Atoms and 1

Molecules
18th century marked the recognition of difference between compounds and
elements and scientists started thinking about combining and reactions of elements.
Antoine L Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical science by establishing two
important laws of chemical combination.

Laws of Chemical Combination

The following two laws are result of experimentations by Lavoisier and Joseph L Proust.

(i) Law of Conservation of Mass 3 Laws of Chemical

It states that mass can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction, i.e., Combination
total mass of reactants must be equal to the total mass of products. It is also known as law 3 Daltons Atomic Theory
of indestructibility of matter. 3 Atoms
For example, if 4.0 g of sodium carbonate reacts with 10 g of hydrochloric acid 3 Molecules
solution; it results in the formation of 2.5 g of carbon dioxide and 11.5 g of sodium 3 Ions
chloride solution. 3 Ionic Compounds
Here, Mass of reactants = 4.0 + 10 = 14 g 3 Writing Chemical
Mass of products = 2.5 + 11.5 = 14 g Formulae
3 Molecular Mass and
(ii) Law of Constant Proportions Mole Concept
It states that, in a pure chemical substance, the elements are always present in definite 3 Percentage Composition
proportions by mass. It is also known as law of definite proportions.
For example, water from any source contains hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of
1 : 8 by mass. Similarly, carbon dioxide always contains C and O in the ratio of 3 : 8. If a
sample of CO 2 contains 36 g of carbon, then it is compulsory that it has 96 g oxygen.
3 36
This is calculated as = ;
8 x
36 8
x= = 96 g
3
2 ll ne Science Class 9th Term II

Daltons Atomic Theory Modern Symbols of Atoms of

Daltons atomic theory provided an explanation for the
Different Elements
law of conservation of mass and the law of definite Modern symbols for the elements were introduced by
proportions. According to Daltons atomic theory, all matter JJ Berzelius. These are defined as a short hand representation
(whether an element, a compound or a mixture), is of the name of an element.
composed of small particles, called atoms. Many of the symbols are the first one or two letters of the
The postulates of Daltons atomic theory are elements name in English. The first letter of a symbol is always
written in capital letter and the second letter as a small letter.
n Every matter is made of very small particles, called the atoms.
n Atoms are indivisible particles which cannot be created or For example, chlorineCl, zincZn and aluminiumAl.
destroyed in a chemical reaction. Symbols have been taken from the names of elements in
n Atoms of a given element are identical in mass as well as in chemical different languages such as Latin, German Greek, etc.
properties.
n Atoms of different elements have different masses and For example,
chemical properties. Iron Fe from Ferrum (Latin name)
n Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers forming Gold Au from Aurum (Latin name)
compounds.
n The relative number as well as kinds of atoms are constant in a given
Potassium K from Kalium (Latin name)
compound. Chlorine Cl from Chloros (Greek name)
The major drawback of Daltons atomic theory was that, it Cobalt Co from Kobold (German name)
considered atom as indivisible particle but now it has been Sodium Na from Natrium (Latin name)
established that an atom can further be divided into electrons,
protons and neutrons. Symbols for Some Elements

Check oint 1 Element

Aluminium
Symbol Element
Al Copper
Symbol
Cu
Element
Nitrogen
Symbol
N
1. 50 g of 10% lead nitrate is mixed with 50 g of 10% Argon Ar Fluorine F Oxygen O
sodium chloride in a closed vessel. After sometime Barium Ba Gold Au Potassium K
6.83 g of lead chloride was precipitated. Besides, the Boron B Hydrogen H Silicon Si
reaction mixture contained 90 g of water and sodium Bromine Iodine Silver
Br I Ag
nitrate. What is the amount of sodium nitrate
Calcium Ca Iron Fe Sodium Na
formed?
Carbon C Lead Pb Sulphur S
2. Give one major drawback of Daltons atomic theory of
Chlorine Cl Magnesium Mg Uranium U
matter.
Cobalt Co Mercury Hg Zinc Zn
3. In a given sample of ammonia, 9 g hydrogen and 42 g
nitrogen are present. In another sample, 5 g Chromium Cr Neon Ne
hydrogen is present. Calculate the amount of
nitrogen in the second sample. Atomic Mass
According to Dalton, each element had a characteristic
Atoms atomic mass. But determining the mass of an individual atom
was a relatively difficult task. Relative atomic masses were
Atoms are the smallest particles of an element which may determined using the laws of chemical combinations and the
or may not have independent existence but take part in a compounds formed.
chemical reaction. These are the building blocks of all
matter. Relative Atomic Mass
For example, atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc It is defined as the number of times a given atom is heavier
are not capable of independent existence whereas atoms of than 1/12th of mass of 1 atom of carbon-12 (C-12).
helium, neon, etc are capable of independent existence.
Atomic Mass Unit
Size of Atoms It is defined as the mass of 1/12th of the mass of one atom
Atoms are very small and their radius is measured in of C-12 isotope. Earlier, it was abbreviated as amu but
nanometres. according to latest recommendation of IUPAC (International
1/10 9 m = 1 nm or 1m = 10 9 nm Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), it is now written as
Radius of hydrogen atom is 0.1 nm. uunified mass.
 ll ne Atoms and Molecules 3

Atomic Masses of Few Elements (iv) Tetraatomic molecules They consist of four
Element Atomic Mass (u)
atoms. e.g., P4 .
Hydrogen
(v) Polyatomic molecules They consist of more than
1
four atoms. e.g., S 8 .
Carbon 12
Nitrogen 14 Atomicity of Some Elements (Non-metal)
Oxygen 16
Name Atomicity Name Atomicity
Sodium 23
Argon Monoatomic Nitrogen Diatomic
Magnesium 24
Sulphur 32 Helium Monoatomic Chlorine Diatomic
Chlorine 35.5 Oxygen Diatomic Phosphorus Tetra-atomic
Calcium 40 Hydrogen Diatomic Sulphur Poly-atomic

Atoms of most elements are not able to exist independently.

Atoms form molecules and ions. These molecules or ions Molecules of Compounds
aggregate to form the matter.
Atoms of different elements join together in

Check oint 2 definite proportions forming molecules of compounds.

For example, H 2O molecule is made up of hydrogen
1. Write the atomic mass of following elements and oxygen elements in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass.
Oxygen, Chlorine, Carbon, Hydrogen.
Molecules of Some Compounds
2. Write symbols of the following elements
Compounds Combining Elements Ratio by Mass
Silver, Chromium, Chlorine, Mercury, Lead,
Copper, Gold, Aluminium. Water (H2O) Hydrogen and oxygen 1:8
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Carbon and oxygen 3:8
Molecules Hydrogen sulphide Hydrogen and sulphur 1 : 16
(H2S)
The smallest particle of a substance which is capable of
independent existence is called a molecule. In general, Ammonia (NH3 ) Nitrogen and hydrogen 14 : 3
molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically Sulphuric acid (H2SO 4 ) Hydrogen, sulphur, 1: 16 : 32
bonded together. It shows all the properties of the substance. oxygen
Glucose (C 6H12O 6 ) Carbon, hydrogen, 6: 1: 8
Molecules of Elements oxygen
The molecules of an element are constituted by the same Baking powder Sodium, hydrogen, 23: 1: 12: 48
type of atoms. Molecules of many elements are made up of (NaHCO 3 ) carbon, oxygen
one atom of that element. e.g., argon (Ar), helium (He), etc.
Common salt (NaCl) Sodium, chlorine 23:35.5
The molecules of the most of the non-metals are made up
of more than one atoms. Limestone (CaCO 3 ) or Calcium, carbon, 40:12:48 or
Calcium carbonate oxygen 10: 3: 12
For example, a molecule of oxygen consists of two atoms
of oxygen. Ozone consists of three atoms of oxygen. Caustic soda (NaOH) Sodium, oxygen, 23: 16: 1
hydrogen
Atomicity Caustic potash (KOH) Potassium, oxygen, 39: 16: 1
It is defined as the number of atoms in a molecule. hydrogen
(i) Monoatomic molecules They consist of only one Ethanol (C 2H5OH) Carbon, hydrogen, 24: 6: 16 or
atom. oxygen 12: 3: 8
e.g., He, Ne, Ar, Xe, Fe, Al, etc. Methanol (CH3 OH) Carbon, hydrogen, 12: 4: 16: or
(ii) Diatomic molecules They consist of two atoms. oxygen, 3: 1: 4
e.g., H 2 , O 2 , N 2 , I 2 , Br2 , Cl 2 , etc. Ethyne (C 2H2 ) Carbon, hydrogen 24: 2 or
(iii) Triatomic molecules They consist of three atoms. 12: 1
e.g., O3 .
4 ll ne Science Class 9th Term II

Check oint 3 Valency

The combining power (or capacity) of an element is called its
1. Give some examples containing more valency. Valency can be used to find out how the atoms of an element
than four atoms. What are these called? will combine with the atom (s) of another element to form a chemical
2. What is the difference between 2Cl and compound.
Cl 2 ? Names, Symbols and Valency of Some Ions
3. Differentiate between atom and Non-
molecule. Name of Symbo Polyatomic
Valency Symbol metallic Symbol
ion l ions
4. How many kinds of atoms are present in a element
molecule of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 )? 1 Sodium Na + Hydrogen H+ Ammonium NH+4
Potassium K+ Hydride H Hydroxide OH
5. The atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon,
Silver Ag + Chloride CI Nitrate NO 3
nitrogen and oxygen are 1u, 12u, 14u and Copper (I)* Cu+ Bromide Br Hydrogen
HCO 3
16 u, respectively. Show that the atoms carbonate
of the following compounds combine in (bicarbonate)
simple mass to atomic mass ratio : Iodide I
H2O, CO2 and NH 3 . Magnesium Mg 2+ Oxide O 2 Carbonate CO 2
2 3
Calcium Ca 2+ Sulphide S2 Sulphite SO 2
3
Zinc Zn2+ Sulphate
Ions Iron (II)* Fe 2+
SO 2
4

The charged species are known as ions. These Copper (II)* Cu2+
can be negatively or positively charged. 3 Aluminium Al 3+ Nitride N3 Phosphate PO 3
4
Iron (III)* Fe 3+
Ions are of following two types :
* These elements show more than one valency. Here, the Roman
Cations numeral written in brackets shows their valency. These have covalent
The positively charged ions which are attracted bonds.
towards cathode in an electric field are known as The compounds which contain molecules are called molecular
cations. e.g., Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Al3+ , etc. compounds. e.g. H2O , CH4 , etc.

Anions Writing Chemical Formulae

The negatively charged ions which are attracted
towards anode in an electric field are known as
anions. e.g., Cl , Br , O 2 , N 3 , etc.
Ionic Compounds
The compound which consists of ions is known
as ionic compound. It contains ionic bonds, e.g.,
NaCl, CaO, etc. Such compounds consist of a
positively charged metal ion and negatively charged
non-metal ion.
A group of atoms carrying a charge and
behaving like one entity, is known as a polyatomic
ion. It carries a fixed charge.
e.g., NO - 3 (nitrate ion), CO32 (carbonate ion) and
SO 24 (sulphate ion), etc.
The short way to represent a compound with the help of symbols
and valency of elements is known as chemical formula. Chemical
formula of a compound shows its constituent elements and the
number of atoms of each combining element.
In ionic compounds, the charge on each ion is used to determine
the chemical formula of a compound.
There are some rules for writing chemical formula
(i) The valencies or charges on the ion must be balanced.
(ii) When a compound consists of a metal and a non-metal, the
name of the metal is written first and on the left whereas
non-metal on the right.
For example, calcium oxide (CaO), sodium chloride
(NaCl), iron sulphide (FeS), copper oxide (CuO), etc where
oxygen, chlorine, sulphur are non-metals and are written on
the right, whereas calcium, sodium, iron and copper are
metals and are written on left.
 ll ne Atoms and Molecules 5

(iii) When compound is formed with polyatomic Potassium carbonate

ions, the ion is enclosed in a bracket before Symbols K CO3
writing the number to indicate the ratio. In Charges +1 2
case the number of polyatomic ion is one, the Formula K 2CO3
bracket is not required. We use brackets when we have two or more of the same ions in
For example, NaOH. the formulae.
For example,
Formulae of Simple Compounds Aluminium hydroxide
To write the chemical formula for compounds, Symbols Al OH
write the symbols of constituent elements and their Charges +3 1
valencies as shown below. Write the symbol of cation Formula Al(OH)3
first followed by the symbol of anion. Then criss-cross Ammonium sulphate
their charges or valencies to get the formula. Symbols NH 4 SO 4
The simplest compounds made up of two different Charges +1 2
elements are also called binary compounds. Formula (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4
For example,
Hydrogen sulphide Check oint 4
Symbols H S
1. Give symbol and valency of the following ions
Valencies 1 2 Hydroxide ion, carbonate ion, sulphate ion,
Formula H2S bicarbonate ion, nitrate ion, ammonium ion, nitride
Carbon tetrachloride ion and phosphate ion.
Symbols C Cl 2. Write the formulae for the following
Valencies 4 1 (a) Ammonium carbonate (b) Potassium sulphate
(c) Cupric chloride (d) Aluminium nitride
Formula CCl 4
(e) Calcium phosphate
Magnesium chloride
3. The formula of sulphuric acid is H2SO 4 and a metal
Symbols Mg Cl
chloride has its formula as MCl 3 . Write the formula of
Charges +2 1 metal sulphate.
Formula MgCl 2 4. Write the name of the compounds, which are represented
In other words, the positive and negative charges by the following formulae
must balance each other and the overall structure must NaHCO 3 , Ca(OH)2 , CaO, KNO 3
be neutral.
For example,
Calcium oxide
Molecular Mass and Mole Concept
Symbols Ca O Molecular Mass
Charges +2 2
The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic
Formula Ca 2O 2 or CaO
masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the substance. Therefore,
Aluminium oxide the relative molecular mass of a molecule is expressed in atomic
Symbols Al O mass units (u).
Charges +3 2 For example, the relative molecular mass of water (H 2O) is
Formula Al 2O3 18 u, which can be calculated as
Sodium nitrate Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1u
Symbols Na NO3
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 u
Charges +1 1
H 2O contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Therefore, molecular mass of water is
Formula NaNO3
= 2 1 + 1 16 = 18 u
6 ll ne Science Class 9th Term II

Example 1. Calculate the molar mass of the following Molar mass of atoms is also known as gram atomic
substances. mass. To find the gram molecular mass or molar mass we
(a) Ammonia (b) Hydrochloric acid keep the numerical value same but change the units from
(c) Phosphorus molecule (d) Hydrogen molecule u to g.
(e) Oxygen molecule (f) Sulphur dioxide
Sol. 1 mole of
(a) Molar mass of ammonia carbon atoms

(NH3 ) = 1 14 + 3 1 = 17 u 6.022 1023 12 g of C atoms

(b) Molar mass of hydrochloric acid atoms of C
(HCl) = 1 1 + 1 35.5 = 36.5 u 1 mole of
(c) Molar mass of phosphorus molecule hydrogen atoms

(P4 ) = 4 31 = 124 u 6.022 1023 1 g of H atoms

(d) Molar mass of hydrogen molecule (H 2 ) = 2 1 = 2 u atoms of H
1 mole of any
(e) Molar mass of oxygen molecule (O 2 ) = 2 16 = 32 u particle like atoms,
molecules, ions
(f ) Molar mass of sulphur dioxide
(SO 2 ) = 32 + 2 16 = 64 u 6.022 1023
number of that
Relative molecular
mass of that
particle particle in gram
Formula Unit Mass
Relationship between mole, Avogadro number
It is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula and molecular mass
unit of a compound. We use the word formula unit for those
substances whose constituent particles are ions.
Example 2. Find the mass of
Formula unit mass is calculated in the same manner as we (a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms
calculate the molecular mass. (b) 8 moles of aluminium atoms
For example, formula unit mass for sodium chloride (c) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms
(NaCl) = 1 23 + 1 35.5 = 58.5 u. (d) 2 moles of water molecules
Sol.
Mole Concept (a) Mass of 1 mole of nitrogen atoms = 14 g
The mole is the amount of a substance which contains as (b) We know that,
many particles (atoms/ions/molecules/formula units, etc) as in
12 g of C-12. mass of 1 mole of Al atoms =27 g
Mass of 8 moles of Al atoms = 8 27 = 216 g
One mole of any species (atoms, molecules, ions or particles)
is that quantity in number having a mass equal to its atomic or (c) Mass of 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms = 0.2 16 = 3.2 g
molecular mass in grams. (QMass of 1 mole of oxygen atoms =16 g )
The number of particles present in 1 mole of any substance is (d) Mass of 2 moles of water molecules = 2 18 = 36 g
fixed, equal to 6.022 10 23 . This is a constant called the (QMass of 1 mole of water molecule =18 g )
Avogadro constant or Avogadros number ( N 0 ). Example 3. Find the number of moles of
Mole is also defined as a number equal to the Avogadro (a) 48 g of oxygen gas
constant, N A (6.022 10 23 ). (b) 18 g of H2O molecules
(c) 22 g of CO2 gas
1 Mole = 6.022 10 23 in number
(d) 51 g of NH3 gas
The mass of 1 mole of a substance is equal to its relative
Sol.
atomic or molecular mass in gram.
(a) Molecular weight of O 2 = 2 16 = 32 u
The atomic mass or molecular mass of an element gives us i. e., 1 mole of O 2 = 32 g
the mass of one atom of that element in atomic mass units (u).
Q 32 g of O 2 =1mol
To get the mass of 1 mole of an atom of that element we have to
1 48 3
take the same numerical value but change the units from u 48 g of O 2 = = = 1.5 mol
to g. 32 2
 ll ne Atoms and Molecules 7

Given mass 48
or, Number of moles =
Molar mass
=
32
= 1.5 mol Percentage Composition
The percentage composition of a component in a
(b) Molar mass of H 2O = 2 1 + 16 = 18 g
compound is the percentage of the total mass of the
18 g of H 2O =1mol
compound that is due to that component. It is obtained by
Given mass 18
or, Number of moles = = = 1mol dividing mass due to component by the total mass of the
Molar mass 18 compound and multiplying by 100, i.e.,
(c) Molar mass of CO 2 = 12 + 2 16 = 44 g Percentage composition of component
Q 44 g of CO 2 =1mol Mass due to that component
1 = 100
22 g of CO 2 = 22 = 0.5 mol Total molar mass of compound
44
Given mass 22 Example 5. Calculate the percentage composition of
or, Number of moles = = = 0.5 mol
Molar mass 44 carbon in CO 2 .
(d) Molar mass of NH3 = 14 + 3 1 = 17 g Sol. Molar mass of CO 2 =12 + 2 16
Q 17g of NH3 = 1 mol = 44 g mol 1
1
51g of NH3 = 51 = 3 mol Mass due to carbon (C) = 12 g
17
12
or, Number of moles =
Given mass 51
= = 3 mol Percentage composition of C = 100
Molar mass 17 44
= 27. 3%
Example 4. Calculate the number of aluminium ions
which are present in 0.0051 g of aluminium oxide.
Sol. Molar mass of 1 mole of aluminium oxide (Al 2O3 )
Check oint 5
1. What is Avogadro number ?
= 2 27 + 3 16 = 54 + 48 =102 g
Q 102 g of Al 2O3 contains 2. Write the weight of 1 mole of sodium atoms and
= 2 6.022 10 23 Al 3 + ions 1 mole of oxygen molecules.
3. Calculate the molecular mass of MgO,
0.0051 g of Al 2O3 will contain
C2H 5OH and C2H2 .
2 6.022 10 23
0.0051ions 4. Calculate the percentage composition of glucose
102
(C6H 12O6 ).
= 6.022 1019 Al 3 + ions

Answers for Check Points

Check Point 1
1. 50 g of 10% lead nitrate means, solution contains
50 10 = 5 g lead nitrate in (50 5 = ) 45 g of water.
100
Similarly, 50 g of 10% sodium chloride means the solution
contains 5 g of sodium chloride in 45 g of water.
Thus, total contents before reaction
= 5 + 5 + 45 + 45
= 100 g
After reaction, amount of water = 90 g
and amount of lead chloride = 6.83 g
According to law of conservation of mass,
Total amount of reactants = Total amount of products
100 = 90 + 6.83 + amount of sodium nitrate
Amount of sodium nitrate = 100 90 6.83 = 3.17 g.
2. Major drawback of Daltons atomic theory is that he
postulated that atom is the smallest particle of matter. But
now it is established that atom can further be sub-divided into
smaller particles, known as electrons, protons and neutrons.
3. Ratio of hydrogen and nitrogen in the first sample of
ammonia = 9 : 42 or 3 : 14.
8 ll ne Science Class 9th Term II

According to law of definite proportions in the second sample of ammonia, 2. (a) Ammonium carbonate
hydrogen and nitrogen should be in the ratio of 3 : 14. NH4 CO 3
H 3 5 3
Therefore, = = +1 2
N 14 N 14 (NH4 )2 CO 3
5 14
N= = 23.3 g (b) Potassium sulphate
3
K SO 4
+1 2
Check Point 2 K 2SO 4
1. (c) Cupric chloride
Element Atomic Mass ( u) Cu Cl
Oxygen 16 +2 1
Chlorine 35.5 CuCl 2
Carbon 12 (d) Aluminium nitride
Hydrogen 1 Al N
+3 3
2. Silver (Ag), Chromium (Cr), Chlorine (Cl), Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Copper AlN
(Cu), Gold (Au), Aluminium (Al).
(e) Calcium phosphate
Ca PO 4
Check Point 3 +2 3
1. Molecules which contain more than four atoms are called poly-atomic Ca 3 (PO 4 )2
molecules. For example, sulphur (S8 ), ethyl alcohol (C 2H5OH), sugar
(C12H22O11 ), etc. 3. For the formula of metal sulphate, valencies of
metal ion and sulphate ion should be known.
2. 2Cl indicates 2 atoms of chlorine and Cl 2 indicates one molecule of Valency of sulphate ion (SO 2
4 ) is 2 and that of
chlorine. metal is +3 (because it combines with 3
3. An atom is the smallest particle of an element which may or may not have chloride ions forming the formula MCl3 ).
independent existence. For example, helium is an atom and exists as such. Therefore, formula of metal sulphate is
On the other hand, molecule is the smallest particle of an element or M 2 (SO 4 )3 .
compound, capable of independent existence. For example, hydrogen
atom (H) cannot exist as such but exists as H2 , which is a molecule. 4. Chemical formulae Chemical names
NaHCO 3 Sodium bicarbonate
4. CaCO 3 is a heteroatomic molecule which contains three types of atoms,
Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide
i.e., one atom of calcium, one atom of carbon and three atoms of oxygen.
CaO Calcium oxide
5. KNO 3 Potassium nitrate
Compound Combining Ratio by Simple
Mass ratio/Atomic mass
elements mass ratio Check Point 5
H2 O H and O 1:8 1 8 1 2:1
H= = 1, O = = 1. It is 6.022 1023
and denoted by the symbol
1 16 2
3 1 8 1 NA .
CO 2 C and O 3:8 C = = ,O = = 1:2
12 4 16 2 2. Weight of 1 mole of sodium atoms = 23 g
NH 3 N and H 14 : 3 14 3 1:3 (atomic mass) and weight of 1 mole of oxygen
N= = 1, H = = 3
14 1 molecules = 32 g (molecular mass).
3. Molecular mass of MgO = 24 + 16 = 40u
Check Point 4 Molecular mass of C 2H5OH
1. = 2 12 + 5 1 + 16 + 1= 46u
Ion Symbol Valency
Molecular mass of C 2H2 = 24 + 2 = 26u
Hydroxide OH 1
Carbonate CO 2 2 4. Molar mass of glucose
3
(C 6H12O 6 ) = 6 12 + 12 1 + 6 16
Sulphate SO 2 2
4
= 72 + 12 + 96 = 180 g
Bicarbonate HCO 3 1 Percentage of carbon =
72
100 = 40 %
Nitrate NO 3 1 180
12
Ammonium NH+4 +1 Percentage of hydrogen = 100 = 6.66 %
3 180
Nitride N 3 96
Percentage of oxygen = 100 = 53.33 %
Phosphate PO 3
4 3 180
 Activity Field
Activity 1
Objective
To understand, that there is a change in mass when a chemical change takes place.
(To understand law of conservation of mass experimentally).
Procedure
1. Take one of the following sets, X and Y of chemicals
X Y
(i) Copper sulphate 1.25 g Sodium carbonate 1.43 g
(ii) Barium chloride 1.22 g Sodium sulphate 1.53 g
(iii) Lead nitrate 2.07 g Sodium chloride 1.17 g

2. Prepare separately a solution of any one pair of substances listed under X and Y each in 10 mL water.
3. Take a solution of Y in a conical flask and solution of X in a small test tube.
Cork
4. Hang the test tube in the flask carefully. Put a cork on the flask and weigh it.
Thread
In (i), on weighing, its weight is (1.25 + 1.43) g = 2.68 g
Conical flask
In (ii), on weighing, its weight is (1.22 +1.53) g = 2.75g Small ignition tube
In (iii), on weighing, its weight is (2.07 +1.17)g = 3.24 g Solution of X
Solution of Y
5. Now, tilt and swirl the flask, so that the solutions X and Y get mixed.We should
put a cork on the mouth of the flask so that no gas can pass out, if formed.
Small test tube contains solution of
6. Weigh again. X, which is dipped in conical flask
containing solution of Y.
Observation
The sum of weights of the products formed are the same as before the mixing of reactants.
In reaction flask, following chemical reactions take place
(i) CuSO 4 + Na 2CO3 Na 2SO 4 + CuCO3 (ii) BaCl 2 + Na 2SO 4 BaSO 4 + 2NaCl
(iii) Pb(NO3 ) 2 + 2NaCl 2NaNO3 + PbCl 2

Conclusion
The mass of the flask and its contents does not change because mass is conserved in the reaction. Mass can neither be created nor
destroyed in chemical reactions.

Multiple Choice Questions 3. The balancing of chemical equation is based on the

(a) law of constant proportions
1. Which law is verified by this activity? (b) law of conservation of mass
(a) Law of conservation of mass (c) law of multiple proportions
(b) Law of constant proportions (d) none of the above
(c) Law of multiple proportions
(d) Both (b) and (c) 4. The law of conservation of mass was discovered by
(a) Dalton (b) Democritus (c) Proust (d) Lavoisier
2. When 20 g of BaCl 2 is mixed with 10.6 g of H2SO 4 , it
produces 8.2 g of HCl and some amount of BaSO 4 . The 5. What is the correct formula of sodium carbonate?
mass of BaSO 4 is equal to (a) NaCO 3 (b) Na 2 (CO 3 )2
(a) 20.4 g (b) 22.4 g (c) 11.2 g (d) 18.5 g (c) Na(CO 3 )2 (d) Na 2CO 3
10 ll ne Science Class 9th Term II

6. Law of conservation of mass is applicable to 10. Matter can neither be created nor be
(a) physical processes (b) chemical reactions destroyed is the
(c) nuclear reactions (d) both (a) and (b) (a) law of constant proportions
(b) law of conservation of mass
7. The valency of sulphate ion is
(c) law of multiple proportions
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
(d) none of the above
8. The formula of sodium chloride is
(a) Na 2Cl (b) NaCl 2 (c) NaCl 4 (d) NaCl Answers
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b)
9. Sulphate ion is 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d)
(a) S 2 (b) SO 2
3 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c)
(c) SO 2
4 (d) SO 2 10. (b)

Activity 2
Objective
To understand that how atoms of different elements join together in definite proportion to form molecules of compounds.

Procedure Multiple Choice Questions

1. The ratio by number of atoms for a water molecule can 1. What is the atomic mass of nitrogen?
be found as follows (a) 7 (b) 14
Ratio by Atomic Mass ratio / Simplest (c) 21 (d) 3
Element
mass mass (u) Atomic mass ratio 2. What is the ratio of N and H by mass in ammonia
H 1 1 1/ 1 = 1 2 molecule?
O 8 16 8 / 16 = 1 / 2 1 (a) 3 : 14
(b) 14 : 18
Thus, the ratio by number of atoms for water is
(c) 14 : 3
H : O = 2 :1
(d) 3 : 7
2. The ratio by number of atoms for ammonia molecule
3. Find the ratio of C and O by mass in CO2 .
can be found as follows (a) 3 : 8 (b) 8 : 3
Ratio by Atomic mass Mass ratio / Simplest (c) 4 : 3 (d) 3 : 4
Element
mass (u) Atomic mass ratio
4. The simplest ratio by number of atoms of C and O for
N 14 14 14 / 14 = 1 1 carbon dioxide is
H 3 1 3/1= 3 3 (a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
Thus, the ratio by number of atoms for ammonia is (c) 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 2
N:H=1:3 5. The formula of ammonia is
3. The ratio by number of atoms for carbon dioxide (a) NH 3 (b) NH +4
molecule can be found as follows (c) NH 2 (d) N 2

Element Ratio by Atomic mass Mass ratio/ Simplest 6. How many moles are present in 34 g of NH 3 ?
mass (u) Atomic mass ratio (a) 1 (b) 2
C 3 12 3 1 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
= 4=1
12 4 4
8 1 1 Answers
O 8 16 = 4=2
16 2 2
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a)
4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b)
Thus, the ratio by number of atoms for carbon
dioxide molecule is C : O = 1 : 2.
ll ne

O O K C o rner
TEXTB

NCERT
Intext Questions
Q 1. In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate Q 4. Which postulate of Daltons atomic theory can
reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. The products explain the law of definite proportions ?
were 2.2 g of CO2 , 0.9 g of water and 8.2 g of Sol. The relative number as well as kinds of atoms are constant
sodium ethanoate. Show that these in a given compound. This is the postulate that explains
observations are in agreement with the law of law of definite proportions.
conservation of mass.
Sodium carbonate + Ethanoic acid Sodium Q 5. Define the atomic mass unit.
ethanoate + Carbon dioxide + Water Sol. One atomic mass unit is the mass unit (u), equal to1/12th
Sol. Mass of reactants = mass of sodium carbonate + mass of of the mass of an atom of C-12.
ethanoic acid
= 5.3 + 6.0 = 11.3 g Q 6. Why is it not possible to see an atom with
Mass of products = mass of sodium ethanoate + mass of naked eyes?
carbon dioxide + mass of water Sol. The size of an atom is very small (the radius of an atom is
= 8.2 + 2.2 + 0.9 of the order of 10 10 m). Also, the atoms of the most
= 11.3 g elements do not exist independently.
Since, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of Q 7. Write down the formulae of
products, therefore, the observation made is in agreement (a) sodium oxide
with the law of conservation of mass. (b) aluminium chloride
Q 2. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of (c) sodium sulphide
1:8 by mass to form water. What mass of (d) magnesium hydroxide
oxygen gas would be required to react Sol. (a) Sodium oxide
completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas? Na O
Sol. Since, H and O combine in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass. +1 2
Therefore, Formula = Na 2O
Mass of H 1 (b) Aluminium chloride
=
Mass of O 8 Al Cl
Let the mass of oxygen required be x. +3 1
3 1 Formula = AlCl3
= or x = 24 g
x 8 (c) Sodium sulphide
Therefore, oxygen required to react with 3 g of hydrogen Na S
to form water = 24 g +1 2
Formula = Na 2 S
Q 3. Which postulate of Daltons atomic theory is
the result of the law of conservation of mass ? (d) Magnesium hydroxide
Mg (OH )
Sol. The postulate which is the result of law of conservation of +2 1
mass is atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be Formula = Mg(OH)2
created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
12 ll ne Science Class 9th Term II

(g) Molecular mass of C 2H 4 (ethene)

Q 8. Write down the names of compounds
represented by the following formulae = (Atomic mass of carbon 2)
(a) Al2(SO4 ) 3 (b) CaCl2 + (Atomic mass of hydrogen 4)
(c) K2SO4 (d) KNO3 = (12 2 ) + (1 4 ) = 24 + 4 = 28 u
(e) CaCO3 (h) Molecular mass of NH3 (ammonia)
= (Atomic mass of nitrogen 1)
Sol. (a) Aluminium sulphate (b) Calcium chloride
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen 3)
(c) Potassium sulphate (d) Potassium nitrate
(e) Calcium carbonate = (14 1) + (1 3 ) = 14 + 3 = 17 u
(i) Molecular mass of CH3 OH (methanol or methyl
Q 9. What is meant by the term chemical formula? alcohol)
= (Atomic mass of carbon 1)
Sol. It is the short way to represent a compound with the help + (Atomic mass of hydrogen 3) + (Atomic mass
of symbols and valency of elements. of oxygen 1) + (Atomic mass of hydrogen 1)
For example, = 12 + 3 + 16 + 1 = 32 u
Elements Ca Cl
Valency +2 1 Q 12. Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO,
Formula CaCl 2 Na 2 O, K2 CO3 . [Given, atomic mass of Zn = 65
u, Na = 23 u, K = 39 u, C = 12 u and O =16 u.]
Q 10. How many atoms are present in a
(a) H2S molecule and Sol. (i) Formula unit mass of ZnO (zinc oxide)
(b) PO34 ion ? = 65 + 16 = 81 u
Sol. (a) In H 2 S molecule, 3 atoms are present. (ii) Formula unit mass of Na 2O (sodium oxide)

(b) In PO34 ion, five atoms are present. = ( 23 2 ) + (16 1) = 46 + 16 = 62 u

(iii) Formula unit mass of K 2CO3 (potassium carbonate)
Q 11. Calculate the molecular masses of
= (39 2 ) + (12 1) + (16 3 )
H2 , O2 , Cl2 , CO2 , CH4 , C2H6 ,
= 78 + 12 + 48 = 138 u
C2H4 , NH3 , CH3OH
Sol. (a) Molecular mass of H 2 (hydrogen) Q 13. If one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 g, what
is the mass (in grams) of 1 atom of carbon?
= Atomic mass of hydrogen 2
=1 2 = 2 u
Sol. 1 mole of C atoms = 6.023 10 23 atoms = 12 g
(b) Molecular mass of O2 (oxygen)
Q 6.023 10 23 atoms of C weigh12 g
= Atomic mass of oxygen 2
12 1
= 16 2 = 32 u 1 atom of C weighs = 1.99 10 23 g
(c) Molecular mass of Cl 2 (chlorine) 6.023 10 23
= Atomic mass of chlorine 2 Q 14. Which has more number of atoms, 100 g of
= 35.5 2 = 71 u sodium or 100 g of iron? [Given, atomic mass
(d) Molecular mass of CO2 (carbon dioxide) of Na = 23 u, Fe = 56 u]
= (Atomic mass of carbon 1) Sol. 23 g-atomic unit or 23 g (1 mol) Na = 6.023 10 23 atoms
+ (Atomic mass of oxygen 2)
6.023 10 23
= 12 + ( 16 2 ) 100 g sodium contains 100
23
= 12 + 32 = 44 u
= 2.617 10 24 atoms
(e) Molecular mass of CH 4 (methane)
= (Atomic mass of carbon 1) Again, 56 g-atomic unit or 56 g (1 mol) iron
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen 4) = 6.023 10 23 atoms
= 12 + (1 4 ) = 12 + 4 = 16 u 6.023 10 23
100 g iron contains 100
(f ) Molecular mass of C 2H 6 (ethane) 56
= (Atomic mass of carbon 2) = 1.075 10 24 atoms
+ (Atomic mass of hydrogen 6)
Therefore, 100 g of Na has more atoms than 100 g of iron.
= (12 2 ) + (1 6 ) = 24 + 6 = 30 u
ll ne Atoms and Molecules 13

Exercises
Q 1. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and For example, oxygen atom and hydrogen atom combine to
boron was found by analysis to contain 0.096 g form hydroxide ion (OH ) and one C atom and three O
of boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the atoms combine to form carbonate ion (CO32 ).
percentage composition of the compound by
weight. Q 4. Write the chemical formulae of the following
(a) Magnesium chloride
Sol. Mass of the compound = 0.24 g (b) Calcium oxide
Mass of boron = 0.096 g (c) Copper nitrate
Mass of oxygen = 0.144 g (d) Aluminium chloride
Mass of boron (e) Calcium carbonate
Percentage of boron = 100
Mass of compound Sol.
0.096 g (a) Mg Cl
= 100 = 40% +2 1
0.240 g
Formula = MgCl 2 (Magnesium chloride)
Mass of oxygen
Percentage of oxygen = 100 (b) Ca O
Mass of compound
+2 2
0.144 g
= 100 = 60% Formula = Ca 2O2 or CaO (Calcium oxide)
0.240 g
(c) Cu NO3
Alternative method
Percentage of oxygen = 100 percentage of boron +2 1
= 100 40 = 60% Formula = Cu(NO3 )2 (Copper nitrate)
(d) Al Cl
Q 2. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, +3 1
11.00 g of carbon dioxide is produced. What
Formula = AlCl3 (Aluminium chloride)
mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when
3.00 g of carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of oxygen? (e) Ca CO3
Which law of chemical combination will +2 2
govern your answer? Formula = CaCO3 (Calcium carbonate)
Sol. First we find the proportion of mass of carbon and oxygen
in carbon dioxide. Q 5. Give the names of the elements present in the
In CO2 , C : O = 12 : 32 or 3 : 8
following compounds
(a) Quicklime
In other words, we can say that
(b) Hydrogen bromide
Q 12.00 g carbon reacts with oxygen = 32.00g
(c) Baking powder
32
3.00 g carbon will react with oxygen = 3 =8g (d) Potassium sulphate
12
(e) Marble
C + O2 CO2
Sol. (a) Quicklime Calcium oxide CaO
12 g 32 g 12 + 16 2 = 44 g
Elements Calcium, oxygen
3g 8g 3 + 8 = 11g
(b) Hydrogen bromide HBr
Therefore, 3.00 g of carbon will always react with 8.00 g of Elements Hydrogen, bromine
oxygen to form 11 g of CO2 , even if large amount
(c) Baking powder Sodium hydrogen carbonate
(50.00 g) of oxygen is present.
NaHCO3
This answer will be governed by the law of constant Elements Sodium, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen
proportions.
(d) Potassium sulphate K 2 SO4
Q 3. What is poly-atomic ion? Give examples. Elements Potassium, sulphur, oxygen
Sol. A group of atoms carrying a charge and behaving like one (e) Marble Calcium carbonate CaCO3
entity is known as poly-atomic ion. Elements Calcium, carbon, oxygen
14 ll ne Science Class 9th Term II

Q 6. Calculate the molar mass of the following (b) 20 g of water (H 2O)

substances Molar mass of water (H 2O) = 2 + 16 = 18 g
(a) Ethyne, C2H2 Q 18 g water = 1 mol
(b) Sulphur molecule, S8 1
20 g water = 20 g = 1.11 mol
(c) Phosphorus molecule, P4 18 g
(Atomic mass of phosphorus = 31)
(c) 22 g of carbon dioxide (CO2 )
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HCl
(e) Nitric acid, HNO3 Molar mass of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) = 12 + 32 = 44g
Q 44 g CO2 = 1 mol
Sol. (a) Molar mass of C 2H 2 = (2 Atomic mass of C)
1
+ (2 Atomic mass of H) 22 g CO2 = 22 g = 0.5mol
44 g
= ( 2 12 ) + ( 2 1) = 26 u
(b) Molar mass of S8 Q 9. What is the mass of
= 8 Atomic mass of S = 8 32 = 256 u (a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?
(c) Molar mass of P4 (b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?
= 4 Atomic mass of P = 4 31 = 124 u Sol. (a) Mass of 1 mole O atoms = 16 g
(d) Molar mass of HCl Mass of 0.2 mole O atoms = 16 0.2 = 3.2 g
= (Atomic mass of H) + (Atomic mass of Cl) (b) Mass of 1 mole of H 2O molecules = 18 g
= 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 u Mass of 0.5 mole of H 2O molecules
(e) Molar mass of HNO3 = 18 0.5 = 9.0 g
= (Atomic mass of H) + (Atomic mass of N)
+ (3 Atomic mass of O)
Q 10. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur
S8 present in 16 g of solid sulphur.
= 1 + 14 + (3 16 ) = 15 + 48 = 63 u
Sol. Molar mass of sulphur ( S8 ) = 32 8 = 256 g
Q 7. What is the mass of
Number of S8 molecules in 256 g of solid sulphur
(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms?
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass = 6.022 10 23
of aluminium = 27) ? Number of S8 molecules in 16 g of solid sulphur
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3 )? 6.022 10 23
= 16 g = 3.76 10 22 molecules
Sol. (a) Molar mass of N atoms = Atomic mass of N 256 g
Mass of 1 mole of N atoms = 14 g
(b) Mass of 1 mole of Al atoms = 27 g Q 11. Calculate the number of aluminium ions
Mass of 4 moles of Al atoms = 27 4 = 108 g present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.
(c) Mass of 1 mole of Na 2 SO3 [Hint The mass of an ion is the same as that of an
= ( 23 2 ) + 32 + (16 3 ) = 46 + 32 + 48 = 126 g atom of the same element. Atomic mass of Al = 27 u]
Mass of 10 moles of Na 2 SO3 = 126 10 = 1260 g Sol. Molar mass of Al 2O3 = (27 2) + (16 3)
= 54 + 48 = 102 g
Q 8. Convert into mol 3+ 2
(a) 12 g of oxygen gas Al 2O3 r 2Al + 3O
1mol 2 mol
(b) 20 g of water (102 g )
(c) 22 g of carbon dioxide
Q 102 g Al 2O3 contains Al3 + ions = 2 6.022 10 23
Sol. (a) 12 g of oxygen gas ( O2 )
Molar mass of oxygen (O2 ) = 16 2 = 32 g 0.051 g Al 2O3 will contain Al3 + ions
Q 32 g oxygen gas = 1mol 2 6.022 10 23
= 0.051
1 102
12 g oxygen gas = 12 g = 0.375 mol
32 g = 6.022 10 20 Al3 + ions