"!$#%'&)(+*%-,/.10/!$23 465+798;:6<6<6<>=?'@+%-A97B:6<6<6C
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.EHI,JKL*HM.E%-368;#HMNPO
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 .N+.MHM.
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#%/.R1JSJ$7.1NN+JWH,/J,-M.0v#G
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6e->$MUJ$%-(9SHM.1Ne%/.+%/.EH+H!>.E%/NeArA0TN+.MHM.1N;0/5MR/,-F#,T,-M.%/.#$RE,-AJ$HA0WR1J$G@+7.E,/.
#HMN,-F#,#797 JK_,-M.R1J$Gx+5M0-,-AJ$H@+%/JSNe5MRE,A0A9H!6#@J$%KJ$%-G;(B$ee->6M
UJ$%-(9
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2

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2

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@+%/JSNe5MREA9H+3x I8R1J$G+5M0/,-AJ$H(+&SJ$79ANK5M.E70+AJ$G#$0/0OIR1J>#75M0-5F#79798R1J$HI,v#A9H_#,/.E%_W+AR/KJ$797J[T0
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2

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VrM.xM.#,-A9H+3!6#795M.xR#H.0-@.1REAF.1NJ$H$;/NP( (TJ$%J$H1W/x( ((&5+@+@+7.EG
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 .#,-A9H+3!6#795M.10}#%/.#79_#18e0}.EHI,-F#79@+A.10(LVrM.E8#%/.
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LHV h
HHV =h
m
H2 O,prod
fg h =h HHV 8.94 X h H fg

m
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fu

R#H;.KJ$5+HMNK%/J$G,-M.G#$0/0WK%v#$RE,- AJ$HJKLI8eNe%/J$3>.EHO X JKL,-M.K5M.E7jO m

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(
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2 fg

!6#795M.10(
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LHV(dm) ts

!6#795M.,-M.EHwA0 = m /(m + m )
water dm water

eff h =h
LHV(dm) ts = h (1 w) h w = h (h + h )w.
fg ts ts fg
:>
Vr+A0_A0,-M.~7J_.E%WM.#,-A9H+3x!6#795M.'JK,-M.'GAe,-5+%/.'JKNe%-8
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0~#}G
.1RvF#H+AR#7rAj(.6(+HMJ$,TRvM.EGAR#79798)J$5+HMNFrGAS,-5+%/.6(
VrM..EHI,-F#79@8JKB.E!$#@J$%v#,-AJ$HO h OKJ$%rr#,/.E%TR#H).'KJ$5+HMNK%/J$G0-,/.#G,v#+7.10O+.6( 3M(SA9H;#},-M.E%-G
J
Ne8SHF#GAR10T,/.e,W)JSJ$)(+VrM.!$#795M.A0~:6I:e( 
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fg

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#HMNK5+%-,-M.E%-G
J$%/.K%/J$G,-M.'NeG_I85M0-A9H+3*t( (FPA9>.*)(:>O+,-+A0'.1I5F#,-AJ$H;A0'J$+,v#A9HM.1N
HHV(w.b.) h =h
HHV(dm) (1 w)

I8;#$0/0/5+GA9H+3#G
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VrM.%/.E7#,-AJ$HM0aJK+,-+A0B0v.1RE,-AJ$H}#%/.!6#79ANKJ$%B#797IG
J$A0/,B0/J$79ANK5M.E70O[#HMN}#70/JWKJ$%79A5+ANK5M.E70R1J$H,v#A9H+A9H+3
_#,/.E%(PVr+A0A9HMRE795MN+.10.EG5+70-AJ$HM0GAe,-5+%/.10'JKr#,/.E%#HMNR1J>#7'@F#%-,-ARE7.10#HMN_#,/.E%.EG5+70/AJ$HM0
JKL!>.E%-8M.#!8J$A97J$%W,v#%(

xqtpTs/u}s/u}w } nprqts/u}wypT{/|}n
.#,-A9H+3!6#795M.10R#H).}J$+,v#A9HM.1NA9HNeAP.E%/.EHI,r#18e0(jK,-M.x,8S@.}JKK5M.E7LA0.E797LHMJ[WH#HMN_.E797
N+.MHM.1NFOP,-M.M.#,-A9H+3;!6#795M.R#H).J$+,v#A9HM.1NK%/J$Gz79A9,/.E%v#,-5+%/.6(?'79,/.E%-HF#,-A9!>.E798>OP,-M.M.#,-A9H+3;!6#795M.
R#H.'G
.#$0/5+%/.1NA9H#7#J$%v#,/J$%-8>(M? ,-+A9%/N@)J60/0/A9+A979A9,8A0r,/J@.E%cKJ$%-G J$H+798#x36%v#1!SA9G
.E,-%-AR#HF#798e0-A0
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.E7.EG
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0/J$G
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.EG@+A9%-AR#7KJ$%-G5+7#KJ$%W,-M.M.#,-A9H+3!$#795M.6(M?'H;.M#G@+7.M.E%/.,v#>.EHK%/J$
G   _A0

h
HHV(dm) C H
:
= 34.91X +117.83X +10.05X 1.51X 10.34X 2.11X (MJ/kg), S N O ash
 WM.E%/. X N+.EHMJ$,/.10,-M.}G#$0/0'K%v#$RE,-AJ$HJK_R#%-)J$HjWO)I8eNe%/J$3>.EHO0-5+79@+5+%
j&+OtH+A9,-%/J$3>.EHUO
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K5M.E70(Vr+A0A0@F#%-,-798Ne5M.,/J;!6#%-A#,-AJ$HA9H36%/JW,JKr,-M.,-%/.1.J$%J$,-M.E%@+7#H,(BJ_.E!>.E%OBA9,#70/J
%/. F.1RE,/0,-M.~R/F#797.EH+3>.10rJK#$R1RE5+%v#,/.'G
.#$0-5+%/.EG
.EHI,rJKPM.#,-A9H+3x!6#795M.10#HMNR1J$HI,/.EHI,/0WJKP,-M.~+AJ$G#$0/0(
MJ$%G#H8x+AJ$G#$0v0K5M.E70O,-M.T'NeGBA0LKJ$5+HMN.E,.1.EH #HMN:   4=3'NeGB.E,_.1.EH

#HMN;:6:  4=S3(
MJ$%L.10-,-A9G#,/.10#HMN}.e.E%/REA0/.10B.rR#H}5M0/. h ,-F#,aA0O@).E%a3Ne%-8G#,-,/.E%
KJ$%T0/J$79AN+AJ$G#$0/0rK5M.E70( LHV(dm) = h = 19 MJ/kg
ts

*LM#G@+7.6M+%/.10-F#%-,"8@+AR#79798F#$0~#@+@+%/JSA9G#,/.E798 6<  G
J$A0-,-5+%/. w = 0.60(
A9,- h = 19 MJ/kg #HMN h ,v#>.EH#,  C O>.J$+,v#A9H h = (19 0.40 2.47 0.60) MJ/kg =
ts
( fg

eff

*LM#G@+7.6t?36%v#!A9G
.E,-%-AR#HF#798e0-A0WKJ$%'Ne%-8_JJSN0-MJ[T0 6<e(< O e( }OMI:e(:  O)<e( U
6.1 MJ/kg

#HMN (< #$0/(

*5F#,-AJ$HT36A9!>.10 h
HHV(dm) (
= (34.91 0.500 + 117.83 0.061 1.51 0.007 10.34 0.422
A9,-,-+A0
%/.10-5+79,O*)(~}36A9!>.10OWA9,- h ,v#>.EH#,  C O h
2.11 0.010) MJ/kg = 20.2 MJ/kg
fg

LHV(dm) = (20.2 8.94 0.061
2.47) MJ/kg = 18.9 MJ/kg
S& J$G
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.EH,/0xJKTR1.E%-,v#A9HK5M.E70(BVrI5M0O,8S@).
JK
K5M.E7F#HMN79A9GA9,/0JK),-M.WR1J$H,/.EHI,/0_0-MJ$5+7N.WJ$M0/.E%-!>.1NP(6MJ$%A9HM0-,v#HMR1.6O#H
.S@+%/.10/0/AJ$HKJ$%LJSJSN0-MJ$5+7N
HMJ$,T.5M0/.1NKJ$%TR1J>#7J$%WKj#,-,8#$REAN+0(
:>WFJ$%-G5+7#,-AJ$HM079A9>.}*t(aWJ$%*t(a >W.E7JR1J$HI,v#A9HM00/.E!>.E%v#7aHI5+G
.E%-AR#7aM365+%/.10(FM.EH,-M.10/.
#%/.'%/.E@+%/JNe5MR1.1N#HMN%/.j%/.E@+%/JSNe5MR1.1NA9H%/.E@J$%-,/0OIHMJ$,/.1079A9>.',-+A0_J$HM.[O.E,/R6(9Oe#GA0/@+%-A9HI,WR#H%/.#$NeA9798
JSR1RE5+%(M'.EHMR1.6OeA9,~A0W%/.1R1J$GG
.EHMN+.1N;,/J
R1J$HM0/5+79,~J$%-A936A9HF#779A9,/.E%v#,-5+%/.6(
>,A0A9G@J$%-,v#HI,,/JG#>.0-5+%/.W+AR/M.#,-A9H+3!$#795M.,-F#,A036A9!>.EH+A936M.E%=7J_.E%OW.E,=Ne%-8
G#,-,/.E%OM.E,/R6((MVr+A0#70/JA9HMRE795MN+.10TG#SA9H+30-5+%/.MJ,-M.,/.E%-GA9HMJ$7J$368A0W5M0v.1NI8,-M.#5+,-MJ$%[0(
  } nzs/apT{;nanLwW
*G@+A9%-AR#7.e@+%/.10/0-AJ$HM0KJ$%,-M.R/M.EGAR#7.+.E%-368JKx0/J$79AN#HMN79AI5+ANK5M.E70_.E%/.N+.E!>.E7J$@.1NI8
&[#%-365+,#HMNR1JjJ$%->.E%/0(LVrM.G#A9HJ$%-r#$0@+%/.10v.EHI,/.1NI8& [#%-365+,#HMN&,8S%-870/$# : OWM.E%/.
,-M.'%v#,-AJxJK,-M.R/M.EGAR#7P.+.E%-368,/J,-M.'7J_.E%WM.#,-A9H+3x!6#795M.JK,-M.'Ne%-8
G#,-,/.E%rr#$0_.e@+%/.10/0/.1N#$0
#xK5+HMRE,-AJ$HJKa,-M..E7.EG
.EHI,v#7BR1J$H,/.EHI,/0(
=

dm

 >
dry
hLHV(dm)

MJ$%Ne%-8>OL0/J$79ANK5M.E70}WA9,-#R1.E%-,v#A9HR1J$H,/.EHI,JKJ1e83>.EHOa,-M.%v#,-AJJK'R/M.EGAR#7T.+.E%-368,/J7J_.E%
F#,-A9H+3
!6#795M.KJ$%TNe%-8G#,-,/.E%TA0~.S@+%/.10/0v.1N#$0
 >
h o

h n
1.0438 + 0.1882 0.2509 1 + 0.07256 + 0.0383
c c c c
=dry
1 0.3035 oc

  .E%/.6O h/c A0,-M.%v#,-AJ;JKrI8eNe%/J$3>.EHG#$0v0,/J;R#%-J$HG#$0/0A9H,-M.K5M.E7jO#HMN n/c #HMN o/c R1J$%-%/.
0-@J$HMNeA9H+36798KJ$%H+A9,-%/J$3>.EH#HMNJS8S3>.EH(Vr+A0.e@+%/.10/0-AJ$HA0!6#79ANKJ$% K%/J$G<e( ,/J;:e( Aj(.6(
+AJ$G#$0/0OM#HMNA0~.S@.1RE,/.1N,/J).#$R1RE5+%v#,/.WA9,-+A9H 1(F&A9GA97#%~.S@+o/c %/.10v0-AJ$HM0~#%/.36A9!>.EHKJ$%TJ$,-M.E%
%v#H+3>.10JKR[=t=JI=Ht=0R1J$H,/.EHI,/0(&,-%-ARE,-798>O,-M.x!$#795M.10_.E%/.},v#>.EH#,,-M.}%/.K.E%/.EHMR1.0-,v#,/.:  C O
#,-GOP#79,-MJ$5+36,-M.!6#%-A#,-AJ$HNe5M.},/JN+.E!A#,-A9H+30-,v#,/.xWA9797B5M0/5F#79798;).x7.10/0',-F#H,-M.}5+HMR1.E%-,v#A9H,8

JKL,-M.!$#795M.R#7RE5+7#,/.1NP(
VrM.HI5+G
.E%-AR#7eKj#$RE,/J$%/0A9H*)( >B#HMNx0-A9GA97#%L.e@+%/.10/0-AJ$HM0aF#1!>.).1.EH0-79A936,-798x#$"N !5M0/,/.1N8}& [#%-365+,
A9H7#,/.E%T@+5++79AR#,-AJ$HM0.6( 3M#( eO (
VrM.!$#795M.#J!>.A0KJ$%_,-M.'Ne%-8G#,-,/.E%(+MJ$%rG
J$A0-,K5M.E7jO,-M.'%v#,-AJJKBRvM.EGAR#7.e.E%-368,/Jx.P.1RE,-A9!>.
M.#,-A9H+3
!6#795M..1R1J$G
.10
=
()
moist
=
(1 w) dm
= 1

w hfg
1
.
$ 6
dry
heff (1 w)hLHV(dm) whfg 1 w hLHV(dm)

"H,-M.'HI5+G
.E%v#,/J$%rM.E%/.6OS,-M.T%/.E7#,-AJ$H () = (1 w) A0_F#$0/.1NJ$H,-M.#$0/0-5+G@+,-AJ$H,-F#,_Ne%-8
G#,-,/.E%#HMN_#,/.E%F#!>.HMJR/M.EGAR#7J$HMN+0#HMN#%/.xHMJ$,G
J$7.1RE5+7#%-798GA+.1NP()M5+%-,-M.E%-G
J$%/.6OP,-M.
moist dm

R/M.EGAR#7.+.E%-368}JKP79A5+AN_#,/.E%A0HM.E367.1RE,/.1NP(S&,-%-ARE,-798>OI,-M.W%v#,-AJ 0/MJ$5+7N).'#$N+N+.1N
,/J
,-M.~.e@+%/.10/0-AJ$HJK*t()$ 6(?0,-M.'R/M.EGAR#7.e.E%-368
JK79A5+AN
r#,/.Ew%A0%v#,-/hM.E%_0/G#797a<e(<   4=S3O
water eff

,-+A0T5F#HI,-A9,"8%v#%/.E798F#$0'#0-A936H+AFR#HI,R1J$HI,-%-A9+5+,-AJ$H.E!>.EH#,~#7#%-3>.G
J$A0-,-5+%/.R1J$HI,/.EHI,(
*LM#G@+7.6MJ$%F#%-_.
R#H5M0/.,-M.
R1J$G@J60-A9,-AJ$HG#$0v0F#$0-A0% 6<e(&< 'O e( }OI:e( ( O
#HMN (:  U#HF#798S0/A0WNM#,v#}G#18!6#%-8M(SVr+A0r36A9!>.10 h/c = 0.122 O n/c = 0.024 O o/c = 0.853 O+#HMN
(
A9,- w = 0.60 O h = 19 MJ/kg O#HMN h = 2.47 MJ/kg Ot_.}3>.E, = 1.43 O h = 6.1 MJ/kg O
= 1.15
dry

#HMN = h = 8.7 MJ/kg (

eff
ts fg eff

n*)1nL)nu}Bn
  &)(P!6#HJSJ+O4M(#+'J$@+@).,!/#H.-e
S6tI-0/c6$v/$$$t/012B*#%-,-M0vR#HO
J$HMN+J$H:6<6<6e(
: 4M(& [#%-365+,O[V(&,"8%-8S70-6#e1?~H+3>.E4H 3+%-,/6. 5_.10/,-A9GG5+H+3N+.E%*L+.E%-36A.!>J$7H 5_%/.EH+HM0-,/JP.EH"( 8T-F+jc 1
9(:I 1<;-cEO C MO + :> 66C= 6C e(
 4M(M& [#%-365+,OSD(x(  J$%-%-A0OS_(x(e&,/.Er#%/NP4 >I$6t$ce6e/$$)Ej$S? 1
$/$e)cv@ 2.EGA0-@+M.E%/.Q5++7j(t_J$%-@(9OMU.EB AJ$%-)O C66e(
 4I#H& [#%-365+,4 >IE$ES C-)-Mv$$t-/$9/$/$>t/6$+(S"VQ%/.10v0OM&SJ$5+,-F#G@e
,/J$H:6<6< e(
?'HI8,/.S,-JSJ$,-M.E%-G
JSNe8HF#GAR10[OFR/M.EGA0/,-%-8+~N+.MH+A9H+3,-M.M.#,-A9H+3!$#795M.10[(M?~H8,v#+7.10WKJ$%~0v#,-5e
%v#,/.1Nr#,/.E%=0-,/.#G;(