CONVERSION TABLE Reference

89
SI UNIT Reference

TRANSLATION TO UNIT (SI)

Item Existing Unit (SI Unit) SI Unit

Force 1kgf ( = 9.80665N ) 1N ( = 0.101972kgf )

1kgf/cm3 ( = 0.0980665MPa ) 1MPa ( = 10.1972kgf/cm2 )
Pressure 1mAq ( = 9.80665kPa ) 1kPa ( = 0.101972mAq)
1mmHg ( = 0.133322kPa ) 1kPa ( = 7.50062mmHg )

Mass Mass: 1kg ( =1kg ) Mass: 1kg ( =1kg )

Speed Revolution speed: 1r.p.m.( =1min-1 ) Revolution speed: 1min-1( =1r.p.m. )

Viscosity 1cP ( = 1mPa.S ) 1mPa.S ( = 1cP )

Dynamic Viscocity 1cSt ( = 1mm2/s ) 1mm2/s ( = 1cSt )

Specific heat 1kcal/kg. c ( = 4.18605kJ/(kg.K) ) 1kJ/(kg. K) ( = 0.238889kcal / (kg. c) )

1kW.h ( = 3.6MJ ) 1MJ ( = 2.77778 x 10-1kW.h )

Work energy 1kgf.m ( = 9.80665J ) 1J ( = 1.01972 x 10-1kgf.m )
1kcal ( = 4.18605KJ ) 1KJ ( = 2.38889 x 10-1kcal )
1kgf.m/s ( = 9.80665W ) 1kW ( = 1.01972 x 102kgf.m/s )
Power 1PS ( = 7.355 x 10-1kW ) 1kW ( = 1.35962PS )
1kcal/h ( = 1.16279 x 10-3kW ) 1kW ( = 8.60 x 102kcal/h)

ELECTRICAL DATA
TO DETERMINE: AMPERES, HORSEPOWER, KILOWATTS, AND KVA
To find Direct current Single-phase Three-phase

Amperes when H.P. x 746 H.P. x 746 H.P. x 746

horsepower is known E x %Eff. E x %Eff. x P.F. 1.73 x E x %Eff. x P.F.

Amperes when K.W. x 1000 K.W. x 1000 K.W. x 1000

kilowatt is known E E x P.F. 1.73 x E x P.F.

Amperes when K.W. x 1000 K.W. x 1000

KVA is known E 1.73 x E

Kilowatts IxE I x E x P.F. I x E x x 1.73 x P.F.

1000 1000 1000

KVA IxE I x E x 1.73

1000 1000

Horsepower output I x E x %Eff. I x E x %Eff. x P.F. I x E x 1.73 x %Eff.x P.F.

746 746 746

Where:
A: Amperes K.W. : Kilowatts
E: Volts KVA : Kilo-volt-amperes
%Eff. : per cent efficiency H.P. : Horsepower
P.F. : Power Factor I: Current

90
COMMONLY USE PUMP FORMULAS Reference

HEAD AND PRESSURE

pressure (kPa) pressure (bar) x 10.2 pressure (psi) x 2.31

Head (m) = or ; Head (ft) =
9.8 x specific gravity specific gravity specific gravity

Head (m) = Head (ft) x 0.305

Head (ft) = Head (m) x 3.28

BRAKE HORSEPOWER OR BRAKE KILOWATT

To determine the horsepower or kilowatt required, the following formulas can be used:

a) Brake horsepower = Total Head (ft) x IGPM x Sp. Gr.

pump efficiency % x 3300
Total Head (ft) x USGPM x Sp. Gr.
b) Brake horsepower =
pump efficiency % x 3960

Total Head (m) x m3/hr x Sp. Gr.

c) Brake Kilowatt =
pump efficiency % x 367

AFFINITY LAW
Q2 n2 H2
( nn ) P2
( nn )
2 3
= , = 2 , = 2
Q1 n1 H1 1 P1 1 Where n = Speed, Q = Flow, H = Head, P = Power

USEFUL FORMULAS

FORMULAS ABBREVIATIONS

GPM x 0.321 GPM x 0.409

V= = V = velocity in feet / second
F (I.D.)2
GPM = gallons per minute
2
V = 2 gH
F = area in square inches
2.31 x psi
H= I.D. = inside diameter of pipe in inches
Sp. Gr.*
g = 32.16 ft. /sec. /sec.
1.134 x inches of mercury
H= H = head in feet
Sp. Gr.*

HP = horsepower
141.5
Sp. Gr.*= Sp. Gr. = Specific gravity*
131.5 + AP 1 (Baume)
psi = pounds per square inch

* These equivalents are based on a specific gravity of 1 for water at 62 F for English units and a specific gravity of 1 for water at 15 C for metric units.
They can be used, with little error, for cold water of any temperature between 32 F and 80 F.

91
CALCULATING PUMP HEAD Reference

CALCULATING FRICTION LOSSES

HAZEN-WILLIAMS FORMULA
This formula is applied where flows are in transitional range (of roughness/smoothness), and is
commonly applicable to the calculation of loss heads for relatively long pipelines such as irrigation water
lifting, city water supply, or sewage water pipelines.

1.85 Where :
I= 10.666Q Hf =I.L I : Hydraulic gradient
C .D
1.85 4.87
Q : Quantity of flow (m3/s)
C : Flow velocity coefficient (Refer to Table)
1.85 .
Tar-epoxy coated pipes: 130
Hf = 10.666Q
1.85 . 4.87
L
Mortar lined pipes: 130
C D
Vinyl chloride pipes: 150
D : Pipe diameter (m)
L : Total length of pipeline (m)

Table Flow velocity Coefficients for

Various Type Pipes (For Straight Pipe)
Notes :
Pipe type Flow velocity coefficient * Changes due to time passage have been taken
(inside surface) Max. value Min. value Standard value
into account.
** The coating method should conform to
Cast iron pipe (without coating)* 150 80 100 JWWAK-115-1974, and preferably the coating
thickness should be 0.5mm or more.
Steel pipe (without coating)* 150 90 100 In addition, where adequate management/control
is expected to be difficult for coating work at site,
Coal tar coated pipe (cast iron)* 145 80 100
this should not be applied.
Tar-epoxy coated pipe (steel)** ___ ___ 130 *** C = 150 should be applied to pipes with a diameter
of 150mm or smaller.
Mortar lined pipe (steel, cast iron) 150 120 130
Centrifugal reinforced concrete pipe 140 120 130 The values listed on the table do not include loss heads
due to pipe shapes, such as bends, expansion, reduction
Rolling press reinforced concrete pipe 140 120 130 in diameters, etc. Therefore, when obtaining the total loss
heads, such individual losses as described above should
Pressed concrete pipe 140 120 130 be added to the straight line loss. However, the following
Asbestos cement pipe 160 140 140 values may be used to calculate approximate loss values
if bends or other shape changes cannot be accurately
Hard vinyl chloride pipe*** 160 140 150 estimated.

Hard polyethylene pipe*** 170 130 150 For mortar lined pipe : c = 110
Reinforced plastics pipe*** 160 ___ 150
For coated steel pipe : c = 110 (bends included)
For vinyl chloride pipe : c = 110

CALCULATING MAXIMUM SUCTION LIFT

Suction Lift (m) = Hatm - NPSHr - Hf - Hv - Hs

Where :
Hatm : atmospheric pressure (m)
NPSHr : net positive suction head required by the pump (m)
Hf : friction loss in suction line and fittings (m)
Hv : liquid vapour pressure (m)
Hs : safety margin allowance (m)

92
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH) Reference

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSHR)

NPSHR is dependent upon the pump design and is determined by the pump manufacturer. NPSHR is an
important value which greatly contributes to the successful operation of a centrifugal pump. It is the amount
of positive head in metre of liquid absolute required at the pump suction to prevent vaporization or cavitation
of the fluid. NPSHR values usually vary with pump capacity and are based on clear water with a specific
gravity of 1.0.

Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA)

NPSHA is dependent upon the system in which the pump operates. NPSHA is the amount of head or
pressure that is available to prevent vaporization or cavitation of the fluid in the system. It is the amount of
head available above the vapor pressure of the liquid at a specified temperature and is measured in metre
of liquid absolute .

NPSHA = (P1 - Pv) x 2.31

+ Z1 - Hfs
Sp. Gr.

Where
P1 : Absolute pressure on liquid surface in psia.
Absolute pressure is equal to gauge reading plus atmospheric pressure.
Three common examples are:
1. Open tank - No gage reading so absolute pressure equals atmospheric pressure or
14.7 psia at sea level.
2. Closed tank under pressure - Add gage reading in psi to atmospheric pressure to
get total absolute pressure.
3. Closed tank under vacuum - Subtract vacuum reading in inches of mercury from
atmospheric pressure in inches of mercury (30 inches at sea level) and convert to
psia by multiplying by .49.

P1 = (30 - Vacuum) x .49

Pv : Vapor pressure of liquid in psia at pump temperature.

Z1 : Height of liquid surface above pump suction, measured in ft. If surface is below pump,
use minus sign.
Hfs : Friction loss in ft of liquid in suction pipe including entrance loss from tank to pipe,
and losses in all valves, elbows and other fittings.
Sp.Gr. : Specific gravity of liquid being handled.

NPSHA vs. NPSHR

To prevent vaporization or cavitation of the liquid in the suction side of the pump and to ensure rated pump
performance, NPSHA must be greater or equal to the NPSHR.

That is : NPSHA NPSHR

93
PRESSURE DROP TABLE Reference

Pressure drops (Pc) in metres, water column, for every hundred metres of new piping in cast iron.
Speed of the liquid in the piping in metres/second (V m/s).

CAPACITY INSIDE DIAMETER mm

3
m /h 25 32 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Pc % 17 6 1,6 0,54 0,25 0,13 0,06 0,03 0,02

3
Vm/s 1,70 1,03 0,67 0,43 0,29 0,22 0,16 0,13 0,10
Pc % 24 6 2 0,9 0,43 0,21 0,13 0,08 0,026
6
Vm/s 1,70 1,03 0,67 0,43 0,29 0,22 0,16 0,13 0,10
Pc % 12,5 4,3 1,8 0,9 0.46 0,25 0,15 0,06
9
Vm/s 2,08 1,32 0,89 0,65 0,5 0,39 0,32 0,20
Pc % 20 7 32 1,5 0,75 0,44 0,25 0,09 0,03
12
Vm/s 2,76 1,76 1,19 0,88 0,67 0,53 0,43 0,27 0,18 If is possible to approximate the pressure losses caused
Pc % 12 5,2 2,4 1,25 0,7 0,42 0,15 0,0
15 by the accessories with the following comparisons:
Vm/s 2,2 1,49 1,1 0,87 0,66 0,54 0,34 0,24
Pc % 17 7 3,5 1,7 1 0,6 0,2 0,08 Bottom valve: like 15 m piping
18
Vm/s 2,64 1,78 1,3 1 0,78 0,64 0,4 0,28 Check valve: like 10 m piping
Pc % 22 8,8 4,2 2,2 1,3 0,75 0,26 0,1 0,05
21 On/off valve: like 5 m piping
Vm/s 3,35 2,08 1,54 1,17 0,93 0,75 0,48 0,32 0,24
Pc % 12 5,7 3 1,7 1 0,36 0,14 0,07 Bends and elbows: like 5 m piping
24
Vm/s 2,38 1,76 1,34 1,06 0,86 0,54 0,36 0,28
Pc % 14 7 3,5 2 1,25 0,42 0,17 0,08
27
Vm/s 2,7 1,97 1,45 1,17 0,96 0,6 0,42 0,31
Pc % 17 8,2 4,2 2,5 1,5 0,5 0,2 0,09
30
Vm/s 2,98 2,2 1,74 1,32 1,08 0,68 0,48 0,34
Pc % 25 12 6,3 3,5 2 0,75 0,3 0,14 0,07
36
Vm/s 3,58 2,63 2 1,58 1,28 0,82 0,57 0,42 0,32
Pc % 16 8,5 4,5 2,7 0,85 0,33 0,18 0,08
42
Vm/s 3,07 2,34 1,85 1,5 0,96 0,66 0,48 0,37
Pc % 21 10 6 3,6 1,2 0,45 0,22 0,12 0,06
48
Vm/s 3,51 2,68 2,12 1,72 1,08 0,72 0,56 0,43 0,34
Pc % 25 13,5 7,6 4,5 1,5 0,55 0,28 0,14 0,08
54
Vm/s 3,94 3 2,34 1,92 1,2 0,84 0,63 0,48 0,38
Pc % 16 9 5,5 1,8 0,7 0,33 0,17 0,1
60
Vm/s 3,32 2,64 2,16 1,36 0,96 0,68 0,53 0,42
Pc % 24 14 8 2,76 1 0,49 0,24 0,14 0,08
75
Vm/s 4,17 3,31 2,68 1,72 1,18 0,87 0,67 0,53 0,43
Pc % 20 12,5 3,8 1,45 0,74 0,36 0,2 0,14 0,08
90
Vm/s 3,97 3,24 2,04 1,44 1,02 0,8 0,63 0,51 0,42
Pc % 26 16,5 5,3 1,95 0,9 0,47 0,27 0,16 0,1
105
Vm/s 4,6 3,74 2,41 1,68 1,22 0,93 0,74 0,59 0,49
Pc % 21,5 6,9 2,6 1,2 0,61 0,36 0,2 0,14 0,08
120 Vm/s 4,31 2,72 1,93 1,35 1,06 0,84 0,68 0,56 0,47
Pc % 26 9 3,3 1,5 0,76 0,45 0,25 0,17 0,1
135
Vm/s 4,81 1,07 2,13 1,56 1,19 0,95 0,76 0,63 0,53
Pc % 11 4 1,9 0,95 0,55 0,3 0,21 0,12 0,06
150
Vm/s 3,44 2,36 1,74 1,34 1,05 0,86 0,70 0,59 0,43
Pc % 13 4,7 2,2 1,13 0,65 0,37 0,24 0,15 0,08
165
Vm/s 3,75 2,61 1,91 1,46 1,15 0,94 0,77 0,65 0,48
Pc % 15,2 5,5 2,6 1,3 0,76 0,43 0,29 0,18 0,09
180
Vm/s 4,09 2,83 2,08 1,59 1,26 1,02 0,84 0,71 0,52
Pc % 21 7,4 3,5 1,8 1,1 0,6 0,37 0,24 0,12 0,06
210
Vm/s 4,70 3,32 2,43 1,86 1,49 1,19 0,98 0,82 0,61 0,47
Pc % 9,4 4,3 2,3 1,3 0,75 0,48 0,3 0,15 0,08
240
Vm/s 3,78 2,77 2,12 1,68 1,36 1,12 0,95 0,69 0,53
Pc % 12 5,5 2,8 1,62 0,9 0,58 0,35 0,18 0,09
270
Vm/s 4,26 3,13 2,39 1,90 1,53 1,26 1,07 0,78 0,59
Pc % 14 7,5 3,4 2 1,1 0,74 0,46 0,22 0,11 0,07
300
Vm/s 4,75 3,47 2,66 2,10 1,71 1,40 1,18 0,86 0,67 0,53
Pc % 9 4,7 2,8 1,6 1 0,65 0,32 0,16 0,09 0,05
360
Vm/s For piping other than new piping in cast iron, multiply 4,15 3,17 2,53 2,04 1,68 1,41 1,04 0,79 0,63 0,51
Pc % 1,6 6,2 3,5 2 1,3 0,82 0,41 0,21 0,12 0,07 0,03
420 the figures in the table by the following coefficients:
Vm/s 4,86 3,72 2,94 2,37 1,96 1,64 1,22 0,94 0,76 0,59 0,41
Pc % Stainless steel: 0,76 8,5 4,9 2,9 1,9 1,2 0,6 0,3 0,17 0,09 0,04
480
Vm/s PVC: 0,76 4,24 3,36 2,72 2,24 1,90 1,38 1,06 0,84 0,69 0,47
Pc % 11 6,5 3,7 2,35 1,52 0,75 0,38 0,22 0,12 0,05
540 Clay: 0,80
Vm/s 4,78 3,80 3,06 2,52 2,13 1,56 1,19 0,94 0,76 0,53
Pc % Rolled steel: 0,80 12,2 7,4 4,3 2,7 1,7 0,9 0,45 0,25 0,13 0,055 0,024
600
Vm/s Galvanized steel: 1,17 5,30 4,20 3,40 2,81 2,36 1,73 1,34 1,06 0,86 0,61 0,44
Pc % 9 5,2 3,3 2,1 1,1 0,54 0,3 0,16 0,06 0,03
660 Slightly rusted pipes: 2,10
Vm/s 4,61 3,76 3,07 2,59 1,89 1,45 0,15 0,93 0,65 0,48
Pc % Highly encrusted rusted pipes: 3,60 10 6 3,8 2,5 1,3 0,62 0,35 0,19 0,075 0,035
720
Vm/s 5,05 4,08 3,37 2,84 2,08 1,65 1,26 1,02 0,71 0,52
Pc % 7,3 4,5 3 1,5 0,75 0,42 0,23 0,08 0,04
780
Vm/s 4,43 3,65 3,08 2,26 1,73 1,36 1,11 0,77 0,56
Pc % 8 5,4 3,4 1,7 0,85 0,48 0,26 0,1 0,047
840
Vm/s 4,76 3,95 3,31 2,43 1,86 1,47 1,19 0,83 0,61
Pc % 9 5,8 3,75 1,9 0,96 0,53 0,29 0,11 0,053
900
Vm/s 5,1 4,22 3,54 2,60 2,00 1,57 1,27 0,88 0,65
Pc % 6,5 4,3 2,1 1,1 0,6 0,32 0,12 0,06
960
Vm/s 4,49 3,78 2,77 2,13 1,68 1,36 0,95 0,70
Pc % 7,2 4,6 2,45 1,2 0,67 0,35 0,14 0,065 0,033
1020
Vm/s Recommended outlet diameter 4,76 4,01 2,94 2,26 1,78 1,44 1,00 0,77 0,54
Pc % 5,4 2,8 1,4 0,78 0,43 0,16 0,073 0,037
1080
Vm/s 4,26 3,12 2,38 1,86 1,53 1,06 0,78 0,57
Pc % Recommended inlet diameter 6 3,2 1,53 0,86 0,46 0,175 0,08 0,043 0,037
1140
Vm/s 4,49 3,29 2,53 1,99 1,65 1,12 0,84 0,61 0,52
Pc % 6.5 3,4 1,7 0,93 0,5 0,19 0,09 0,046 0,04 0,025
1200
Vm/s 4,72 3,45 2,68 2,12 1,72 1,23 0,88 0,63 0,54 0,4

94