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AbstractFerroresonance is a highly dynamic and nonlinear (2) subharmomic ferroresonance (e.g., period-3), (3) quasi-
power quality phenomenon caused by nonlinear inductances in periodic ferroresonance and (4) chaotic ferroresonance. The
ferromagnetic materials and power system capacitances. It is last two are non-periodic modes. There is also the possibility
notorious for causing severe damage to power systems. This
paper carries out an investigation into single-phase transformer of mixed modes or unstable modes where gradual system
ferroresonance initiated by switching transients. A hysteretic core variations or perturbations cause sudden jumps (known as
model is implemented which includes major and minor hysteresis bifurcations) from one mode to another [12], [13]. From
loops for the study of dynamic nonlinear phenomena. Time- a purely mathematical standpoint, these modes are due to
domain waveforms of transformer flux, voltage and magnetizing multiple competing solutions (known as attractors) to a sys-
current are computed from the model. Poincare and phase-plane
portraits are used to examine the stability domain of observed tem of nonlinear differential equations of an electromagnetic
ferroresonance modes. circuit. The nonlinearity is due to the magnetic properties of
Index TermsFerroresonance, hysteresis, nonlinear models, ferromagnetic material.
power quality. In this paper, a single-phase transformer model including
hysteresis nonlinearity is implemented to study possible fer-
I. I NTRODUCTION roresonance behavior (e.g., subharmonic modes). The model
is used to generate and plot time-domain waveforms including
t=0.1s
Nonlinear Hysteresis 1
Core Model
v (t) (pu)
Rs Ls
e(t ) 0
i (t ) Cseries ic (t ) im (t ) 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
10
u (t )
i m (t) (pu)
Cshunt Rc
0
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
4
(t) (pu)
2
Fig. 2. Single-phase ferroresonance circuit with hysteresis core model 0
2
4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
The capacitor voltage is in fact the flux linkage and its Time (sec)
1
v (t) (pu) 1
v (t) (pu)
0 0
1
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
10
i m (t) (pu)
i m (t) (pu)
0 0
5
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
4
(t) (pu)
(t) (pu)
2
0 0
2
2
4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (sec) Time (sec)
(a) (a)
1.5 1.5
Poincare section Poincare section
1 1
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
0.5 0.5
0 0
10 10
5 2 5 1.5
1 1
0 0 0.5
d(t) 0 0
5 d(t) 5 0.5
dt 1 (t) [pu] dt 1 (t) [pu]
10 2 10 1.5
(b) (b)
Fig. 4. Subharmonic ferroresonance (Period-5) occurring at Cseries = Fig. 5. Subharmonic ferroresonance (Period-7) occurring at Cseries =
10 F and Cshunt = 22 F ; (a) time-domain waveforms for flux, magne- 29 F and Cshunt = 38 F ; (a) time-domain waveforms indicating extreme
tizing current and voltage, (b) Poincare and phase-plane diagrams showing voltage and flux distortions, (b) Poincare and phase-plane diagrams showing
resulting steady-state ferroresonance with competing cyclical attractors. resulting steady-state ferroresonance with multiple competing attractors.
1
V. C ONCLUSION
v (t) (pu)
2
hysteresis model exhibiting major and minor loop effects is 0
proposed and simulated in PSPICE. 2
4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
A PPENDIX Time (sec)
H YSTERESIS M ODEL PARAMETERS
Fig. 6. Temporary ferroresonance condition for Cseries = 28 F and
Cshunt = 38 F . The waveforms exhibit Period-3 type ferroresonance for
= 0.7, = 1000, = 0.06, L0 = 0.07 the first few cycles after switch is opened before dampening out.
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Paul S. Moses (S09) received his B.Eng. and B.Sc. degrees in Electrical
Engineering and Physics in 2006 from Curtin University of Technology, Perth,
Australia. He was awarded an Australian Postgraduate Award scholarship in
2009 and is presently working towards a PhD degree in Electrical Engineering.
His interests include nonlinear electromagnetic phenomena, power quality
and protection, renewable energy systems and power electronics. He has
also performed scientific research for the Defence Science and Technology
Organisation, Department of Defence, Australia.
Mohammad A.S. Masoum (SM05) received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1983, 1985, and 1991,
respectively, from the University of Colorado at Boulder, USA. Dr. Masoums
research interests include optimization, power quality and stability of power
systems/electric machines and distributed generation. Currently, he is an
Associate Professor at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,
Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia and a senior member of
IEEE.