BIOL 1010 Exam #2 Take Home portion NAME_________________________

Nhi T. Vo

YOU MUST ANSWER IN THE SPACE PROVIDED. You may want to use www.pdfescape.com

1) The Plasma Membrane of a cell is both a FLUID and a MOSAIC. OUTLINE how
each of these terms applies to the membrane. (2 points)
The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components -
including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates - that gives the membrane a fluid character.

2) Osmosis is the movement of water across a biological membrane. Describe the

problems this creates for organisms that live in the ocean and contrast that with the
challenges faced by those that live in freshwater lakes. (3 points)
Osmosis transports only water across a membrane and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the
water. Many marine invertebrates have internal salt levels matched to their environments, making them isotonic
with the water in which they live, Fish however, much spedn approx. five percent of their metabolic energy
maintaining osmotic homeostatis. Freshwater fish live in an environment that is hypotonic to their cells. These
fish actively take in salt rhough their gills and excrete diluted urine to rid themselves of excess water. Salt water
fish live in the reverse environment, which is hypertonic to their cells, and they secrete salt through their gills and
excrete highly concentrated urine.

3) EXPLAIN why cells benefit from pumping ions across their membranes. (2 points)

Cells benefit from pumping ions across their membranes because they carry a charge and can't come back.
They have the ability to separate them and charge the batteries.
4) Would each of the following be considered catabolic or anabolic? EXPLAIN (3 points)

a) a ball rolling down a hill

catabolic - releasing energy, rolling down a hill.

b) a leaf growing on a tree

anabolic - constructing a leaf, storing energy.

c) food being digested

catabolic - breaks down food to release energy

5) Would the following types of energy be considered POTENTIAL or KINETIC?

EXPLAIN (3 points)

a) electricity powering a vacuum cleaner

Kinetic energy - because it helps power the vacuum cleaner, uses the energy as it flows from the electrical outlet
to the vacuum.

b) a piece of bread
A piece of bread is a potential energy. When consumed, it gets break down into energy for use in the body.

c) an athlete eating a big meal to prepare for a game

an athlete eating a big meal to prepare for a game is potential energy. Because if he eat a lot, when he joined,
the game, he will have enough energy in order to play. If he doesn't eat before the game, then he won't have the
energy to play, causing lack of energy which can result in health difficulties.
6) Why do we refer to ATP as an activated energy carrier ? (2 points)
ATP is the primary energy-supplying molecule for living cells. It is made up of nucleotide, and three phosphate
groups. The bonds that connect the phosphates have high-energy content. The energy released from the
hydrolysis of the ATP into ADP + Pi is used to perform cellular work. Cells use ATP to perform work by
coupling the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions. ATP can be thought as of the
primary energy currency of cells in the same way that money is the currency that people exchange for things
they need.

7) Why would your muscle cells make lactic acid when they dont need it ? (2 points)

Our muscles make lactic acid when there isn't enough oxygen in the cells. The body produces lactic acid
so that the muscles can keep working.

8) Outline the INPUTS and OUTPUTS for Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle (2 points)
Glycolysis is the first pathway used in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy. Glycolysis consists of
two parts. The firs tpart prepares the six-carbon ring of glucose for cleavage into two three-carbon sugars. ATP
is invested in the process during this half of energize the separation. The second half of glycolysis extracts
ATP and high-energy electrons from hydrogen atoms and attaches them to NAD+. Two ATP molecules are
invested in the first half and four ATP molecules are fromed by substrate phophorylation during the second half.
Thid produces a net gain of two ATP and two NADH molecules for the cell.

The Krebs Cycle - also known as the citric acid cycle. It is a series of redox and decarboxylation reactions that
remove high-energy electrons and carbon dioxide. Teh electrons temporarily stored in molecules of NADH and
FADH2 are used to generate ATP in a subsequent pathway. One molecule of either GTP or ATP is produced by
substrate-level phosphorylation on each turn of the cycle.
9) DESCRIBE how CARBON enters the living world. (3 points)
All living things are made of carbon. Carbon is attached to some oxygen and takes a form of gas called
carbon dioxide. Then plants takes in CO2, they keep the carbon and releases the oxygen. Animals breathe
in oxygen and breathe out CO2. Therefore, plants and animals depend on each other. And when things
died, they turned into fossil
fuels and carbon returns to the atmosphere when fuels are burned.

10) DESCRIBE the rolls of each of the following in photosynthesis: (3 points)

a) sunlight
Plants use the energy of the sun to change water and carbon dioxide into a sugar (glucose). Glucose is used by
plants for energy and to make other substances like cellulose and starch.

b) water
Water split into oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons to replace the lost electrons of photosystem II in light-dependent
reaction. As hydrogen ions pass through ATP synthase, ATP is formed to use the light-independent reaction.

c) oxygen
Oxygen is generated as a waste product of photosynthesis, which we breathe in.