Chapter 7, TOPIC: ‘+ PRIMATE MATING SYSTEMS Primate '* EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL . BEHAVIOR Behavior: Chapter Outline Behavior + Te Evolution of Behave + Anything organisms do that involves action in + yb soca? response to internal or extemal simul + imate Social Behavior «The response ofan nda grou, oF + Reproduction and Reproducveehavirs Spedes tots endronment. + Matec, ater, antinfanes + such responses may ar may not be deliberate + primate cura Behave and they arent necessary the resus of + areuage Conscious desion making ‘The Primate Continuum,Behavioral Ecology + An approach that focuses onthe relationship ‘between behaviors the naturalenviranment, and biological traits of the species. ‘Based on the assumption that animals plant, and smicroorganismsevolved together. + Some behaviors ave nfuenced by genesand are subject to natural selection the sameway physical characteristics ae, The Evolution of Behavior Individuals with behavioral phenotypes thet increase ‘reproductive fitness pass on their genes ata faster rate than others, Behavioris a produc of interactions between genetic {and environmental factors. ‘Species varyintheit limits and potentials for learning and for behavioral laxity. =These limits and potentias are set by enetic {factors fayored throughout the evolutionary Iistory of every species, Primate Social Structure + Social structures are the results of natural selection in specific habitats, + They guide individual interactions and social relationships. + Primates are among the most social of animals, so social behavior is one of the major ‘topics in primate research, Factors That Influence Social Structure * Body size “= Larger animals require fewer calories per unit of ‘weight than smaltor animals, ‘Larger animals arebetter able to retain heat and thet overalenergyreauirements are less than for smaller animalsFactors That Influence Social Structure Factors That Influence Social Structure + Distribution afResources + Predation Leaves can be abundant wil supporlarge groups Leaves Primates are vulnerableto many types of Frama Jumps th predators, inciudingsnakes birds of prey, ~ Fruits and nuts our clumps. These can most leopards, wld dog, lions, and even other etcenty beeroed by ral roof miata ‘= Where predation pressures igh large ~ Some spacesthat relyon foods distributed Small dumps end tobe protectvect resources, communities are advantageous, specially their Feding are issmallenought6 ~ These may be multimale-multfemale groups or be defended, ‘congregations of one-male groups. Factors That influence Social Structure Factors That Influence Social Structure asa Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Diet males animals generally havea higher BM than + Relationships with Other, Nonpredatory larger ones. Species Consequenty, smaller primates require an energy = Many primate species associte wth other rich det highin protein fats, and carbohydrates Heer cueiatesekater ores ‘e2s0ns, including predator avoidance.Factors That Influence Social Structure + Lifetictories = Life history tats are characteristics or developmental stages that typify membersof a Species and influence reproductive rates Examples: lenath of gestation length of time ‘betiveen pregnancies, period of infant dependency and age at weaning, age of sexual ‘maturity, andi expectancy Factors That Influence Social Structure + Dispersal = Members af one sox eave the groupin which they ‘were born when they become sexvally mature, ~ Individuals who leave find mates outside their natal group, so dispersalis believed to decrease the ikeliiood of close inbreeding. Factors That Influence Social Structure + Distribution and Types of Sleping ites Goris are the only nonhuman primatesthat ‘slop onthe ground. Primate sleeping sitescan be in treesor on ci faces, and thei spacing canbe related to socal ctu, predator avoidance, and how many sleeping stesare avalabe Factors That Influence Social Structure + Aetiviy Patterns cereal i fogs l some o [poop lt or tees andmany aoe concealment Waid Freda.Factors That Influence Social Structure Human Aetvter = Vitualyallaenhuman primate populations ae impacted byphuman hurting and forest clearing. — These ates dsrpt and loate groups reduce humbers, reduce resource avail, and eventuallycan Care extinction Factors that Influence Dominance Status Age Aggression Time in the group = Inteigence Mativation Mother's social position Primate Social Behavior: Dominance “Many primate sacieties are organized into dominance hierarchies. “These impose a certain degree of order by ‘establishing parameters of individual behavior, Higher-ranking animals have greater accoss to preferred food items and mating partners than lower ranking individuals. Dominance hierarchies are sometimes called “pecking orders.” Primate Social Behavior Communication Reised body hair is an example of an autonome response ‘vocalizations and branch shaking are examples of deliberate communication. Reassurance scommunicated through hugging or holding hands. ‘The fear grin, sen in al primates, indicates fear and submission. Displays communicateemotional states,Primate Social Behavior: Aggression Confit within a group frequently develops out of competition for resources, including mating partners ‘and food items, Mostintragroup aggression occursin the form of various signals and displays within the conte of a dominance hierarchy, Most tonse situations are resolved through various submissive and appeasement behaviors. Primate Social Behavior: Aggression Primate groups re assockated witha home range \where they remain permanent. within the home rangeis a portion called the core ‘area, which contains the highest concentration of predictable resources, andit's where the group is ‘most frequenty found. ‘The core areacan also be said to be a group's territory, andit’sthe portion ofthe home range defended againtintrusion. Primate Social Behavior Affiliative Behaviors + Common afiiative ehaviorsinclude recondation, consolation, and simple amicable interactions between friendsand relatives. ~ Hang lang snd worn seal ems atin ~ Relaionshios ae rit nonhuran printer ad he ~ Aram. sehavors tat see anche whl sine Patterns of Reproduction + In most primate societies, sexual behavior is tied to the female's reproductive cycle. Permanent bonding is not common among ‘nonhuman primates. ‘Male and female Bonobos may mate even when the female is natin estrus, a behavior that isnot typical of chimpanzees.Reproductive Strategies Behavioral patterns that contribute to individual reproductive success Primates produce only a few young in whom they invest a tremendous amount of parental care, (k-selected) ‘Male competition for mates and mate choice infemales are both examples of sexual selection. Sexual Selection ‘Atype of natural selection that operates on one sex, usually males. Long-term, tis increases the frequency of traits that lead to greater successin acquring mates. ‘Sexual selection in primates is most commonin species in which matings plysynous and male Competition for females prominent ‘Sexual selection produces dimorphism with regardto a numberof traits, most noticeably body size Infanticide As A Reproductive Strategy? + One way malesncrease thir chances of reproducing {shylulinginfants fathered by other males” + Individuals maximiz thee reproductive success, 90 ‘mater the etfect on population species. + When an infant ies, its mother resumes cylingand becomes sexual receptive + Ao infanteidl male avoids waking toto three ‘Years forthe infants tobe weanedbeforehe can mate ith their mothers. Mothers, Fathers and Infants + The basi social unit among all primates the female ‘and her infants, + Exceptin species in which monogamy or polyandry ‘occur, males de not participate nrearing offspring + Monkeys raised withouta mother were notable 10 form lasting affectional ties, + The mother-infant relationshipis often maintained throughout iePrimate Cultural Behavior Cuturatbehovioris learned t's passed trom {generation to generation through learning Nonhuman primate infants, through observing their ‘mothers and others, learn about fooditems, appropriate behaviors, and how to use and modify ‘objects to achieve certain ends. ‘Chimpanzee culture includes tools uch s termite {ishing sticks and leaf sponges. Language + Nonhuman animals haven't been considered ‘capable of communicating about external events, objects, or other animals. Ithas been assumed that nonhuman animals use a closed system of communication, where vocalizations don't include references to specific external phenomena. Language ‘These views have been challenges = Vervet monkeys use specif vocalizations to refer to particular categories of predators, suchas snakes birds of prey, and leopards. Other studies have demonstrated that numerous ‘nonhuman primates produce distinct calls that hhave specific references.The Primate Continuum ‘+ Human brainsarelorger than primate brains, btthe Lecture 7 neurological processes are functionally the same. + That humansare part ofan evolutionary continuum Mating Systems & Isthe basis for animal research, yetwe cage ‘sonal Behav ‘nonhuman primates without regard for their nexds ocial Behavior + Nonhuman primates should be maintained in social soups andintroduced to habitat rograms. Today's topics +1, Parental care =Iavestment =Contet + 2 Mating systems merasry Fen, Pein) + 3. Social behavior = Cooperation = Group living =SelectiontheoriesParental Investment + Any behavior that increases the offspring’s chances of survival at the cost of the Parent's ability to rear future offspring. * A tradeoff to maximize fitness + nino aestamnerannieaconZOtoneunatte mss Uniqueness of Mammals + While most animals provide no care for their offspring, one or both parents provide at least some care in ALL Mammalia Ke La Sexual differences + Females often invest more in each individual offspring (gestation, lactation) ~ Because of limitations in number of offspring, females {are more “choosy’ in mates (quality over cuantty) + Males often invest lie, Many males only ‘contribute sperm, ~ levestment ot as tival as you many think + Remeber eperm camostien = In most cases. quanity over quality+ Males of species that internally fertiize can not confirm that their sperm actually Internal fertilization ferllized the egg, + The female knows the offspring is hers. + Trivers (1972) hypothesis of why males may be less willing to invest. Precocial vs. Altricial + Males contribute less in precocial systems. [Ean MiMancaoenmes ‘set om Den {er mmatreanahripenscondion Common exceptions limited parental investment— Carnivora, Primates, RodentiaHardwiring? + Changes in hormone levels in some males lead to parental care, + Pregnant females urine enhances patemal behavior “K’ vs. “R” selection + K= stable environmental conditions, larger body size, develop more slowly, longer lifespan, lower mortality rates. ~'K"is a referenceto carrying capacity. + R= fluctuating environments, high reproductive rates, rapid development, small body size, little parental care "is reference to reproductive rate Parent-Offspring Conflict + Why do offspring resist the weaning process? + Natural selection may operate differently on the 2 generations (Trivers 1974), Mother wants to invest to @ point, then move ‘onto the next offspring = Offspring wants the mother to continue to invest wice the beneftOffspring-Offspring conflict + Born with fully erupt canines and incisors + If litter mates are same sex, on is often killed by the other. Mating systems + Polygyny ~ Males mate with multiple females, + Polyandry — Females mate with multiple males + Monogamy — One male and one female + Promiscuity — Absence of prolonged association and multiple mating by at least one sex. Monogamy + Relatvely rare in mammals (<5% mammals) +The buk of instances fs found in Primates, Camivora, and RedentaPolygyny + Most common in mammals + Resource defense polgyny — males defend good habitat important to females + Female defense polygyny — females herd for protection from predators and males exclude other males from their harem + Male dominance polygyny ~ males congregate and advertise their fitness sing courtship signals Resource defense polygyny Female Defense Polygyny Male Dominance Polygyny + Male display sites more commenin birdsPolyandry + Rare in mammals + Although genetics is changing theories + Multiple paternity? Neuroendocrine con + Higher levels of hormones implicate Oxytocin pace sen ssaromenaass aura neutrasriterTereeasect nfo ye ur ganas ‘oaltns ona reaucrohnone Chic art maccl (aor) andseasteeans) ove or cle haere” — nat nnttngn ens cement lgeenegen Vasopressin ‘npn, sow settee ran 0h eyes mre {err irammie tearm mol ease cre greens ue ‘So chsdeprneerytson siorsgeeah five pay toroid ‘sSucametusvant sats tania Vn Noa \SGeroy engl hewn wasreearoins naire can ue aoe ‘secre veya repeat be tact the Dunes. “ona aso be bee oocyst nosey eae seca ayer een: soletatr snd pr mtg se aes Add Info: oxytocin ‘Widely relented to as the love hermane, axyiocn nas aso ‘been dubbed the hug hormone, cuddle chemical, moral ‘molecule, and the biss harmane due to its efeets on ‘behavior, nding Hs role ave and in female reproductive biological tincions in reproduction “1 stleased ing amourts ae ‘maton cf he nppes Isa and Ireest feeding” Hugger ka ba?!Social behavior + Society —a group of individuals of the same species that is organized in a cooperative manner. + Complex social behavior has evolved in almost all orders, but especially among carnivores, cetaceans, and primates Cooperative rearing (although not common) + Individuals other than the young's mother provide care —Lionesses hare nursing ~ Subordinate wolves regurgitate food —Meerkats young may be raised by up to 30 helpers Why do some mammals live in groups? + Benefits Protection from physical factors ruxanarone — Protection against predators Finding and obtaining food Group defense of resources —Assembling members to locate mates = Division of labor among specialists (rare in mammals — mole rats) —Richerleaming environment (dolphins and primates) ” Why do some mammals live in groups? + Costs ~ Increased inrespecife competition rw samen Increase chance of spread of disease and Parasites ice, cw) = Interference with reproduction ow mc tes, “rts a led carmon non ps)Social behavior theories + The selfish herd + Kin selection + Reciprocal altruism + Parent manipulation Species: a population of organisms whose members can inerbreed under natural circumstances reproduce fertle (viable) offepring ‘The species isthe basic unit ofall breeding populations Breeding populations: populations within a ‘species that to some extent are genoticaly isolated from other species Demes: same definition as breeding populations with emphasis on smallest of such populations trasned oxen Strats {Grime gona [Serer debevon ottesfe ‘Smstences pyar th sees Preece ey stower an PeeteCaissas Somers necanurt tone eal ot The Selfish Herd theory + Aggregating reduces an individual's chance of being caught by a predator —An individually “selfishly” moves to the center ofthe group to avoid being picked off + Musk ox? Kin selection theory + An altruistic gene’s success depends not on how the individual benefits, but on the gene's benefit to itself. =Hamiltor’s rule (b/e> 1) += bene fo recipient costto aust ExarolerExpianation: Since worker bees are sterile clones, is easy 10 See how ‘hey can sacrifice ter fe and sil propagate their genes. based on Sef intrest pat ofthe gene! The Sefish ‘Gene Human matters can sense instinctive, smel,recognizo ‘he belongings of ner babies. Nonhuman primates can recognize ther kn trough pectic wsual cues and smeInclusive fitness + Reproductive success of an individuals ‘own offspring + reproductive success of relatives. For kin selection to work, individuals need to be able to determine relatedness +1, Familiarity + 2. Phenotypic matching + 3. Recognition of genes ~~ Example = MHC Reciprocal Altruism + Individuals may cooperate and behave altruistically if there is a chance that they will be recipients of such acts later "you scratch my back, I'l seratch yours.” = Carma? Parent Manipulation + Parents manipulate the offspring to the parents advantage: Giving parental care so offepring have equal chance of surviving and reproducing Restricting parental care when resources are = Kiling some offspring ~ Temporary or permanenty stetiizing offspring ‘and enslaving them as helpers.Isn'tit your parents taking advantage when: + Ifyou don't want children, give them away? + The more children, the more workers in the farm and help household chores? + When parents dictate their children on what degree to take so that you will ean more money or go abroad? Primate Behavior: Social Structure ‘Ma Roselle Mae Btngralak- Colina 200 100-Lecrwee Fim Bvohtion Observing Primates > (@) Rhesus macaques spend mush of their time on the ground and are easier to observe than (b) black andewhite colobus Terms ' Behavior ~ Anything organisms dothat involves action in response to intemal orextemal stimuli 1 Freesranging — Pertaining to-non-captive animals living in their natural habitat. 1 Social Stmeture—The composition, size, and sex ratio ofa group of animals '= Beluvioral Ecology ~ An approach that focuses.on the relationship between behaviors, the natural cenvizonment, and biological tats of the species.Factors That Influence Social Structure: Body Size Larger animals ae beter able to ean requirements are less than for smaller animals. Factors That Influence Social Structure '% Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Diet “= Smaller animals generally have «higher BM. than larger ones. ~ Consequently, smaller primates require an cenargytich diet high in protein, fas, and carbohydrates. + Metbotis ~The chemial processes within els tha rea down gents sad cleee energy for the body tose and the overall energy Factors That Influence Social Structure | pistbuton or Resources Laster a eetat eating poreeta Fa end scat Lips Tasca ba usa plod by am peopel cana Distribution of Resources | This me moun amare a ‘out to find something i oat | | |Factors That Influence Social Structure 1 Predation ~ Paiuates ae vulnsable to many pes of predators ~ Where predation presse i tig, lage commas Factors That Influence Social Structure = Relationships with Other, Nonpredatory Species Factors That Influence Social Structure ae Dispersal = Members of one sex leave the group in whic they were bom when they become sexually mature Factors That Influence Social Structure Lite Histories Life histor its are characteris or developmental stages that typify members of a species and inivence reproductive ratesFactors That Influence Social Structure Factors That Influence Social Structure 1 Activity Patorme = ected wie al oe ide soups of to ore and may tse coacelaeal To Soil preter Factors That Influence Social Structure — Human Activity Matrilines Groupings of females who are all descendants of cone female Matnes also include dependent male offspring,Types of Nonhuman Primate Social Groups Primate Social Strategies One male mulifemae. Mallinale-multiemale | = Monoganous pair x Potvandry | «Solitary » Philopatrie Sympatric = Living in the same area, 1 Kibale Forest, Uganda Primate Social Behavior. Dominance eon raining Sominanes hirerchiee = These impose order by estabishing parameters ofPrimate Social Behavior: Breeding and Suppressed Males ~ Mother's social position Communication | . | = Aaah me a . ‘Stason boon esc | Pe | 5 pi aches “yer tat shows he | - | heey con th | / j | os | ! | | ‘ lone ty to egose . . “ ‘a ceam ced i ys | Polly mature, breeding male oringutan with welt Ths hs bean eed he developed cheek pads (0) compared to a suppresse eid ta” adult male without cheek pads(). Factors that Influence ; | a Displays Dominance Status | | -sex ah ‘x Sequences of repetitious behaviors that | | -Age e serve fo communicate emotional states. | ~ Aggression = Nonhuman primate displays are most j ~ Time inthe group frequently associated with reproductive or | | -thietizence oe agonistic behavior. ~ Motivation Sane? | |Chimpanzee Facial Expressions Primate Social Behavior: Aggression Confit within a aronp frequently develops ont of competition forresourees, inching mating partners and food items. Primate Social Behavior Affiliative Behaviors |< Common affiative behaviors include | reconciliation, consolation, and simple amicable fnteractions between fiends and relatives e — : oa : Patterns of Reproduction | In most primate societies, sexual behavior is | tied to the female's reproductive cycledown’ {infants and ont them | |Infanticide As A Reproductive Mothers, Fathers and Infants 1 Barmin ones fe 2 ‘soups of oa abut al, Saad spin. Maes witout mates fon fpoups and occasional = The basi social unit among primates is the female sad bern, f Reproductive Strategies | Cheicnie Babaons ‘= Behavioral pattems that contribute to | s When chacma baboon individual reproductive success. | ‘males migrate into a mK ~selected pekee iii . “cetera singe ov @ Scxual Selection females with young:Primate mothers with young. ' This unfortunate advertising display isa 200d (Mongoose lemme. (4) Ormgian, (2) Chinpace. example ofhow humans misunderstand and misrepresent our closestrelatives. Misunderstanding Primates Infant Macaque Clinging to | End of Session..... Cloth Mother Good luck for Midterm Exam