Professional Documents
Culture Documents
P.G. Kihlstedt
Introduction
.
per ton of material treated is fairly low in the case
of physical unit operations. This leads to the obvious
conclusion that it pays to remove as much as possible
of the worthless gangue and other impurities before
proceeding to smelting or chemical processes where the
energy consumption is normally reckoned in megawatt-
hours per ton of material treated. Separation and con-
centration of metalliferous raw materials are therefore
the rule today, and the need for such operations has
grown more acute with the steep rise in fuel prices.
It may be added that the dry processes are not always
economical of energy, partly due to the need to dry
the material and partly to the attendant extraction
and recovery of dust. Wet processes, on the other hand,
7
1. Mining
kWh/ton raw material
Crushing to k 80 15 mm 2-5
Crushing and grinding to k 80 200/{m 5-10
Crushing and grinding to k 80 lOO~m 15-20
Autogenous grinding to k~O lOO~m 20-25
Fine gri~ding to k 80 50rm 20-40
Fine grinding to k 80 25;km 25-60
4. Product preparation
kWh /ton product
~Wh/ton tailings.
14
Mining 25 75 75
CoDI!linution 20 60 135
Magnetic separation
Tailings disposal ;_} 30 165
Pelletization 250 420 585
Transportation 50 85 670
Reduction 2 500 4 200 4 870
Refining 200 250 5 120
~}
Flotation
2 200 7 050
Tailings disposal
Filtration and drying 100 350 7 400
Transportation 100 350 7 750
Cathode copper
production 1 300 4 500 12 250
16
1. Ballast
Quarrying 8 10 10
Crushing and
screen~ng 5 10 20
Transportation 30 30 50
2. Cement
Limestone
quarrying 10 15 15
Limestone
grinding 15 23 38
Firing 750 1 120 1 158
Clinker
grinding 50 50 1 208
Transportation 100 100 1 308
3. Concrete
Ballast 50 40 40
Cement 1 308 175 215
Mixing 10 10 225