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Romeo Comino, isturbances and faults in tion equipment and a telecommunica
Michael Strittmatter power systems can result in tions system 1. Teleprotection acts
Teleprotection is vital for the reliability severe voltage collapses and as a physical interface b etween the
and economy of modern electric power power blackouts, affecting t elecommunication infrastructure and
systems. With the emerging deploy- entire regions or even countries. Due to the protection relays. It is therefore
ment of non-deterministic Ethernet/IP its heavy reliance on electric power, essential for the conveyance of signals
technology in wide-area communication modern society cannot accept such generated by protection relays (com
networks, utilities around the world power outages
are concerned that protection signaling, neither for their
which ensures fast and selective i mpact on public
Protection systems must meet
isolation of faults in the power network, life nor for their
might be compromised. Thanks to economical conse sensitivity, time response,
the companys vast experience in
teleprotection and utility communica-
quences. It is there
fore vital to avoid
selectivity and reliability speci
tions, ABB has been able to drive the major disturbances fications in order to satisfy
development of new interfaces for by all possible
its teleprotection platform NSD570, means. A key ele fault clearing requirements.
allowing secure, reliable and depend- ment for the isola
able operation of protection signaling tion and fast clearing of faults is a sound mands), and to ensure that their
equipment over Ethernet/IP WAN protection practice. response time and selectivity needs
networks for the first time. are met in case of power system fault
Protection systems must meet sensi conditions.
tivity, time response, selectivity and reli
ability specifications in order to satisfy Performance criteria for tele
fault clearing requirements. Protection protection: security, dependability
schemes, in particular for high-voltage and transmission time
transmission lines, rarely meet all these Since any telecommunication system
requirements without using telecommu is subject to various forms of inter-
nications. ference and impairment (such as jitter
and bit errors in digital networks or
The typical protection-system archi corona noise and attenuation variations
Title Picture
tecture on a high-voltage transmis- on a power line carrier channel), the per
Utilities are concerned that protection signaling
in substations might be at stake due to non-deter sion line consists of three main com formance of the teleprotection equip
ministic Ethernet communication. ponents: protection relays, teleprotec ment under these disturbed channel
Substation A Substation B
High-voltage line
Teleprotection system
Another important criterion is the avail Power line carrier (PLC) links
ability of the communication channel Fiber-optic links Teleprotection
itself, in order to perform the required
Copper wires / pilot cables
function at any moment in time within a Microwave-radio links systems normally
given interval [2]. The availability level for
a telecommunication system used for The physical property of the interface be
rely on telecommu
teleprotection should be at least 99.99 tween the teleprotection equipment and nication channels
percent. To achieve this critical objective, the communication terminal is either an
a profound knowledge of the applied analog circuit with voice frequency band that provide a
telecommunication technology is essen
tial. Moreover, an appropriate network
width, or a digital/optical circuit with a
certain data rate, eg 64 kbps 3.
d eterministic signal
design, implementation of self-healing or transmission delay
recovery mechanisms and necessary re ABBs next generation teleprotection
dundancy and back-up methods are es equipment NSD570 offers a complete and have a con
sential. set of interfaces to the telecommunica
tion system as mentioned above, and
stant bandwidth.
Beside the availability of the communica enables Ethernet connectivity by means
tion channel, the electromagnetic com of a 10/100 Mbps interface, which will be
patibility (EMC) of the teleprotection sys discussed later in this article.
tem and its immunity against interference
from fast transient bursts and other out Is Teleprotection compromised with
side disturbances is critical. The entire deployment of Ethernet/IP based
design of the teleprotection system and networks?
respective hardware has to be such that Teleprotection systems rely on telecom
it can withstand interference precisely at munication channels that provide a de
the moment of a fault in the power sys terministic signal transmission delay and
tem, ie, at the time when its ability to reli have a constant bandwidth or bit rate
ably transmit commands is most required. over time, without any delay variation.
Static multiplexing techniques such as
Teleprotection via different telecom- plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH)1
munication media and channels
Various types of transmission media can be
Footnote
used for teleprotection. As point-to-point
1 A plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) network
communication links are still commonly is a network in which different data streams are
used, the following media prevail today: nearly, but not quite perfectly, synchronized.
an
l
dig
alo
link
ita
alo
NSD570
dig
an
ita
g
l
MUX - - MUX NSD570
Optical
g
an
Station A
alo
op igita g
an igita al
fibre
alo
d alo
tic l
d tic
an
alo l
al
op
g
an
g
Protection - - Protection Ethernet/IP
commands Optical commands network
fibre NSD570
analo g
g analo
- - Station E
Et
he Copper et Station D
rn rn
et wires he
Et
IP based
network NSD570
NSD570
Workstation
One NSD570
Ethernet
equipped with
LAN-interface S/S-LAN Gateway
Corporate intranet
or
global Internet
Laptop
NSD570 digital system to Ethernet pack ping packets, but at the lower rate set for Comprehensive tests were conducted
ets, a protocol was developed in order to guard-packets. If the command is re on the new G3LE type NSD570 Ethernet
reduce latency and bandwidth require- moved by the protection relay, guard interface in a network built up of ABBs
ments. packets are sent from then on. Ethernet type AFS switch family. Even
with simulated burst traffic of varying
Beside the actual teleprotection com The reception of only one correct trip packet size and traffic overload on sec
mands, the payload content of such a ping packet at the remote NSD570 trig tions of the network, the transmission
packet comprises several data fields that ger the configured relay interface outputs time did not exceed 4 ms, and averaged
enable the measurement of various key in accordance with the commands re approximately 2.5 ms.
performance parameters including trans ceived in the packet.
mission time and packet loss rate. To verify reliable operation even under
Priority settings for time-critical severely disturbed Ethernet/IP network
The entire payload is protected by an au teleprotection commands conditions, ie, with packet loss rates
thentication algorithm (patent pending), As teleprotection commands are time- (PLR) of up to 10 percent and above, the
which addresses various cyber-security critical, they should be transmitted as dependability (referred to as Pmc or prob
issues. fast as possible through the network. ablility of missing a command) was mea
Both IP and Ether
Channel supervision continuously net offer means to
monitors quality and availability set priorities and All user activity is logged in
A packet-switched network is vulnerable handle high-priori
to various factors that can negatively ty traffic accord order to detect security
a ffect transmission time. ingly. The NSD570
Ethernet supports
relevant system manipulations
The NSD570 Ethernet continuously Ethernet/IP priority at an early stage.
monitors the channels availability and settings with the
quality using guard packets that are following parameters: ToS setting the sured. At various PLR levels, a significant
sent at user-configurable intervals. type of service field on IP layer 3, and number of tripping commands were
Alarms are generated if the measured VLAN tagging ID and priority setting of sent, the number of commands not re
transmission time or packet-loss rate ex the Ethernet frame on layer 2. ceived within a specified transmission
ceeds user-configurable thresholds, or if time (Tac) was recorded and thus the re
the channel is lost completely. Proven performance under severe sulting P mc was calculated. For compari
network conditions son, the measurement of the depend
Ensure dependable command The worst-case requirement for security ability is based on the bit error rate (BER),
transmission (referred to as Puc or probability of an un which can be derived from the corre
As soon as a command is received from wanted command) of tripping commands sponding packet loss rate PLR 7.
the protection relay, the NSD570 Ether transferred in digital communication
net WAN interface starts sending multi systems according to IEC 60834-1 is
These test results, in conjunction with
ple tripping packets at short intervals. Puc < 1E-08. For the new protocol imple additional field trials in utility Ethernet/IP
This ensures fast reception of packets at mented in the NSD570, a P uc of < 1E-18 networks, confirmed that ABBs innova
the remote NSD570, even under very can be proven mathematically. tive Ethernet WAN interface type G3LE
bad channel conditions (ie, high packet meets and exceeds the requirements as
loss). Following this initial sequence, the set for Digital teleprotection equipment
NSD570 Ethernet continues to send trip according to IEC 60834-1.
that guarantees
the requested Assuring reliable command transmission tion of Ethernet-based local area
requires both an appropriate Ethernet/IP networks in substations.
maximum packet network design and a setup guaran
ABB Switzerland Ltd, December 2011. The right to modifications or deviations due to technical progress is reserved.
LAN Local Area Network interfaces to the protection devices. The
MUX Multiplexer setup requires only a second line inter into Ethernet/IP
face for the redundant path, plugged into
WAN networks or
NERC North American Electric Reliability
Corporation the same rack.
into a substation
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PLC Power Line Carrier
PLR
SDH
Packet Loss Rate
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Romeo Comino LAN network by
Michael Strittmatter
SFP
SNMP
Small Form-factor Pluggable
Simple Network Management
ABB Power Systems simply replacing/
Protocol
S/S Substation
System Group Utility Communications
Baden, Switzerland
adding one
ToS Type of Service romeo.comino@ch.abb.com
michael.strittmatter@ch.abb.com
m odule.
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
References
Summary
With ABBs latest innovations, NSD570 Footnotes
offers a future-proof platform that can be 2 See also the ABB Review Special Report on
integrated into Ethernet/IP WAN or into a IEC61850, downloadable from www.abb.com/
abbreview
substation LAN network by simply re
3 GOOSE: Generic Object Oriented Substation
placing/adding one module. NSD570 is a Events is a control model defined by IEC 61850
true all-in-one system for communication for transferring event data.
line and protection interface require
ments.