BITS Pilani

K K Birla Goa Campus

Design Considerations
 Factors to be considered - For
satisfactory design
Material selection
Corrosion prevention
Stresses due to static / dynamic loads
Elasticity instability
Combined stresses and theories of failure
Fatigue
Brittle fracture
Creep
Temperature effects
Radiation effects
Effects of fabrication methods
Economic considerations 2

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 Stresses - Static

Direct stresses
Strains
Thermal stresses
Stresses caused by bending
Deflection
Stresses caused by torsion
Stresses in struts
Short, long and intermediate struts

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 Stresses - Static

Stresses in flat plates Solid circular plate

Uniformly loaded, edge freely supported
Uniformly loaded, fixed edges
Perforated plate
Stresses in flat plates Rectangular plate
Thin cylinder under internal pressure
Thick cylinder under internal pressure
Thick spherical shell

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 Stresses

Dynamic stresses
Those produced by external forces
Those resulting from inertia of the mass of the component
Rotating rims and disks
Impact stresses
Compound stresses

02/02/2017 AMOL DESHPANDE BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Design stress

Permissible value of stress that is accepted as a safe for a

particular material and its application
Controlled by
Accuracy with which the loads can be estimated
Reliability of stresses computed
Uniformity of the material
Hazard, if failure occurs
Local stress concentrations, fatigue, creep, etc
Ductile materials
Brittle materials
Materials with no well defined yield stress
Thermoplastics
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02/02/2017 AMOL DESHPANDE BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Elastic instability

Can be caused due to sufficient stiffness or rigidity in a

component objected to compression, bending, torsion
or combination
Design of plates, columns, tubes, shells
Buckling load and design stress
Buckling
Bending or deflection of the component (medium or long columns)
Local buckling or wrinkling (Tube or cylindrical shell)
Deformation of shape or collapse (shell with external pressure)
Critical stress (in above three cases)
Eq. (3.36, 3.37, 3.39)
Should not exceed yield point
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02/02/2017 AMOL DESHPANDE BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Combined stresses and theories of
failure
Relation between combined stress and yield stress and
condition of failure
Theories of failure
Nature of stresses
Type of material
Maximum normal stress theory (Rankine theory)
Maximum shear stress theory (Guest theory)
Maximum strain theory (Saint-Venants theory)
Strain energy theory
Distortion theory or Shear energy theory 8

02/02/2017 AMOL DESHPANDE BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Combined stresses and theories of
failure
Choice
Relative magnitude of resultant normal or shear stresses
Deformation and stress has to be restricted to elastic
region
Value of yield stress should be divided by factor of safey

02/02/2017 AMOL DESHPANDE BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Fatigue

Fatigue limit or endurance limit

Endurance ratio
Endurance limit to Ultimate static stress
Factors affecting fatigue
Material and material properties
Type of loading
Surface finish
Surface stressing
Corrosion
Temperature

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02/02/2017 AMOL DESHPANDE BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Brittle fracture

Ductile materials likely to fail due to brittle fracture

Presence of defect of sufficient size or notch
High localized stresses
Operation at low temperatures
Wrong selection or treatment of materials
Notch brittleness or low temperature
operations
Higher factor of safety need to be considered

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 Creep

Continuous plastic deformation

Thermoplastic and lead Occurs at room temp
Metals at high temperatures
Function of stress, temperature and time
Design stress
Based on the maximum plastic deformation at the end of a
certain period which results in satisfactory working
conditions
At larger temperatures, design stress has to be reduced
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 Temperature effects

Increase in temperature causes reduction in

Ultimate strength
Hardness
Modulus of elasticity
Creep strength
Temperature also causes metal expansion
Design stress calculations should take effect of
higher temperatures into consideration

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 Other effects

Radiation effects
Material irradiation (specially in nuclear reactors) can cause
the increase in yield point, increase in tensile strength and
decrease in ductility
Fabrication methods
Strain or work hardening
Stress concentrations
Economic considerations
Cost of material
Cost of fabrication method 14

02/02/2017 AMOL DESHPANDE BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus