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Promotion
Project Report
How do companies
decide on their
promotion budget?
There are mainly four
methods of sales
promotion :
Affordable Method :
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One executive
explained this method
as follows : "Why, its Asiance -
simple. First I go
upstairs to the
Digital Agency
controller and how Seoul based digital agency
much they can afford Digital strategist for Korea
to give us this year. He
Market
says a million and half.
Later, the boss comes asiance.com
to me and asks how
much we should spend
and I say Oh about a Advertising Effectiveness Project Report
million and half."
Internal Customer Satisfaction Project Report
It is a method which is
uncertain one and
makes long term
planning difficult.
Percentage of Sales
Method :
First, its use means that promotional budget vary with what a company can
afford.
Inspite of the advantages, the % sales method has little to justify it. Its
reasoning is circular : It views sales as the determiner of the promotion
rather than as a result. It leads to budget setting by availability of funds
rather than by marketing opportunities.
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The objective & task method calls upon marketers to develop their
promotion budgets by defining their specific objectives, determining the
task that must be performed to achieve these objectives, and estimating the
cost of performing these tasks.
Companies face the task of distributing the total promotion budget over the
five promotional tools :
Advertising
Sales Promotion
Sales Force
Direct Marketing.
Promotion is the final element in the marketing mix. After the nature of product
is decided, its price fixed and the methods of distribution decided, the
manufactures has to take effective steps in meeting the consumers in the
markets. In the present consumer oriented markets it is the duty of
manufacturers to know what is required by the consumer. It is also their duty to
make the customers know where, when how and at what prices. The products
would be available.
Meaning of Promotion
The term promotion is the term and includes mainly three type of
sales activity :
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1. Pull Blend.
2. Push Blend.
1. A pull blend is one in which mass impersonal, sales efforts are given the
greatest emphasis. The purpose of pull blend to pre-sell to the final
consumers. So that they demand the product at the retail level of
distribution. The firm adopting this strategy would spend more on
advertising and sales promotion rather than in personal selling. These
efforts pull down the product from the manufacturer.
The term promotion is very often used as a synonym for selling. But
selling is a narrow term which includes only transfer of title or personal
selling. Promotion on the other hand is broader in its outlook and
includes a variety of activities used ultimately for increasing sales
volume.
Similarly the terms sales promotion can not be taken to mean what is
commonly does. Sales promotion, is only a part of the promotion. Basically
promotion is an "exercise" in information persecution and influence. Promotion
has come to mean the over all co-ordination of advertising selling, publicity and
public relations. Promotion is a helping function designed to make all other
marketing activities more effective and efficient. But sales promotion as such
helps only the selling activity still, there exit same difference of opinion on the
real connection of the term sales promotion.
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"Sales promotion means any step that are taken for the purpose of obtaining or
increasing sales".
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In the promises of the whole saler or the retailer the products sales personnel
will conduct special demonstration for the companies product. A personal
demonstration is good to introduce a new product at its peculiar advantage can
be high lightened and the consumers doubt clear. It can be used to restimulate
an old product. A good demonstration with a great dealer of action will draw
heavy crowds in to the store and will attract attention to the product.
These are given directly to the consumer these coupons are in most cases
kept inside the package. The consumers many receive a price reduction of
the stated values of the coupon at the time of purchase. The retailer
receives reimbursement for the value of the coupon form the
manufacturer. Coupons act as a short run stimulus to the sale of the
product, since they are directly tied with the purchase of the item. They
encourage the retailer to stock the product.
What is important is that a coupon offer does not spoil the named price of
the brand nor does it un pair the margin of the dealers. But it is not easy to
measure the effectiveness of a coupon offer. One over knows how many
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customer would have bought the product without the incentive. It is also
difficult to find out how many customers were held after the coupon offer
expired.
This offer is intended to stimulate the sales during a slump season. In this
method the customer is offered a reduction from the printed price list. It is
also used when a substitute for competing product enters the market.
Many experts on sales promotion fed that Off Schemes are among the
weaker and less desirable methods of promotion. These can be trade
resentment particularly when the retailer raises the price to retain his
margin. Secondly that is not conductive to building up brand loyalty.
Consumers may simply shift to the products that offer this scheme.
3. Samples :-
Disadvantage of Sampler :-
5. Trading Stamps :-
6. Buy-Back Allowance :
the first trade deal. It extends the life of a trade deal and helps to prevent
part deal sales decline. It greatly strengthens the buyers motivation to co-
operate on the first deal.
7. Premium :-
(b) Factory in pack premium these are popular in the case of Body food
and Tin food items, Spoons, Cups, Measuring, Glass etc. and such other
items are packed with the product in the box itself. Factory in pack
premium are particularly goods for product meant for children. The Binaca
Toothpaste packs contain animal shape toys. These are very attractive and
qutie popular among the children.
The cost of the premium is collected from the buyer himself. But when the
buyers pays for it he has to pay only a considerably low price for the
premium. This is possible for the manufacturer purchases the items in bulk
at a premium and his cost per unit as is substantially low.
Often this service is reciprocal the manufacturer may acquaint his dealer
with the fact relating to his production and prices while the dealer may
familiarize him in return with the information bearing on charges in the
consumer's demand, their like and dislike complaints and criticism,
substitutes etc.
The gestures of regard and respect pave the way for better relation and co-
operation.
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Aggressive Selling
Meaning :-
Aggressive selling is based on the answer to the question how much does
the firm gain (in term of sales with profit) by using this method defensive
selling is based on consideration as to how much the firm will lose if it does
not use this method increase of sales can be obtained from two sources:-
2. From the competitors i.e. those consumers who were purchasing similar
product of competiting firms, if the market for the product is static.
Acc. to H. Whitehead :-
"In case of an expanding market all the firm may stand to gain by following
the methods of aggressive selling but if the market is static manufacturer of
a new market will have to be much more aggressive to capture the
established market of competitors".
3. When the total market for the product or line of product to expanding.
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Sales promotion efforts use for aggressive selling may be divided in two
classes.
1. Trade Promotion.
2. Consumer Promotion.
1. Trade Promotion :-
Under trade promotion methods special incentives are offered to the trader
to buy products of the firm. Such incentive may take one or more of the
following firm :-
Instead of giving any cash allowance extra product is given with each unit
of product ordered. For instance if a box normally contains 20 Cakes of
Soap, special box contains 25 cakes may be made and sold at the same
price as that of the box of 20 cakes.
(c) Gifts :-
2. Consumer Promotion :-
(a) Coupons :-
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Under this system, the firm offers an article at an attracting price if the
consumer send a given sum of money accompanied by a given number of
box tops from the packages of a particular product the benefit to the
consumer is that he receives the articles at a bargain price.
Under this system a product is sold at a reduced price for a short period
Bargain pack method encourages new consumers to try the product. It is
also helpful in obtaining large displays in the shops.
(d) Sampling :-
The method involves giving the product or a small quantity of the product
to a consumer free with the hope that the customer will be favourable
impressed with its actual use and will eventually become a regular
purchaser of the product.
(ii) Instead of using wholesalers, the firm may develop its own sales force
to call directly on retailers.
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