil is usually changed, as was the case
with the series motor. the electrical diagram of a DC shunt motor connected to a forward
and reversing motor starter. You should notice that the Fl and F2 terminals of the shunt
field are connected directly to the power supply, and the Al and A2 terminals of the
armature winding are connected to the reversing starter. When the FMS is energized, its
contacts connect the Al lead to the positive power supply terminal and the A2 lead to the
negative power supply terminal.

The Fl motor lead is connected directly to the positive terminal of the power
supply and the F2 lead is connected to the negative terminal. When the motor is wired in
this configuration, it will begin to run in the forward direction. When the RMS is
energized, its contacts reverse the armature wires so that the Al lead is connected to the
negative power supply terminal and the A2 lead is connected to the positive power supply
terminal. The field leads are connected directly to the power supply, so their polarity is
not changed.

Since the field's polarity has remained the same and the armature's polarity has
reversed, the motor will begin to rotate in the reverse direction. The control part of the
diagram shows that when the FMS coil is energized, the RMS coil is locked out.
Installing a Shunt Motor A shunt motor can be installed easily.

The motor is generally used in belt-drive applications. This means that the
installation procedure should be broken into two sections, which include the mechanical
installation of the motor and its load, and the installation of electrical wiring and controls.

When the mechanical part of the installation is completed, the alignment of the
motor shaft and the load shaft should be checked. If the alignment is not true, the load
will cause an undue stress on the armature bearing and there is the possibility of the load
vibrating and causing damage to it and the motor. After the alignment is checked, the
tension on the belt should also be tested. As a rule of thumb, you should have about V2 to
1/4 inch of play in the belt when it is properly tensioned.

Several tension measurement devices are available to determine when a belt is

tensioned properly. The belt tension can also be compared to the amount of current the
motor draws.
 The motor must have its electrical installation completed to use this method. The
motor should be started, and if it is drawing too much current, the belt should be loosened
slightly but not enough to allow the load to slip. If the belt is slipping, it can be tightened
to the point where the motor is able to start successfully and not draw current over its
rating The electrical installation can be completed before,