paradigm

n
1 (Grammar) the set of all the inflected forms of a word or a systematic arrangement
displaying these forms
2 a pattern or model
3 a typical or stereotypical example (esp. in the phrase paradigm case)
4 (in the philosophy of science) a very general conception of the nature of scientific
endeavour within which a given enquiry is undertaken
(C15: via French and Latin from Greek paradeigma pattern, from paradeiknunai to compare,
from para-1 + deiknunai to show)
paradigmatic adj

paradigma
sustantivo (m)
a (=prototipo) ejemplo o modelo de algo
Ese muchacho es un paradigma de buenos modales.
b modelo de trabajo compartido por la comunidad cientfica
Einstein cambi el paradigma newtoniano.

Paradigm n.
Documento de debate de la secretara de la JJE, CEB Secretariat discussion paper,
"The new paradigm for human resources", "The new paradigm for human
septiembre de 2003. resources", September 2003.
SciDev.Net, "Genomics and the new 'science and SciDev.Net, "Genomics and the new
development' paradigm", documento disponible 'science and development' paradigm",
en la siguiente direccin electrnica. paper accessible at.
Ver ms ejemplos de traduccion Espaol-Ingls en contexto para paradigm

positivism

n
1 a strong form of empiricism, esp. as established in the philosophical system of Auguste
Comte, that rejects metaphysics and theology as seeking knowledge beyond the scope of
experience, and holds that experimental investigation and observation are the only sources
of substantial knowledge
See also logical positivism
2 (Also called) legal positivism the jurisprudential doctrine that the legitimacy of a law
depends on its being enacted in proper form, rather than on its content
Compare natural law 3
3 the quality of being definite, certain, etc.
positivist n, adj
positivistic adj
positivistically adv

positivismo
sustantivo (m) teora que establece la experimentacin como nico mtodo de
conocimiento
Comte fund el positivismo en el siglo XIX.

fennel

n
1 a strong-smelling yellow-flowered umbelliferous plant, Foeniculum vulgare, whose seeds
and feathery leaves are used to season and flavour food
See also finocchio
2 another name for mayweed
(Old English fenol, from Latin faeniculum fennel, diminutive of faenum hay)

dog fennel
n
1 another name for mayweed
2 a weedy plant, Eupatorium capillifolium, of the southeastern U.S., having divided leaves
and greenish rayless flower heads: family Compositae (composites)
Florence fennel
n another name for finocchio
hog's fennel
n any of several Eurasian umbelliferous marsh plants of the genus Peucedanum,
esp. P. officinale, having clusters of small whitish flowers

fenomenologa
sustantivo (f)
a escuela que explica el ser y la conciencia a partir del anlisis de los fenmenos
observables, (filosofa) Su tesis de doctorado es una revisin de la fenomenologa.
b conjunto de manifestaciones que caracterizan un proceso
El libro trata sobre la fenomenologa de la lectura.
hermeneutic
, hermeneutical
adj
1 of or relating to the interpretation of Scripture; using or relating to hermeneutics
2 interpretive
hermeneutically adv
hermeneutist n

hermenutica
sustantivo (f) mtodo de interpretacin de textos
La hermenutica filosfica busca determinar las condiciones trascendentales de toda
interpretacin.

condiment

n any spice or sauce such as salt, pepper, mustard, etc.

(C15: from Latin condimentum seasoning, from condire to pickle)

conocimiento
sustantivo (m)
a (=entendimiento) facultad de comprender y juzgar las cosas
Tienes conocimiento de la teora?
b (=razn) nocin de la realidad o conciencia
Este hombre perdi el conocimiento.
c conjunto de ideas y nociones de una ciencia
Adquiri en unos pocos meses conocimientos bsicos de Fsica.

ontologa
sustantivo (f) metafsica que se ocupa del ser y sus caractersticas
una ontologa filosfica
ontology

n
1 (Philosophy) the branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of being
2 (Logic) the set of entities presupposed by a theory
ontological adj
ontologically adv

ontological argument
n (Philosophy)
1 the traditional a priori argument for the existence of God on the grounds that the concept
itself necessitates existence
Compare cosmological argument teleological argument
2 any analogous argument from the nature of some concept to the existence of whatever
instantiates it

teleologa
sustantivo (f) estudio de las causas finales de las cosas, (filosofa) un libro de
teleologa

teleology

n
1 (Philosophy)
a the doctrine that there is evidence of purpose or design in the universe, and esp. that this
provides proof of the existence of a Designer
b the belief that certain phenomena are best explained in terms of purpose rather than
cause
c the systematic study of such phenomena, (See also) final cause
2 (Biology) the belief that natural phenomena have a predetermined purpose and are not
determined by mechanical laws
(C18: from New Latin teleologia, from Greek telos end + -logy)
teleological
teleologic adj
teleologically adv
teleologism n
teleologist n
cualitativo
adjetivo que es propio de la forma de ser de una persona o cosa
evaluacin cualitativa

cultivation

n
1 (Agriculture)
a the planting, tending, improving, or harvesting of crops or plants
b the preparation of ground to promote their growth
2 development, esp. through education, training, etc.
3 culture or sophistication, esp. social refinement

shifting cultivation
n a land-use system, esp. in tropical Africa, in which a tract of land is cultivated until
its fertility diminishes, when it is abandoned until this is restored naturally

enfoque
sustantivo (m)
a (=encuadre) accin y resultado de enfocar
enfoque fotogrfico
b (=perspectiva) manera de considerar un problema
un enfoque acertado

enforce

vb tr
1 to ensure observance of or obedience to (a law, decision, etc.)
2 to impose (obedience, loyalty, etc.) by or as by force
3 to emphasize or reinforce (an argument, demand, etc.)
enforceable adj
enforceability n
enforcedly adv
enforcement n
enforcer n
approach

vb
1 to come nearer in position, time, quality, character, etc., to (someone or something)
2 tr to make advances to, as with a proposal, suggestion, etc.
3 tr to begin to deal with
to approach a problem
4 tr
Rare to cause to come near
n
5 the act of coming towards or drawing close or closer
6 a close approximation
7 the way or means of entering or leaving; access
8 often pl an advance or overture to a person
9 a means adopted in tackling a problem, job of work, etc.
10 (Also called) approach path the course followed by an aircraft preparing for landing
(C14: from Old French aprochier, from Late Latin appropiare to draw near, from Latin prope
near)

empirismo
sustantivo (m)
a sistema filosfico que considera que los conocimientos proceden de la experiencia ,
(filosofa) empirismo britnico
b (=pragmatismo, positivismo) procedimiento fundado en la prctica y la experiencia
empirismo lgico

empiricism

n
1 (Philosophy) the doctrine that all knowledge of matters of fact derives from experience
and that the mind is not furnished with a set of concepts in advance of experience
Compare intuitionism rationalism
2 the use of empirical methods
3 medical quackery; charlatanism
empiricist n, adj
metodologa
sustantivo (f)
a parte de la lgica que reflexiona acerca de los mtodos
La metodologa se ensea como disciplina en universidades.
b grupo de mtodos usados en la investigacin cientfica
la metodologa sociolgica actual

methodology

n pl , -gies
1 the system of methods and principles used in a particular discipline
2 the branch of philosophy concerned with the science of method and procedure
methodological adj
methodologically adv
methodologist n

mtodo
sustantivo (m)
a (=procedimiento) manera de proceder estructurada y ordenada para obtener un
resultado
mtodo cientfico
b (=tcnica) conjunto de reglas prcticas
mtodo de estudio

method

n
1 a way of proceeding or doing something, esp. a systematic or regular one
2 orderliness of thought, action, etc.
3 often pl the techniques or arrangement of work for a particular field or subject
4 (Bell-ringing) any of several traditional sets of changes
See major 18 minor 8
cuantitativo
adjetivo que tiene relacin con la cantidad
un anlisis cuantitativo

quantitative
, quantitive
adj
1 involving or relating to considerations of amount or size
Compare qualitative
2 capable of being measured
3 (Prosody) denoting or relating to a metrical system, such as that in Latin and Greek
verse, that is based on the relative length rather than stress of syllables
quantitatively, quantitively adv

filosofa
sustantivo (f)
a (=ciencia, doctrina) conjunto de reflexiones sobre la esencia, las causas y consecuencias
del hombre y el universo
La filosofa nace en la antigua Grecia.
b sistema filosfico manifestado por un pensador
la filosofa de Platn
c forma de pensar y entender el mundo
filosofa de vida
d (=ideologa) conjunto de principios e ideas bases de una actividad o empresa
la filosofa del mercado

Filofax

n Trademark a type of loose-leaf ring binder with sets of different-coloured paper, used as
a portable personal filing system, including appointments, addresses, etc.
confortabilidad
sustantivo (f) aptitud para producir confort y bienestar
confortabilidad del automvil

reliable

adj able to be trusted; predictable or dependable

reliability (less commonly)
reliableness n
reliably adv

etimologa
sustantivo (f)
a procedencia de las palabras que explica su significado y forma
Le fascinaba conocer la etimologa de las palabras.
b disciplina que estudia el origen de las palabras y la evolucin de sus formas y
significados
En la universidad hay un equipo de estudio en etimologa.

epistemology

n the theory of knowledge, esp. the critical study of its validity, methods, and scope
(C19: from Greek episteme knowledge)
epistemologist n

humanismo
sustantivo (m)
a (=humanidades) cultivo de el conjunto de disciplinas referentes al arte o las ciencias
humanas
El estudio de la literatura es parte del humanismo.
b movimiento intelectual europeo que exalt las cualidades de la naturaleza humana
El humanismo se desarroll durante los siglos XIV y XV.

humanism

n
1 the denial of any power or moral value superior to that of humanity; the rejection of
religion in favour of a belief in the advancement of humanity by its own efforts
2 a philosophical position that stresses the autonomy of human reason in contradistinction
to the authority of the Church
3 often cap a cultural movement of the Renaissance, based on classical studies
4 interest in the welfare of people
humanist n
humanistic adj

teora
sustantivo (f)
a conjunto de principios y conocimientos sobre una ciencia o actividad
Analizamos una pelcula a partir de la teora de la recepcin.
b (=doctrina) conjunto organizado de postulados que explican un fenmeno
Austin desarroll la teora de los actos de habla.
c (=hiptesis) razonamiento usado para explicar un suceso o fenmeno sin base cientfica
o experimental
Tena una teora de lo ms estrafalaria sobre las relaciones humanas.
en teora

theory

n pl , -ries
1 a system of rules, procedures, and assumptions used to produce a result
2 abstract knowledge or reasoning
3 a speculative or conjectural view or idea
I have a theory about that
4 an ideal or hypothetical situation (esp. in the phrase in theory)
5 a set of hypotheses related by logical or mathematical arguments to explain and predict a
wide variety of connected phenomena in general terms
the theory of relativity
6 a nontechnical name for hypothesis 1

holstico
adjetivo que est relacionado con el todo o que considera algo como tal, (filosofa)
un enfoque holstico de las ciencias sociales

holism

n
1 any doctrine that a system may have properties over and above those of its parts and
their organization
2 the treatment of any subject as a whole integrated system, esp., in medicine, the
consideration of the complete person, physically and psychologically, in the treatment of a
disease
See also alternative medicine
3 (Philosophy) one of a number of methodological theses holding that the significance of
the parts can only be understood in terms of their contribution to the significance of the
whole and that the latter must therefore be epistemologically prior
Compare reductionism atomism 2
(C20: from holo- + -ism)
holistic adj
holistically adv

dialctica
sustantivo (f)
a (=retrica, argumentacin) arte de discutir y argumentar a travs de la palabra
Con su dialctica, convenci al auditorio.
b conjunto ordenado de razonamientos de un discurso y manera de ordenarlos , (filosofa)
es un maestro de la dialctica
c en la tradicin hegeliana, proceso que enfrenta tesis y anttesis para llegar a la sntesis ,
(filosofa) la dialctica de la historia

dialectic

n
1 disputation or debate, esp. intended to resolve differences between two views rather than
to establish one of them as true
2 (Philosophy)
a the conversational Socratic method of argument
b (in Plato) the highest study, that of the Forms
3 (in the writings of Kant) the exposure of the contradictions implicit in applying empirical
concepts beyond the limits of experience
4 (Philosophy) the process of reconciliation of contradiction either of beliefs or in historical
processes
See also Hegelian dialectic dialectical materialism
adj
5 of or relating to logical disputation
(C17: from Latin dialectica, from Greek dialektike (tekhne) (the art) of argument; see
dialect)
dialectician n

paradigm

n
1 (Grammar) the set of all the inflected forms of a word or a systematic arrangement
displaying these forms
2 a pattern or model
3 a typical or stereotypical example (esp. in the phrase paradigm case)
4 (in the philosophy of science) a very general conception of the nature of scientific
endeavour within which a given enquiry is undertaken
 (C15: via French and Latin from Greek paradeigma pattern, from paradeiknunai to compare,
from para-1 + deiknunai to show)
paradigmatic adj

positivism

n
1 a strong form of empiricism, esp. as established in the philosophical system of Auguste
Comte, that rejects metaphysics and theology as seeking knowledge beyond the scope of
experience, and holds that experimental investigation and observation are the only sources
of substantial knowledge
See also logical positivism
2 (Also called) legal positivism the jurisprudential doctrine that the legitimacy of a law
depends on its being enacted in proper form, rather than on its content
Compare natural law 3
3 the quality of being definite, certain, etc.
positivist n, adj
positivistic adj
positivistically adv

phenomenology

n (Philosophy)
1 the movement founded by Husserl that concentrates on the detailed description of
conscious experience, without recourse to explanation, metaphysical assumptions, and
traditional philosophical questions
2 the science of phenomena as opposed to the science of being
phenomenological adj
phenomenologically adv
phenomenologist n

hermeneutics

n functioning as sing
1 the science of interpretation, esp. of Scripture
2 the branch of theology that deals with the principles and methodology of exegesis
3 (Philosophy)
a the study and interpretation of human behaviour and social institutions
b (in existentialist thought) discussion of the purpose of life
(C18: from Greek hermeneutikos expert in interpretation, from hermeneuein to interpret,
from hermeneus interpreter, of uncertain origin)

knowledge

n
1 the facts, feelings or experiences known by a person or group of people
2 the state of knowing
3 awareness, consciousness, or familiarity gained by experience or learning
4 erudition or informed learning
5 specific information about a subject
6 sexual intercourse (obsolete except in the legal phrase carnal knowledge)
7 come to one's knowledge to become known to one
8 to my knowledge
a as I understand it
b as I know
9 grow out of one's knowledge (Irish) to behave in a presumptuous or conceited
manner

ontology

n
1 (Philosophy) the branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of being
2 (Logic) the set of entities presupposed by a theory
ontological adj
ontologically adv

teleology

n
1 (Philosophy)
a the doctrine that there is evidence of purpose or design in the universe, and esp. that this
provides proof of the existence of a Designer
b the belief that certain phenomena are best explained in terms of purpose rather than
cause
c the systematic study of such phenomena, (See also) final cause
2 (Biology) the belief that natural phenomena have a predetermined purpose and are not
determined by mechanical laws
(C18: from New Latin teleologia, from Greek telos end + -logy)
teleological
teleologic adj
teleologically adv
teleologism n
teleologist n

axiology

n (Philosophy) the theory of values, moral or aesthetic

(C20: from Greek axios worthy)
axiological adj
axiologically adv
axiologist n

qualitative

adj involving or relating to distinctions based on quality or qualities

Compare quantitative
qualitatively adv

qualitative analysis
n See analysis 4
qualitative identity
n (Logic) the relation that holds between two relata that have properties in
common. This term is used to distinguish many uses of the words identical or same in
ordinary language from strict identity or numerical identity