Modeling deepwater reservoir analogs through

analysis of recent sediments using coherence,

seismic amplitude, and bathymetry data,
Sigsbee Escarpment, Creen Canyon, Culf of
Mexico
KEN NiB8ELlNK, BP Amooo. Houslon. Texas. US

~.~ C or..,rcnce maps, extrJcicd fmm high-lL'SOlution 3-D seis

~. micdata atan intervaljus tbdowtheSt,.. f1oorprol'idean

! .
::~~~t~~~~~\~::'; ;:~~;~~:~':~Sg::~~e~~
] ~:}:i\~~~1 f:~I::1, ~~X~~~~~~~t~i~~n~~~::II~
f (~i~~~theastem comeroICn....,n Canyon, Gulf 01 Mcxioo

5 Bathymetrydataand shadedreliefrnapsshowthatthis

~' ~~~~~~~~~~~'~~ ~l~:P~g~o= ~!~~y~f~l~:

l' Above he esca'l'ment, sed imcnt appear5 10 be ponde<!
l behindatopographicrirncreatedbyupwellingofsalt.We
can demonstrate thl' existe!>Ce 01 a fan~haped body of sed

] ~~:~~a~;=~~I~~ :(;~~~il~~~~~e;:::..~
miles)wide.ThereservoirmodelforthisuUpperEscarpm('lll
FanSandnisatruncaledshecl ....~r'..oirw ithinaburiedllJ,
with potential hydrocarbof'ls tr"pped bclow an erosional
unronfonnity.
Infl'Ol1toflheescarpment.on the abyssalplain,aseries
oferosionalchal1l1elsurfaceshas~ninterpreted.Thechan
nelgoometryvariesfrommeandering(inlhebasalpart)to
slraight channel features in the upper section.Thechannels Figuret.lndexMapoftheGulfofMexicowilh
are 800 m (one half mile) wide and 10-16 km (6-IO miles) Plei s toceneisop~chfromFengand Buffler, 1996, and
10ng.Therest>rvoirmodelforthis"B.lsinaIChannels",nd"
generalizedoceaniccirculati onpattems,compiledby
isanonlappingreservoiraboveanunconfonnitywilhinthe H.Mullins,t987.Thes ludyareaisi n soulheastem
escarpmentfillsequence. Cree n Canyon.
Numerous studies of modem depositiona l syslems can
beusedasmodelstoinlerprellheancientrockrecord
Modem nuvial and near-shore marine env ironments are
acces/;ibleforstudybyfoolandboat-However,deepwater " . , t .
systemsaremuch moredifficulttodirectlyobserve
Bathymetry data and high frequency 3-Dseismic can be
~ '.'
: . toeffectivelydelineatedeepwaterdepositionalsys-

TIleSigsbeeEs<:arpmenl,as~onbathymctrydataand
) ,
, '

seisrnic,showsmanystrncturalandstratigraphicanalogsfor
salt-relaterlexplorationintheGulf.Theintentofthispaper I '. .. '1 f
istodefinethegeometryanddepositionalstylf>ofPleistocene

10 Reoml deepwalersedimenl 10 uS('3sreservoir modds for

deepwaterexploration.lllepreciseageoftheseRecentsed
:, ... " . ' . 1"
imentshasnotbeendelermined.,becausethefocusofour
work is understanding sediment goometry for deeper and
olderreservoiranalogmodels
Bathymetry and currenls. The Sigsbec Es<:arpment ex lends
more than 500 km (300 miles) from the westem Perdido
Fold Bell lo lhe Mississippi F,m Fold Belt in Iheeaslem Gulf
ofMexioo. Vertical reliefonlheescarpmenl ranges from 300
10800 m (100)..260:) fl). Topography is formed by sediment
. \
.' '~
Figure 2. Seafloorshaded reliefmapshowingthe
erodedpartof lhe SigsbeeEscarpmenlinlhe soulh
u slem com er of C reen Canyon. NOAA s ide beam
balhymelrydalaare dis pla yedass hadedreliefm... p
with westem sun b y R. Frost. Amoco, New Orle... ns.
Figure 3.line drawing along Ihe Sigsbee Escarpment based on coherence and ~mplilude maps of a horizon appro~
im ately SOl) ms below Ihe sufloor. A series of Upper Escarpmenl fan sands are s hown above the escarpment, and
several eh annel system s are developed on Ihe abyss~1 plain.

o\"~rlyingS<l lt n"W 50n Ihe abyssa l pla in. M05t oftheSigSbee

h~s a smooth, rounded, constructional appearance. Ye!, in
Ihe southeastem comer 01 GR"Cn Canyon, the escarpment
appears to be eroded. The Iront 01 Ihe truncated sed i
ment/salt eanopy is sl umpecl loward the abyssal plain
(Figu~2).
A surface water circulation phenomcnon caHed the "loop
current" enleTS the Gulf from the soulheasl through the
strnits of Yucatn, loops dockwise (anlicyelonic) nto the
central Gulf and exi ts lo theeasl Ihmugh the Florida straits.
Modem surfacecun-entsare well documenlW bccause they
can bemonitorecl usingsatellite.Jerived sea leve! variations
Currents can significantly influence deepwater drilhng oper
ations. Effects of deeper currents surn as those affecting lhe
modem Sigsbee Escarpment a", difficult lo observe
Modem deepwater currents with velocities 01 20 cm/s
ha "e been measurecl in water depths 01 more than 2!XXl rn
(65OCI ft) n the central Gull and in he strats of Florida
Numerical simula tion of deep modem currents in lhe Gulf
show that as the loop currenl extt.'nd s northward at c.:rtain
times of the year, the deep circulation ht.oneath the loop cur
ren! changes frorn anticydonic 10 cydonic and !hal the deep
cyelone beneath lhe ring, based on Ihe mode!' is highly
roherenl in a vertical sense Jnd "feels" the bottorn bathym
etry. During glacial maximums Ihe deepcurrent circulation Figure 4. Es.ca rpment mode l: Three-stage progressive
may be significantiy increased. Additional research is needed model lor s.:ouring al Ihe base and slumping off the
to fully understand deep currents n !he Gulf and lheir effect honl of sa ll canopies with ovedying s~dimenl along
Ih~ eroded parl of Ihe Sigsb..... Escarpment: (a) rounded
on salt structures and sedim~'Tltation
front--s mooth, ge ntle 510pe; (b) s.c:alloped front- fault
A d~~pwater ~sc arpm~nt mod~1. The hypothesis of the slump esearpmen l; (e) lruncaled, flal hont-fault
escarpment model i.s Ihat dL>Cp currcnts erode the sed imenl slump escarpmenl with graben.
overlying salt canopies, causing dissolution 01 sal! at Ihe and Inmca lw . The gravity-d riven extension of lhe overly
seanoor and slumping of the section toward Ihe abyssal ing sediments may e"en produce a graben leaturc (lelt side,
pLain. Figures 3and 4 ilIustralc Ihis mode! based on seanoor Figure 3 and 3-3', Figure 4). Surprisingly, la rge slump blocks
bathymetry shaded relief maps and seismic lines. Stage 1 in 01 sedimenl are not obsc-rved on the modem Sigsbee abyssal
!he model shows !he rounded, curved front of the sall canopy plan. \Ve propose tha! Ihe relativcly unconsolictaled ma lc
with a smooth, gentle slope of the overlying sediments (1 rial slumJX'd off the front 01 lhe es<:arpm~'Tlt bccom~'5 dis
1', Figure4). Duringstage2, the frontberomcsscalloped and aggreSa led and ends up incorporak>d in the abysS<ll fan
sedments overlying lhe salt are faulle<:! and slump loward >ediment. Or;1 may be trnnsporled away Imm the arca by
theabyssal plain (eenter, Figure3and 2-2', Fi~;ure4). Finally, Ihe dL"CP lu"p currents di~&>ed earleT.
as the slumping continues Jl stage 3, Ihe lront bccom~'5 nal
 /
, I
FigureS.TImestructuremaponlhemiddlefanfrom
FigureJ,basedonap.....khorizonapproxinutelySOO
ms betaw Ihe se~floor aj 2000 lo 2500 ms. lhe in tra
slo pebasinsbehindlht"t'scarpmentareshowninblue
Olnd purple, ;md Ih .. slruclurally high escupm"n! rlm
isshowninr<!dandyellow.
,\\ ~l
Figure6.Dip-orientedseismicacross theSigshee
Escarpmenl. Locationof th e lineisshownonFigureS.
Thehorizonof interest islhestrongblack peak
be!w"en 2000 md 2500 ms. This line shows the topo
graphicrimattheedgeoftheescarpmentcreatedby
Iheunderlyin gsall.
The looprurrents ~re hypothesized 10 havebt!gun form
ingduringtheMiddlcMi<X'enCwhencircumcquatorialcur.
rentswereblockedbytheformation of the isthmusof
Panama; foreing the Caribbean curren! ioto the C ulf of
Mexico,Suhaqueouserosionfromde.:pcurrcntsintheGulf
hasbet>nrecognizedaffectingthcMiddlcMiocenese<:tion
off the west roast o Rorida. Our balhymctry and seismic
basedmodeloftheSigsIx.-eE:scrupmrntmayhaveexploration
and devdopment applicatior\S in interpreting post-Middle
Mi~f\(!sedimentationandsalt-relatedstructuresinthe
Technology and methodology. Bathymetry data uscd in the
study were a.:quired by NOAA usinga multibeam imaging
system.l1teelevationof!heseafloorisd isplayedasashaded
reliefmapilluminatedbyawestemsun. Figure2isthe
seafloorshadedreliefmapcoveringtheareaofthe 3-Ds-cis
micdataalongtheSig~E9carpmentinsoutheastGI"e("!1
Canyon.l1tephaseof theseismicdatacanbeobservedthat
thewaterbottomreflectionisapeak.Peaksarl'"increasesin
acousticaJ impedanceandareshown on the figures as black
whiletroughsareshowninwhite
Coherencecubevolumewascl1'atOOovertherotiredata
set.Coherenceisapostpnxessingseismicattributethatmea
suresthesimilarityordissimilarilyofadjacrotseismictra.;es
The coh~nce cube waS ,liccd at 20 ms time intcrvals. and
554 r",u......o rDO< _1999
Figure 7. Maximum pu k amplitude map on the mid
dlehnfromFigure3,basedon .. peakhorizonapprox
ima te lySOOmsbelowtheseafloor at2000to2500 ms.
The low ampl itud e channd fi Jl is shown in white.
Figure8. Strik e-orientedseismiclineacrosstheeastern
parlonlhefan.Lo<:ationofthelineisshownonFigure
7.Thehoriwnofintc restislheslrongblac kpuk
between 2100 and 2500 ms. Th is line shows the ustem
pinchoutofthean.
the frames werecoll~'(k>d intoan animated movie toobservc
both lateral and vertical changes in thedata
Behind theescarpment, amodemdepositiona lfeature
withchannel-shapedgl'Ometrywasobser"cdonthe2400
mstimeslice.AnothcrfcaturcwithpronouncOOfan_shaped
geometry wasobser,,~>d 011 the 2420 mssliee. These featun..'S
wcredclineilledbypicking aslrongpcakeventapproxi
matcly SOO ms below the seafloor on !he maximum peak
every 10 lines and 20 traces. The computer software
autopicked {"za plx"(rtheoriginal pickstoercateacontin
uoushorizon.A horizonamplitudemap .....asextracted/rom
theseismicdataalongtherl'Sultinghorizon.Highamplitude
isdepictedasblackand lowamplitudeaswhiteonthc
amplitudemaps
A coherence map display was creatOO by slicing the
coherenceeube\'olumealongth~pickedhorizon.Similar
tr,lcesaredisplayedas ..... hiteanddissimila rtracesasblack.
Usingthistechnology,several/eature-sbecamedearrelat
ingtothe"UpperEscarpmentFanSand"bascdonthismap
and the maximum peak amplitude hori zon map In front
oftheescarpmel1t,meandcringcha nnelgeometry was
observed 011 the3500rnscoherencetimesliee. Tode/ine
thiseventanotherP<'akbetw~'('n32(x}'3600msneartheba,;"
ofthechannelwaspicked.7~1I'ped.andextractOOfromth~
cuherencecube.Anadditionalamplitudemapofthehori
zon,whichdefin(-sanwanderingchannelsysteminfn>nt
of the escarpmcnt, waS extracted lo show the maxirnum
peak arnpli tlld~
 Figure 9. Coherence map 01' the middle f~n from
Figure 3, b~sed 01' ~ pNk horizon ~pproxim~tely 500
ms below Ihe se~floo r at 2000 to 2500 ms. Low coher
ence of adjacent seismic Ir~,es, s hown in bb ck,
defines Ihe channel edges and faults.

-- "'- ,~,
~~~~~ -~-?

_
..
Figure 10. Strike-orienled seismi c Jine acro5.'l Ihe chal'
nel. Lo<:a ti on of the line is shown on Figure 9. The
honzon of interesl is the slrong black pea k between
2300 and 2400 ms. This line s hows the sharp edge of
the channel syslem where ~ dramatic change occurs
belween adjacen t se ismic traces. Figure 9 s hows th e Figure 11. Max;mum peak am plitude map 01' the east
geomelry of this channel edge defined by coherence. em channel system on th e abyssal pla in from Fi gure 3.
The map i$ based 01' a peak horizon appIOximalely 700
Definition of Ihe Upper Escarpment Fan Sa nd. Coh<!....'Tlce mS below Ihe seafloo r at 3200 lo 3600 ms. The high
and amplitude maps from high-resolution 3-Dseismic data amplitud e channel fill ;s shown in black.
ov<!r the erodcd part of th"Sigsw Eo;carpment defincd sev
eral interesting fan-shaped acwmulations 01 ....-.:<:nt deep
water sediment. Figure3 is a line drawing from the5(! map.
madI' on a strong peak approximately 500 ms below the
seafloor. 11 shows several lan complexes deposited behind
- -
~ escarpment.1hefancomplexes in theeastem part of!he
arca havebeencutby numerousfaults. Thewestemarea lan
atea is laulted into a graben structure. The best preserved
fan complex is in lhe Ct!ntral area (Figure 4), and is shown
indelail in FiguresS-lO ./"::;: ;.. -
Figure 5 is a time-strncture map base<! 01' a peak huri
zon approximately 500 ms below !he seafloor at 2CXJO.2500
ms 01' lhe central fan from Figure 3. 1he intraslope basins
- - -.. - -"""": -
behind the escarpment are shown in blue and purple, and "'... -< -:: -:.:..:::- -,
~ structurally high escarpment rim is shown in n.>d and
yellow. A d ip-oriented seismic line (Figure 6) shows the huri Figure 12. Seismic lin e aCross the channel syslem on
:ron of interest between 2('(0.2500 ms; an escarpment with the abyssal plain. Location of the line is shown on
over I{XXI ms of reliet, and underlying salt. Upwelling salt Figure 11. Th e horizon of interest is Ihe strong black
al Ihe base of the escarpm~'Tlt (reates a topographic rim peak between 3200 and 3600 ms. This line shows a
around the edge 01 the escarpffi\.'Tlt. CQh(:~ and ampli channel syslcm with 200 mS 01 relief. The meandcring
tude maps effectively define he geomelry of the Upper pallem shown by Ihe ~mplilude map, Figure 11, is
fscarpment Fan Sand. The amplitude map shows a low uused by the strong peak in Ihe base 01 the channel
amplitude channe! fill section and several dist.'lllobes of Ihe fill sect ion.
fan (Figure 7).
 Modern
--,:::::::.-:-;:.
A
..ji:
A
Figure 13. Buried hill/escarpment mI trap geometry model for th e mode.n .".Iog dn d d subsurfdce exampJ e. The
buried hilllTaps, shown in yellow, w"uld oceur below an unconformily wilh Ih e pOlenli ..1 hydrou .bon ac(un'ub
liont'dppedbytruncatiooonthree$ide$A"da"oillwAtercontactonthefoutth si de. Th eescarpmentfill t.aps
would oceu. at s.evera l different levels wh e.e sed iments on lap an unmnformit y.
A Slrike-orienk d seismie Ime (Figull' 8) shows lhe lat
eral pinchoulofl~ fan to Ihe northcast. Thcrohercnce map
shows lhe sharp wges of the channd system and m,mer
"ussmall faults (Figun' 9). Adeta ikod strike seismie line
(Figu n'lO)acrosstheuppe.partofthcfancomplcxshows
adramaticpolarity changealtheedgeoftheeh.. nnel.
Turbidite flows moved down through!he channel complex
and~l'rcadoulonthefla t a!"l'ade\'clopedbchindlhisrim,
dcpositinga sheet sand . Thechannel feeder system i$8OO m
lo 1 km ,,~de (0.5 mile). The fJn is Jpproximatcly 5 km (3
miles) long and 3 km (2 miles) wide
Definition ofthe 6asinAI Channe I S.. nd.Aseriesofero
siona l chaJ1J1('lsu.fa<:elwercobservcdin fmntoflhecsca.rp
roent on the abyss.:ol plain,. down slope from l"-enlranls in
the escarpmen t (Figures 2 and 3). Thc besl preserve<! ehan
nelsystemison!herightsideofFigure3al1dissho"'nil1
dctail in Figures 11 ;md 12. Figure 11 is an amplitude map
pickedonastrongpeakb!'twccn3200and3600ms,approx
ima tely &Xl m5 below Ihe seafluoT. ThisamalgamalLod ehan
nelsystemrepresel1tsafil1ingoftherneandering~iOJ1al
surface 'Nith up 10 200 m5 on relief (Figure 12). The high
amplitudepeak near the haseoftheeha!U\e! fill section
belwcen3500and3600msdefincsthcmCilnderingpattem
on theamplitude map. Therecentehannel is800m (O.5rnile)
",ideilnd 10-16 km (6-IO miJes) long
Reservoir ~nalog mode!. Observations 01 Ihe sedimcnt
geometry a!ong!he Sigs/:>ee l'5carpmenl areusefu! in deve]
~r~~~~=~~~~~i~P::;lsrc;'::~~:~~Sa~
ba5<.'d on Ihe 5<.'dimenl geometryol Ihe lan and ehJnnel
sandsseeninFigure3and lheirrel~honshiptoa m<ljorsub
.
!
marine \."' O$ion,,1 unconfo.m il y. Th~ uneonformity in Ihe
model is Jnalogous tc thcwJterbot'cmoverlyingtheUpper
Escarpment F~n Sltld ,:nd theetU~ional base of Ihe B.lsinal
Channc1 Sa nd fea'''resdiscus~d e.uJier. By us;ng these
recent ~n" loss, risks for old~r potenti" l ll'servoirsand Ir.op
geometry ran be compJTcd usi ng seismie daLl.
Twot<.'nnsgcner,lllyapplicdtosub.lCrialel"06iollalsur
face;will be uscdl1'l"{'t0dd nf"heI1?1,'tionshipofsedments
to a ma jo. submarin\.". d<''''P"",ter. {'rosional s\ITf~Ct'. Thc
tcrm'"bllricdhill",iIldefineapositi\"<.'topogr<'phicfNture
o. <.'rusiona l rem"ll\."nl below a ~Ub.1qU{~)U~ erosion~l uneon
forn,ity" md '"cse<lfpment fill"' ",ill be useO similar to a val
ley-fill:;equ<.'nc\.";inthiscasetopographyalongthcSigsbce
EscarpmCl1tiscreatcdbydecp"'Jte. submarincprocesses
Figures 13 and 14 define !he map vie", geometry and gen
croli7-Crl eross-scction for the reservoi r modd~ developcd
alongtheescarpment.
The trap model lor t ~ Upper F.sc,'rprnCl1I F,ln Sand is
a tnoncaled rcservOiTwithin .. burierl hill structure. The
potenti.. l hydrocarbon accum"IMion would b!' boundcd by
Ihetnrncationaltheescarpmentupdipandbylhelal<''Tal
pinchoulofthcfJnalongslrikeand stmeturcdowndip
(Figu....' S13and14)
Thc topographicexpressionofthefcaturedu. ingdcpo
sitionmaycon trol thequalityoflhe=T\oir.Poorrcscr
voireharacterislics a", prcd iCl~'LI in bolh sta~l'S I and 3 ()Il
Fi!-,,,,", 4. During st..~ge 1de"dopmcnt. \"cry liule !klnd may
~trapxodbc<:.luset het"rbiditeflo"'so,ovefTl'('lyaeross
Ihesmooth,gen t lefront ()ftheO!SCarp~nI.Duringst age3
dc"dopment,th~sand maybetrapped in isolatcd graben
fcatull'S ",ilh limiterl 3<:,ri,,1 exknl. I-Io"'<,\'er. in stag{' 2, both
fCS('T\oi r qua lity"ndg<'Om("try.lr<'optimizedbc<:,'useideJl
condit ionsexisttoproducef)u"lityshwt s;.mds. Thet"p""
Fi gure 14. Gener~1ized buried hill/e$urpment fill cross se ction. This section s hows Ihe potenlial trap geomelry
assod ated with an esc~rpment-re laled unconformity. The units forming Ihe buried hilllraps ar<': lruncated al the
un confonnity updip, and Ihe escnp menl fill unils onlap On Ihis unconformily.
graphicrim allheedgeoftheescarpment allowsabroad
platfonn for ponding 01 sedimenl and de"elopment of exten
sivesheet sands.In thiscase. proje<:ting n;oservoir distribu
tionoverlargedistancescanbedonewithoonfidence.and
drainage area per weU can be maximized. However, the
rescrvoi rqualityin lhed islalparl oflhesheetmayde<:rease,
and sea l capacity at !he unconformity may be limiled.
The lrap model for the meandering B~sinal Channel
Sand isanonlappingreser\"oirwilhin anescarpmenHill
section. The potential trap would be created by lhe onJap
pinchoulonlo!heescarpmentupdipbythechanneledges
alongstrikeand by structuredowndipasshown in Figures
13andI4.Here weexpe<:lthesandslobeverylhickwith
APPLICATlONS OF
3-0 SElSMIC DATA ro
EXPlORAnON
ANO PROOUCTlON
CeophysicaIo-Iop ......... s-..
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~~9~9~'S~;':~~5~rlmenl
Emait:booI<s@seg.org
excellenlres<>rvoirquality.However,wilhchannelfillsands,
projectingll'Sel"\'oircontinuitymaybedifficult,anddrainage
areaperwellispolentiallyred.ucee!
The onlapping sediments create a paltem as the lopog
raphyontheescarpmentisfilled(Figure13).First,abasaJ
onIapseclionisdepositedinthelopographicallyloweslarea
along lheescarpment front. Then a ribbon olonlappingsed
imenlisdeposiledallhebaseoftheescaq;>men talongits
entirelengthNext.tltemajor reentrantsintheesca rpmenl
are fil!ed with sed.iment. Finally, lhe topography behind the
escarpmentisfil1ed
Conclusio ns. Our study condudes !hal sed.imenl overlying
saltcanopiesalonglheSigsbeeEscarpmentin southeaslem
Creen Canyon appears 10 be erodee! and slwnped loward
Iheabyssalplain.Do.-epcurrentsassociatedwithiheloopcur
rent may be responsible forerosion ordissolution al Ihe
base of the escarpmenl. which irIctl'ases !he rale 0 1 ""len
sionand theslumpingolthesed imenl overlyingthesall
Ani malionof seisrniccoherencetimeslicesprovidesa
fast.effectivetooltoscanlargevolumesofJ..Dseismicda ta
andallowsslaffresourceslobefocusedon themoslinlet
esling features. Horizon slices 0 1 W hemlCe and amplitude
da la,wmbined withbJlhymelry-shadedn'!liefmapsand
seismic profiles, defined a serics of fans behind the escarp
menl and channels in fl"Oflt of the escarpmenl. One re<;cnl
fealurecalled lhe Upper Escarpmenl FanSand wasmapped
Jsana nalogforalruncaledreservoirinaburied-hillstrati
gr.lphic lraplhalmighl oc<:urbelowanerosiona luncOlor
'nlh'. Anothcr r~'fi,nt fc"tun:calb:l th" Basinal Channcl $;.lIld "3D seis",ic ""he"'",,.. ampl itl1de, .,,,,,t
b.1Ihyme1ry dala. dd
iSU",>.J.1Sana'loll~for<lIlonbppin);"-'!O.'rv{}irinan~"OCarlr inih"""fl'lcistO('Cllf'toRl>centS<.-di",,,ntsalongtheSigsb,,,,
"wnt-iil1str.1tiSr.1phictrapalxl\'cancrnsionalunconformity- Esc,up"If'Ilt, southe"st G"-'-~l CanY'M1, Guli 01 Mcxiro.lJSA"
by Nibbt>link and Martincz, CII/fC",,'" ,\';'';O.;>,JiQII ,,/Gffl/ogio,
Suggestions fo. further .e~ding. "Th" Gulf of Mexiro UM>p S<>(i,I;',:, Tnltlsa<I,olt', v. 48, C0'PusChristi, TX, Octoocr 1998. f
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c()f'ltmc~'tal mar~in" by Diegd et .11., in Salll<'flo"ics: d 1IIo/Jdll",r.
,i1~,t",>: AAI'C AJ,olllUJr65, 1" 109-151. Fen;.J..ar1d R. T. Hum",.
Com':<"JU/i"g ,,"tl,or: K. NiWh1i"k. l-l,~13662615. kmmlrod
1996,"PustMidCn:ti>Cl'Ousdeposition;,lhistory,GulfofM"xiro &oI.co",
1l.1sin' by r1.'fIg.md Buffler, in Strtlft"ml f""mll'U'Orl"ftIIi'Nort/JerI'
Clllf.,( Ak:r"Q, SI""'''' r~bli<,,,tioll CCACS Octobcr 1996, p. 9-25 Km Ni/JI~'/i"k,fi",""rly a gro/OSi<t with 8P Am"", i" Hou5l0ll, I",~
uSe" tloor shad,'<! n:hd m,11' 01 multibo'am bathymctry da,.. ,,,,rWV<lrioll~l1.s.attdi,,te,,,,,tio,,,,1
fmm NO,\A" by Frost 1<)<,17 Amoro n:port 0ffs1w ... Busin,,:,s "SSis""lt'I!tsOl .,-tl",~J5!1""rsint:lll</.
Ulllt. Nro.' Orle", .., "0",,1' currcnlS in ,he GuU of M"xiro" by illgtlIt'RnckyMo,,,,t,,i,,s,W"StAfrici!,
Hamiltnn, lo"",,,' of I'ily;'w/ Ornmos'''phy, July 1990, p. lOO Norll, AfriCtI, alld IN Cul/ of M~:ricQ.
11D-l, "N umeri<:.. simulationofGulfoIMl')(irocirculationw-.d~.,. M""'rtrtllyl"",rktdaregio",,lp""
pre.;ent and glacial ronditions" by I""ue and Welsh, OCSStudy ;tcli"dudinsroSl"" VwtZllelaQnd
MM$%-0)67.lJ.$. Dep" of the Interior, Minerals Marutgement i"idod.PriortoAmor:a,Iteu_kedfor
Sen' ice, Gulf 01 Mcx(o OCS Region , New Orlean. RockyMoulltai" rnergyCornpany.a
"r.ll<'('l(eanographicimplicationsofMiocened~hiatuses" Ullioll/'ocificSIIl>sidiary.llertctivtd""
by Kdlerar.dB.,rron. GtvIogicalSocielyofAmeriC'll Bllllelin.l-'.94, M.S,i"stoiogyfromllo,adoStale
p.590-613."1hecirculationintheGulfof Mexiroderivedfrom U"iwrsityi,,198JandaB.A.;ngrology
estimateddynamicheight fields" by Molinari, Fl'S,a,and fromWts/mtStalfOJlIegt'ofWlorad<>
Behringer.J.Plty.;,O<-euoogrnl~"I,v.8,p.9iIJ996,"MiddleMiocene inI979.Hisn"Sl'rlrchintnmsQ/'f'focusro
oceanographice\'entintheeastcrnGulfofMexico:lmplications ""hydrocarbon~mtSinullCOflformily
forseismicst,atigraphicsuccessionand loopcurrent/Gulf ruundnl S/"qumas 01 tite grmter Atlantic Basin, from lurassic to
St",am circulation" by Mullins, Gardulski. and Applcgate, P/eislocme, jlldudins Narth Am..,*", Silll"! Anlt'rica, E,,"'I"', "tui
GtvI'ogiC'll/Socu.tyof An,er;rn8"lIrllll,v.98.)uncl9iIJ,p.702713. Nortl,nlldW""tAfrim