Lecture 1

REINFORCED CONCRETE (I)

DR: SAMY AKIL FAWZY
Lecture 1:

Introduction :

Concrete Structures :

1-Buidings
2-Tanks
3-Bridges
4-Tunnels
5-Silos
6-Sheds & Halls
7-Towers
8-Airports
9-Dams
10-Retaining walls.
Building Types

1-Skelton Type: The loads

are transferred from the
Slabs to beams and the
columns carry the beams.
The loads from the columns
are carried by the reinforced
Footings.

2-Wall Bearing Type:

The old building type were the loads of the slabs are carried by beams
Which are above each wall, and the loads of the beams are transferred to the
bearing wall below(not less than 1 brick) to the footing below either reinforced
strip footing or plain concrete strip footing.

Slab R.C Beam

Wall

Footing
Not less than 250 mm

The Wall bearing type ,the bricks starts at the

strip footings or R.C. smelles with a thickness
not less than 520 mm (2 bricks) and decreases
in thickness as we go upward so that the final
thickness of the wall bearing wont be less
than 250 mm (1 brick).

When the wall carry more slabs the

downward thickness of the wall will depend
on the loads above but wont be less than
520mm as mentioned before.

Not less than 520 mm

Skelton Type:

The Skelton type building consist of concrete elements such as:

1-Slab & Stairs
As Solid slab ,Hollow block ,Flat slab ,Paneled beam
precast slab ,Hollow core slab ,Double Tee.
2-Beams
Either cast insitu or Precast beams and can be used a steel joist
instead of the concrete beam.
3-Columns
Columns can be of different shapes and sizes.
4-Walls
Walls can be shear walls or wall cores
5-Smelles
It is used to tie the whole building to act together if differential
settlement might occur to the soil and also it can be used in an upper
level to carry walls as to decrease the height of bricks in the ground
level.
6-Footings
Footings as isolated , combined ,strap, strip, piles , casions.
7-Retaining walls.
Concrete producing materials:
Concrete: is a word of Latin derivation ( con together )
( crete to grow ) and its history can be charted from 5000 BC.
 Concrete producing materials
1-Cement
2-Water and Air

a-Water
B-Entered Air

C-Water/Cement ratio
3-Aggregates
2- Source:
a- Natural aggregate: The natural sands and gravels are the product of
weathering and the action of running water, while the stone sands and
crushed stones are reduced from natural rock by crushing and screening
of quarried material.

b- Artificial aggregate: are usually produced for some special purposes,

for example: burned expanded clay aggregate for making lightweight
concrete.
Some artificial aggregates are a by-product of industrial process such as
blast furnace slag.

3- Unit weight:
a- Normal weight aggregate: It is usually the natural aggregate for which
the unit weight is between (1500 to1800) kg/m3.
b- Lightweight aggregate: It can be artificial or natural.
The artificial lightweight aggregates are produced as both coarse and
fine materials. They have a lower density due to increase in porosity
which results in an overall lowering of the concrete strength ceiling.
Lightweight aggregates are not as dense as normal weight aggregates (
unit weight less than 1000 kg/m3) and because their elastic modulus is
lower, produce concrete with a lower elastic modulus and a higher
creep and shrinkage. Lightweight aggregates can be of natural sources
such as Pumic ( a volcanic rock).

c- Heavyweight aggregate: Where concrete of a high density is required,

in radiation shielding for example, heavyweight aggregates can be used.
The unit weight can be larger than 1800 kg/m3. Concrete densities of
3500-4500 kg/m3 are obtained by using Barytes (a barium sulphate
ore). Even greater concrete densities are obtained using lead shot -
around 7000 kg/m3.
4-Admixtures:

They are chemicals that can be added to the concrete immediately before or during
mixing and significantly change its fresh, early age or hardened state to economic or
physical advantage.
Concrete Compressive Test.
 . fcu
28
%5
.

.

150x150x 150 28
%5
.
Concrete tension Test
Concrete bending test
P unreinforced
concrete beam

fr
Tensile Test for steel reinforcement

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Assignment (1)