Tentative program

8.15 8.30 Group work Discuss questions and prepare a talk of definitions
Question :10 to 18
8.30 8.45 Group wise presentation
8.45 10.00 Numerical modelling and formulation of finite difference equations
10.00 10.30 Break
10.30 11.00 Numerical modelling and formulation of finite difference equations
11.00 13.00 Exercises 2
13.00 14.00 Implementation of boundary conditions
14.00 16.00 Exercise 2

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 Questions
1. How is the saturated zone defined
2. What is an aquifer?
3. What is an aquitard?
4. What is an unconfined aquifer?
5. What is a confined aquifer?
6. What is a conceptual model?
7. How is specific storage defined ?
8. How is specific yield defined?
9. How is storage coefficient defined?
10. What is hydraulic conductivity?
11. What is the difference between hydraulic conductivity and permeability ?
12. What is transmissivity?
13. What is the typical range for hydraulic conductivity for sand?
14. What is the typical range for hydraulic conductivity for clay?
15. How is hydraulic head defined?
16. What is the Darcy velocity?
17. What is the pore water velocity?
18. Which two equations is joined in the governing equation for groundwater flow? 2
Mathematical basis for groundwater flow
The equation of continuity equation combined with the
Darcy equation
2h 2h 2h h
K x 2 K y 2 K z 2 R SS
x y z t

Kx, Ky, Kz - hydraulic conductivity

h - total head
R - Sink/source term
SS - Specific storage

3
Numerical models
Finite difference modeller:

square cells

rectangular cells

4
Numerical models
Finite element models:

5
Numerical models
Spatial discretisation - consider:
Purpose of modelling
Variations in hydraulic head (Near well fields, rivers, faults, etc.)
Geological layers
Locations of well fields
Exchange with rivers
Computational resources

Discretisation in time - consider:
Purpose of modelling
Head/flow variation at boundaries
Timescale of involved processes
.
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Description of Finite Difference equations for 3D groundwater flow

hi,j,k+1
hi,j+1,k

hi-1,j,k hi+1,j,k
dz

hi,j,k-1

dy
hi,j-1,k

dx
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Description of Finite Difference equations for 3D groundwater flow
Equation of continuity:
in - out sto

t Q x Q x Q y Q y Q z Q z R sto

The Darcy equation:

hin, j ,1k hin11, j ,k
hin11, j ,k hin, j ,1k
Q Kxi 12, j ,k yz Q Kxi 12 , j ,k yz
x x
x x

hin, j ,1k hin, j 11,k hin, j 11,k hin, j ,1k

Qy Kyi , j 12,k xz Q y Kyi , j 12 ,k xz
y y
hin, j ,1k hin, j ,1k 1 hin, j ,1k 1 hin, j ,1k
Qz Kzi , j ,k 12 xy Qz Kzi , j ,k 12 xy
z z

8
Description of Finite Difference equations for 3D groundwater flow
Effective conductivity on the cell edges :
2 2
Kxi 12 , j ,k , Kxi 12 , j ,k
1 1 1 1

Kxi 1, j ,k Kxi , j ,k Kxi 1, j ,k Kxi , j ,k
2 2
Kyi , j 12 ,k , Kyi , j 12 ,k
1 1 1 1

Kyi , j 1,k Kyi , j ,k Kyi , j 1,k Kyi , j ,k
dzi , j ,k 1 dzi , j ,k dzi , j ,k 1 dzi , j ,k
Kzi , j ,k 12 , Kzi , j ,k 12
dzi , j ,k 1 dzi , j ,k dzi , j ,k 1 dzi , j ,k

Kzi , j ,k 1 Kzi , j ,k Kzi , j ,k 1 Kzi , j ,k

Storage:

hin, j ,1k hin, j , k hin, j ,1k hin, j , k

sto S x y S s z x y
t t

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Description of Finite Difference equations for 3D groundwater flow
Equation of continuity and the Darcy equation
hin, j ,1k hin11, j , k hin11, j , k hin, j ,1k hin, j ,1k hin, j 11, k hin, j 11, k hin, j ,1k
Kx i 12 , j , k y z Kx i 12 , j , k y z Ky i , j 12 , k x z Ky i , j 12 , k x z
x x y y
hin, j ,1k hin, j ,1k 1 hin, j ,1k 1 hin, j ,1k hin, j ,1k hin, j , k
Kz i , j , k 12 x y Kz i , j , k 12 x y R S S x y z
z z t

y z n 1 y z n 1 x z n 1 x z n 1
Kx i 12 , j , k hi 1, j , k Kx i 12 , j , k hi 1, j , k Ky i , j 12 , k hi , j 1, k Ky i , j 12 , k hi , j 1, k
x x y y
x y n 1 x y n 1
Kz i , j , k 12 hi , j , k 1 Kz i , j , k 12 hi , j , k 1
z z
y z y z x z x z x y x y S S x y z n
Kx i 12 , j , k Kx i 12 , j , k Ky i , j 12 , k Ky i , j 12 , k Kz i , j , k 12 Kz i , j , k 12 hi , j ,
x x y y z z t
hin, j , k
R S S x y y
t

Ahin11, j , k Bhin11, j , k Ch in, j 11, k Dh in, j 11, k Ehin, j ,1k 1 Fhin, j ,1k 1 Gh in, j ,1k H
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Description of Finite Difference equations for 1D groundwater flow
Equation of continuity and the Darcy equation

h in 1 h in11 h in11 h in 1 h in 1 h in
Kx i 1 2 y z Kx i 1 2 y z R S S x y z
x x t

xR h in 1 h in
h i
n 1
h n 1
i 1 Kx i 1
2
h n 1
i 1 h i
n 1
Kx i 1
2

y z

t
S S x x

Kx i 12 h Kx n 1
i 1
i 12 h n 1
i 1

Kx
i 12 Kx i 12
S S x x n 1

hi
t
x h in
R S x x
y z t

Ai hin11 Bi hin 1 C i hin11 Di

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Description of Finite Difference equations for 1D groundwater flow
The n finite difference equations:

B1 C1 h1 D1
A2 B2 C2 h2 D2

A n 1 B n 1 C n 1 h n 1 D n 1
An B n hn Dn

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 h in11, j , k constant
Implementation of boundary conditions
Prescribed head or Dirichlets condition h in11, j , k h in, j ,1k h in11, j , k

(surface water body, measured groundwater head)

q in,1 j ,k q in,1 j ,k
1D FD equations
h in, j ,1k h in11, j , k h in11, j , k h in, j ,1k h in, j 1 h in, j
Kx i 1 2 , j , k y z Kx i 1 2 , j , k y z R S S x y z
x x t

x and / y z
xR h in, j 1 h in, j
h n 1
i , j ,k h n 1
i 1, j , k Kx i 1
2, j ,k
h n 1
i 1, j , k h n 1
i , j ,k Kx i 1
2, j ,k
y z

t
S S x x

Kx i 1
2, j ,k
h n 1
i 1, j , k
S x x
Kx i 1 2 , j , k Kx i 1 2 , j , k S
t
n 1
hi , j ,k

R
x
y z

h in, j , k
t
S x x Kx i 1 2 , j , k h in11, j , k

All known terms

Ah in11, j , k Ch in, j ,1k D Bh in11, j , k 13
Boundary conditions

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Boundary conditions
Prescribed flux or Neumanns condition h in11, j , k h in, j ,1k h in11, j , k

(Groundwater divide, subsurface inflow/outflow, etc.)

q in,1 q in,1
h in, j ,1k h in11, j , k j ,k j ,k

q i 1 2 ,j,k Kx i 1 2 , j , k y z constant
x
1D FD equations

h in11, j , k h in, j ,1k h in, j 1 h in, j

q i 12, j ,k Kx i 1 2 , j , k y z R S S x y z
x t

Kx i 1
2, j ,k h n 1
i 1, j , k
Kx i 1 2 , j , k h in, j ,1k R
x
y z

h in, j , k
t
S x x q i 12 , j ,k

Ah in11, j , k Ch in, j ,1k D q i , j , k

All known terms

15
Boundary conditions

16
 H in, j ,1k

q i*, j , k C i , j ,k
Boundary conditions h in, j ,1k h in11, j , k
h in11, j , k
Semipermeable or Cauchys condition
(Leakage between aquifers, surface water groundwater flow, etc.) q in,1 q in,1

j ,k j ,k

*
q i,j,k h in, j ,1k H in, j ,1k C i , j , k Surface water elevation
Leakage coefficient
1D FD equations
h in 1 h in11 h in11 h in 1 h in 1 h in

x
Kx i 1 2 y z
x
n 1
Kx i 1 2 y z R C h i H in 1
x y
t

S S x y z

xR n 1 x x h in 1 h in
h i
n 1
h n 1
i 1 Kx i 1
2
h n 1
i 1 h i
n 1
Kx i 1
2

y z
n 1
C hi H i
z

t
S S x x

Kx i 2 1 h
Kx n 1
i 1
i 2
1 h n 1
i 1


Kx i 2
1
Kx i 2
1 C
x x S S x x n 1
z

t
hi

x n 1 x x h in
R CH i S x x
y z z t
All known terms

Ah in11, j , k Bh in11, j , k Ch in, j ,1k D 17