Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.

com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

FORM 4 CHAPTER 7 ACIDS AND BASES

FORM 4 CHAPTER 8 SALTS

ANALYSIS OF PAST YEAR QUESTIONS FROM 2003 2008

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Paper No. P2 P3 P2 P3 P2 P3 P2 P3 P2 P3 P2 P3
Type of
S E S E S E S E S E S E S E S E S E S E S E S E
question
Question
4 2 5 4 8 4 7 10
No

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1. 2004/P2/STRUCTURE/Q5

Table 5 shows Experiment I and II in the preparation of salt.

(a) State one observation in Experiment I

[1 mark]
(b) Based on Experiment II:

(i) State the reason why copper(II) oxide powder is added in excess.

.......
[1 mark]

(ii) State how the excess copper(II) oxide powder can be separated from the
products.

.......

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 Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

(iii) State the chemical equation for the reaction that takes place in Experiment II.

.......
[1 mark]
(iv) Calculate the maximum mass of the salt formed.
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of O =16, S = 32 and Cu = 64.

[2 marks]

(c) Experiment I is repeated. Sulphuric acid is replaced by hydrochloric acid of the same
concentration. Predict the volume of hydrochloric acid required for a complete reaction.

.
[1 mark]

(d) There are several steps in the preparation of the salts in each of the Experiments I and
II. State one difference in the steps between the two experiments.

Experiment I Experiment II

[1 mark]

2. 2005/P2/STRUCTURE/Q4

Table 4 shows the positive and negative ions in three salt solutions.

Name of Salt Positive ion Negative ion

Copper(II) sulphate Cu2+ SO42-
Sodium sulphate Na+ SO42-
Lead(II) sulphate Pb2+ NO3-
Table 4

Use the information in Table 4 to answer the following questions.

(a) What is another name for a positively charged ion?

[1 mark]

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

(b) Name the ions in copper(II) sulphate solution.

ion

ion
[1 mark]

(c) Write the formula for sodium sulphate.

.
[1 mark]

(d) When 10 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium sulphate solution is added to excess lead(II)
nitrate solution, a white precipitate is formed.

(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

.......
[2 marks]

(ii) Describe the chemical equation in (d)(i).

.......

[1 mark]

(iii) Name the white precipitate

[1 mark]

(iv) Calculate the number of mole of sodium sulphate in the solution.

Use the formula : Number of mole = Volume x Concentration

[1 mark]
(v) Calculate the mass of precipitate formed.
Given that the relative atomic mass of O = 16, S = 32, and Pb = 207.
Use the formula : Mass = Number of mole x Relative molecular mass

[2 marks]

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 Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

3. 2006/P2/STRUCTURE/Q4

(a) 8 g of solid sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is dissolved in distilled water to produce a solution
of 1000 cm3.
The NaOH solution produced has the concentration of 8 g dm-3 and molarity of 0.2
mol dm-3.

(i) State the meaning of the concentration for the solution produced.

.
[1 mark]
(Ii) State the meaning of the molarity for the solution produced.

.
[1 mark]

(iii) Write the formula that represents the relationship between the number of mole
(n), molarity (M) and volume (V) for the solution.

.
[1 mark]
(iv) Substitute the actual values of the number of mole, molarity and volume of the
NaOH solution into the formula in 3(a)(iii).
[Relative molecular mass of NaOH = 40]

[1 mark]

(b) Diagram 4.1 shows the precipitation of the standard solution of NaOH, 0.2 mol dm-3.

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

(i) What are the two parameters that should be measured accurately to prepare the
standard solution of NaOH?

Parameter I :...

Parameter II :
[2 marks]

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 Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

(ii) After all the NaOH solution is poured into the volumetric flask, the beaker and
the filter funnel must be rinsed several times with distilled water.
After each rinse, all of this water is transferred into the volumetric flask.
Give one reason for doing this.

.
[1 mark]
(iii) What step should be taken to ensure that the meniscus level of the standard
solution is exactly in line with the graduation mark on the volumetric flask.

.
[1 mark]
(iv) A volumetric flask is more suitable to be used in the preparation of the standard
solution rather than a beaker.
Why?

.
[1 mark]
(v) Why is the volumetric flask stoppered after the standard solution is prepared?

.
[1 mark]

4. 2003/P3/STRUCTURE/Q2
A student has carried out an experiment to construct an ionic equation for the formation of
lead(II) iodide. The experiment was carried out according to the following steps:

Step I 5.0 cm3 of potassium iodide solution 1.0 mol dm-3 was poured into each test
tube labeled P, Q, R, S, T, U, and V.

Step II 0.5 cm3 of lead(II) nitrate solution 1.0 mol dm-3 was added into test tube P.

Step III Step II was repeated for test tubes Q, R, S, T, U, and V using the volumes
in Table 1.

Step IV All the test tubes were put in the rack to allow lead(II) iodide to precipitate.

Test Tube P Q R S T U V
Volume of lead(II) nitrate
solution 1.0 mol dm-3/cm3
Height of lead(II) iodide
precipitate /cm
Table 1

(a) Figure 2 shows seven test tubes for the above experiment. Using the ruler given ,
measure the height of lead(II) iodide precipitate in test tubes P, Q, R, S, T, U, and V in
Figure 2. Record the height of the precipitate in Table 1.
[3 marks]

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

(b) Based on Table 1, draw a graph of the height of the precipitate against volume of
lead(II) nitrate solution on the graph paper on page .
[3 marks]

(c) On the graph that you have drawn in (b),

(i) Mark and write the minimum volume of lead(II) nitrate solution needed for
complete reaction with 5.0 cm3 of potassium iodide solution 1.0 mol dm-3.
[3 marks]

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

(ii) Using the volume obtained in I(i), show the calculation for obtaining the number
of moles of Pb2+ and I- ions that are required for the formation of lead(II) iodide.
Then calculate the number of moles of I- ions that has reacted with 1 mol of Pb2+
ions.
[3 marks]
(iii) Write the ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) iodide.

..
[3 marks]
(d) What can you observe about the height of the precipitate in Figure 2?

..

..

..
[3 marks]

(e) What is your inference based on your answer in (d)?

..

..

..
[3 marks]

(f) Categorise the ions found in the lead(II) nitrate solution and the potassium iodide
solution used in the experiment into positive and negative ions.

[3 marks]

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

FORM 4 CHAPTER ACIDS AND BASES

FORM 4 CHAPTER 8 SALTS
2004/P2/Q5
1 (a) From pink to colourless or intensity of the pink colour decreases or the container of the
mixture becomes warm or hot
(b) (i) To ensure all the the acid react completely with copper(II) oxide
(ii) By filtering
(iii) CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O or
CuO + 2H+ Cu2+ + H2O
(iv) n(H2SO4) = 0.1 x 50/1000 Mass of Cu SO4 = 0.005 x 160
= 0.005 = 8.0 g
(c) 20.0 cm3 or twice the volume of sulphuric acid
(d)
Experiment I Experiment II
needs filtering no need filtering
a mixture between two solutions a mixture between a solid and
solution
need to add an indicator no need to add an indicator
experiment is repeated without no need to repeat the experiment
using an indicator
volume of sulphuric acid is added solute or CuO is added in excess
accurately

2005/P2/Q4
2 (a) cation
(b) Cu2+ ions & SO42- ions , H+ ions & OH- ions
(c) Na2SO4
(d) (i) Na2SO4 + Pb (NO3)2 2NaNO3 + PbSO4
(ii) I mol of lead(II) nitrate reacts with 1 mol of sodium nitrate to produce 1 mol of
lead(II) sulphate and 2 moles of sodium nitrate
(iii) Lead(II) sulphate
(iv) Number of mole = 10/1000 x 0.5 = 0.005
(v) Mass = 0.005 x (207 + 32 + 16 x 4) or 0.005 x 303 = 1.515 g

2006/P2/Q4
3 (a) (i) Concentration the quantity or amount of solute (grams) dissolves in a
given volume(1 dm3) of solution

(Ii) Molarity the number of moles of solutes that are present in 1 dm3 of solution.
(iii) n = MV(cm3) /1000 or n = MV(dm3)
(iv) n = 8/40 = 0.2 mole , M = 0.2 x 1000/1000, M = 0.2 mol dm-3
(b) (i) Parameter I : mass / moles of NaOH
Parameter II : volume of solution or distilled water
(ii) No traces of sodium hydroxide is left on the filter funnel or beaker for accurate
concentration or amount of solute used is accurate and not less
(iii) Add distilled water drop by drop until the meniscus is at the calibration mark
(iv) Measures the volume accurately
(v) To prevent evaporation or evaporation of water can cause the changes in
concentration or easy to swirl the solution

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

2003/P3/Q2
4 (a) Test Tube P Q R S T U V
Volume of lead(II) nitrate 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
solution 1.0 mol dm-3/cm3
Height of lead(II) iodide 1.1 2.2 3.4 4.4 5.5 5.5 5.5
precipitate /cm
Table 1
(The diagram given is not to scale - please refer to the original SPM question paper for
accuracy of readings)

(b) 1. label of the x-axis volume(cm3)

2. label of the y-axis height of precipitate(cm)
3. uniform scale
4. size of graph more than 50%
5. all points are transferred correctly
6. smooth graph

(c) (i) Suggested answer:

Height of precipitate
(cm)

Minimum volume- must be written on the graph

(2.5cm3)

Volume of lead(II) nitrate(cm3 )

(ii) No. of mole (Pb2+) = 2.5 X 1.0 = 0.0025

1000

No. of mole (I-) = 5 X 1.0 = 0.005

1000

No. of mole of I- reacted with 1 mol of Pb2+ = 2 mole

(iii) Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2
(d) The height of precipitate increases gradually from test tubes P to S
The height of precipitate in test tubes T,U,V are the same
(e) In test tubes P, Q, R, and S, more and more yellow precipitate of lead(II) iodide is
formed due to the increasing amount of lead(II) nitrate added to the test tubes or
potassium iodide has not completely reacted with lead(II) nitrate solution

In test tubes T,U,and V, potassium iodide/iodide ions have reacted completely or a

complete reaction has taken place
(f)
Solution Positive ions Negative ions
Lead(II) nitrate Pb2+ , H+ NO3- ,OH-
Potassium iodide K+ , H+ I-, OH-

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 Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

FORM 4 CHAPTER 7 ACIDS AND BASES

FORM 4 CHAPTER 8 SALTS

ANALYSIS OF PAST YEAR QUESTIONS FROM 2003 2008

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Paper No. P2 P3 P2 P3 P2 P3 P2 P3 P2 P3 P2 P3
Type of
S E S E S E S E S E S E S E S E S E S E S E S E
question
Question
4 2 5 4 8 4 7 10
No

1. 2003/P2/Q4/SECTION C

(a) A farmer discovered that his vegetables were not growing well because the soil was
poor and acidic. As a chemistry student, you can help the farmer.
Suggest how the farmer can overcome the problem.
[2 marks]

(b) Figure 7 shows an incomplete flow chart of cation and anion tests for salt X.

Use the reagents listed below and complete the flow chart to confirm that salt X
contains Pb2+ ions and CO32- ions. Include your observations.

REAGENTS
Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute nitric acid and lime water
[8 marks]

(c) You are required to prepare dry magnesium chloride salt. The chemicals supplied are
magnesium sulphate solutions,
dilute hydrochloric acid,
potassium carbonate solution

Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare the salt. In your description, include the
chemical equations involved.
[10 marks]

2. 2005/P2/Q8/SECTION B
(a) The following information is about hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid.

The pH of 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution is 1

The pH of 1 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid solution is 4

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

Explain why these two solutions have different pH values.

[4 marks]

(b) Figure 8.1 shows two reagent bottles each containing an aqueous solution.

Qualitative analysis can be used to determine the presence of cations and anions in
solutions.
Describe chemical tests that can be used to verify the ions in each solution.
[10 marks]

(c) A pupil carried out an experiment to investigate the chemical changes that occur to
copper(II) sulphate as a result of reaction P.
The result of the experiment is shown in Figure 8.2.

(i) The chemical equation for reaction P is as follows:

CuCl2 + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CuCO3

Excess sodium carbonate is added to 50cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II)

chloride.
Given that the relative molecular mass of CuCO3 = 124.

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 Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

Calculate the mass of copper(II) carbonate precipitate formed.

[2 marks]
(ii) Name solid X and state its colour.
[2 marks]
(iii) Name gas Y and describe a method to verify its identity.
[2 marks]

3. 2007/P2/Q7/SECTION B

(a) The following are three examples of sulphate salts that can be prepared in the
laboratory.
Potassium sulphate, K2SO4
Lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4
Zinc sulphate, ZnSO4
(i) From these examples, identify the soluble and insoluble salts.
[2 marks]
(ii) State the reactants for the preparation of the insoluble salt in 3(a)(i).
[2 marks]
(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain the crystallisation method for preparing a
soluble salt from its aqueous solution.
[6 marks]
(c) Table 7 shows the observations from some tests carried out on salt X.

Test Observation
I : Heating of salt X solid A metal oxide is formed and a brown
gas is given off
II : Salt X solution is mixed with excess A white precipitate which is insoluble in
aqueous ammonia excess aqueous ammonia is formed
Table 7

Based on the information in Table 7:

(i) Identify an anion that is present in Test I and describe a chemical test to verify
the anion.
[4 marks]
(ii) Identify two cations that are present in Test II and describe a chemical test to
verify the cations
[6 marks]

4. 2008/P2/Q10/SECTION C
(a) Table 10 shows the pH values for solutions of acid A and acid B which have the
same concentration.
Acid pH value
A 1
B 5
Table 10
By using one named example for each acid, explain why the pH values of the acids
are different.
[6 marks]

(b) Lead(II) sulphate is insoluble in water.

Describe the preparation of lead(II) sulphate in the laboratory.

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

In your description, include the chemical equations involved.

[10 marks]

(c) The sting of a jelly-fish is alkaline and causes pain.

Suggest one substance that can be applied to the skin to relieve the pain without
causing further injury.
Give three reasons for your suggestions.
[4 marks]

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

FORM 4 CHAPTER 7 ACIDS AND BASES

2003/P2/Q4/SECTION C
1 (a) By adding
- quick lime and slaked lime or calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide to the soil
- fertilizers or organic fertilizers or compost
[calcium phosphate or polyphosphate fertilizers or superphosphate fertilizers]
(b)
Salt X

Cation test Anion test

Salt X + HNO3 Salt X + HNO3

heat
A colourless solution is formed
Gas evolved is flowed into lime water

Add hydrochloric acid into the colourless solution

Lime water turns chalky / milky

A white precipitate is formed

Confirmed the presence of carbonate ion, CO32-

heat

White precipitate dissolve

Confirmed the presence of lead(II) ions,Pb 2+

(c) To prepare a dry magnesium chloride salt:-

Materials : magnesium sulphate solution, dilute hydrochloric acid, potassium
carbonate solution, filter papers, distilled water
Apparatus: 100 cm3 measuring cylinder, filter funnel, evaporating dish, Bunsen
burner, retort stand and clamp, beakers, glass rod,spatula and wire gauze

- Measure required volume (50 -100 cm3) of molarity(0.5 - 1.0 mol dm-3)
- magnesium sulphate solution by using a measuring cylinder and poured into a
beaker
- Measure required volume (50 -100 cm3)of molarity(0.5 1.0 mol dm-3)
potassium carbonate solution by using a measuring cylinder and poured into

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

another beaker
- Mix the two solutions and a white precipitate ,magnesium carbonate,(MgCO3)
is formed

K2CO3 + MgCl2 2KCl + MgCO3

- Filter out magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) to remove potassium sulphate or

impurities

- Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) is washed with a little cold distilled water

- Measure required volume (50 -100 cm3) of molarity(0.5 1.0 mol dm-3 )of
hydrochloric acid solution by using a measuring cylinder and poured into a
beaker
- Carefully warm the acid
- Add magnesium carbonate powder bit by bit by using a spatula and stir using
a glass rod until some of it no longer dissolves
MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O + CO2
- Remove the unreacted magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) by filtration
- Pour the filtrate into an evaporating dish.
- Gently heat the salt to produce a saturated solution
- Cool the saturated solution until crystals are formed
- Filter out the magnesium chloride, MgCl2 , crystals
- Wash or rinse the crystals with distilled water
- Press the crystals with a few pieces of filter paper to dry them

[refer to the Chemistry Practical Book on Page 114 115, 119]

2005/P2/Q8/SECTION B
2 (a) - Hydrochloric acid(strong acid) ionises completely in water to produce a high
concentration of hydrogen ions
- if the concentration of H+ ions is high, the pH value is low
- Ethanoic acid (weak acid) ionises partially in water to produce low
concentration of hydrogen ions
- If the concentration of H+ ions is high, the pH value is high

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

(b) Test for Cl- in HCl

1. Pour 2 cm3 of hydrochloric acid into a test tube

2. Add nitric acid solution , then add silver nitrate solution
3. A white precipitate is formed, confirmed the presence of chloride ions

Test for NH4+ ions in ammonium chloride solution

1. Pour 2 cm3 of ammonium chloride solution into a test tube

2. Add Nesslers reagent
3. A brown precipitate is formed, confirmed the presence of ammonium ions
OR
1. Pour 2 cm3 of ammonium chloride solution into a test tube
2. Add dilute sodium hydroxide solution and warm it
3. A colourless gas given off that change moist red litmus paper to blue

Test for Cl- ions in ammonium chloride solution

1. Pour 2 cm3 of hydrochloric acid into a test tube
2. Add nitric acid solution , then add silver nitrate solution
3. A white precipitate is formed, confirmed the presence of chloride ions

(c) (i) n = 0.5 x 50/1000 Mass of CuCl2 = 0.025 x 124

= 0.025 = 3.1 g
(ii) Solid X = Copper(II) oxide , black in colour
(iii) Carbon dioxide , flow the gas into lime water, lime water turns chalky

2007/P2/Q7/SECTION B
3 (a) (i) Soluble salt Insoluble salt
Potassium sulphate, K2SO4 Lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4
Zinc sulphate, ZnSO4
(ii)
lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 or lead(II) ethanoate(CH3COO)2Pb and
sodium sulphate or potassium sulphate or all soluble sulphate salt

(b) The crystallisation method for preparing a soluble salt from its aqueous solution;-
Filter the solution to remove impurities and pour the filtrate into an
evaporating dish

Gently heat the solution to obtain a saturated solution

Cool the hot saturated solution to allow it to crystallise
Filter and wash or rinse the crystals using distilled water

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

Press the crystals with a few pieces of filter papers to dry them

[refer to the Chemistry Practical Book on Page 114]

(c) (i) Brown gas is nitrogen dioxide gas and the anion is nitrate
Test for nitrate ions
1. Pour 2 cm3 salt X solution into a test tube
2. Acidify the solution with about 2 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid
3. Add 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution and shake to mix well
4. Slant the test tube and carefully add concentrated sulphuric acid down the
side of the test tube. Do not shake the test tube.
5. A brown ring is formed

[refer to the Chemistry Practical Book on Page 133]

(ii) The cations :- Magnesium ions, aluminium ions and lead(II) ions (any two ions)
1. Pour 2 cm3 salt X solution into a test tube
2. Add sodium hydroxide solution into the test tube until in excess
3. A white precipitate is formed soluble in excess of NaOH, shows the present
of lead(II) ions or aluminium ions
4. A white precipitate is formed insoluble in excess of NaOH, shows the
present of magnesium ions
OR
1. Pour 2 cm3 salt X solution into a test tube
2. Add potassium sulphate solution or potassium chloride solution or
potassium iodide solution or sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid into the test
tube
3. A white or yellow precipitate is formed, shows the present of lead(II) ions
4. If no precipitate is formed, indicates the presence of magnesium ions or
aluminium ions

2008/P2/Q10/SECTION C
4 (a)
Acid A Acid B
Hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid or ethanoic acid or phosphoric acid
nitric acid
Strong acid weak acid
Ionises completely in water Ionises partially in water
HCl H+ + Cl- CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
Concentration of H+ is high Concentration of H+ is low

(b) To prepare lead(II) sulphate in the laboratory

Apparatus: beakers, filter funnel , retort stand, measuring cylinder, glass rod

Materials : lead(II) nitrate solution (1.0 2.0 mol dm-3), sodium sulphate solution or
any soluble sulphates (0.5 1.0 mol dm-3) or (0.5 1.0 mol dm-3)
sulphuric acid, filter paper, wash bottle

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Akhmalazmi86@blogspot.com Form 4 Chapter 7 and 8

Measure (20 - 100 cm3) of lead(II) nitrate , Pb(NO3) ,solution by using a

measuring cylinder and pour into a beaker
Then, measure (20 - 100 cm3) of potassium sulphate, K2SO4 , solution by
using a measuring cylinder and pour into another beaker
Pour the lead(II) nitrate solution into the sodium sulphate solution or
sulphuric acid and stir the mixture
A white precipitate, PbSO4 , is formed
Pb(NO3)2 + K2SO4 PbSO4 + 2KNO3 or Pb2+ + SO42- PbSO4
Filter the solution mixture
Wash / rinse the residue/solid/salt with distilled water
Press the crystals with a few pieces of filter papers to dry them

(c) Substance that can be used vinegar

- Vinegar is a weak acid
- vinegar will neutralise the sting of the jelly-fish which is alkali
- does not produce too much heat
- is less corrosive or do not harmful to the skin

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