Concrete Pipe Manual

Concrete Pipes
Reference Manual
January 2008 *
Build
Build
on our
on our
expertise
contents
1. Introduction...................................................... 2
2. Test Load Data ................................................ 8
3. Pipes for Culvert Applications ......................... 9
Flush Joint Pipes.......................................... 15
4. Pipes for Drainage Applications ................... 16
Rubber Ring Joint (Belled Socket) Pipes...... 17
Rubber Ring Joint (In-wall ) Pipes............... 18
5. Pipes for Sewerage Applications . .................. 21
6. Pipes for Pressure Applications ..................... 27
Standard Pressure Pipe Class Range ........... 29
7. Pipes for Irrigation Applications .................... 35
8. Jacking Pipes ................................................. 38
9. Handling and Installation .............................. 43
10. Reference Material...........................................51

10.1. Approx. Critical Depth Relationships for Circular Pipe . 51
10.2. Relative Discharge & velocity for part-full pipe flow ... 51
10.3. Flow relationships for Inlet Control in Culverts ........... 52
10.4. Energy Head relationships for pipes flowing full ......... 53
10.5. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 0.06 .................... 54
(applicable to concrete culverts carrying stormwater)
10.6. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 0.15 .................... 55

(applicable to concrete rising mains carrying clean water)
10.7. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 0.6 ...................... 56

(applicable to concrete pipes carrying stormwater)
10.8. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 1.5 ...................... 57

(applicable to concrete pipes carrying sewerage)
10.9. Minimum pipe cover required for various compactors . 58
10.10. Metric and Empirical Equivalency Table .................... 60
Index ...................................................................61
Pipe Quotation Request Sheet ............................. 62
* The information in this publication is for guidance only. Expert advice must be obtained
on the suitability of any product and on its installation in the particular circumstances in which
it is proposed to be used. Further, a check should be made, at www.humes.com.au, for the
current version of this document, and also as to the availability of any particular product.
1
Joint Types
1. Introduction Humes concrete pipes are manufactured with two basic joint
types - Flush Joint and Rubber Ring Joint.
General Flush Joint pipes provide an interlocking joint which allows for
Humes is the leading manufacturer of steel reinforced concrete a small degree of flexibility in the pipeline alignment. Rubber
1. Introduction
pipes (SRCP) and associated precast products in Australia. Ring Joint pipes, either belled-socket or in-wall joint depending
on the diameter of the pipe and its application, are designed to
Available in a wide range of diameters, lengths and with accommodate change in pipeline alignment and settlement in
varying strengths, Humes concrete pipes have a proven track a pipeline whilst still maintaining a watertight joint.
record and are custom designed for user applications including
drainage, sewage, water supply and irrigation. Further information on the joints specific to the pipe application
types is provided in sections 3,4,5,6,7 and 8 of this manual.
This publication provides the information necessary to specify
Humes concrete pipes for all of these applications.
Specification of Humes concrete pipes has also been simplified
with the inclusion of a Pipe Design Request Sheet on page 62
of Concrete Pipes. Please copy the sheet and complete the Durability
necessary information, then fax or mail to your nearest Humes For most common installations, the service life of concrete pipe
office for the fastest possible service. is virtually unlimited. The longevity of steel reinforced concrete
pipe provides Asset Managers with a resource requiring low
in-service maintenance and the ability to be recycled into
Manufacturing other projects if exhumed. Some of the Roman aqueducts are
still in use after 2000 years and samples from the first known
Humes steel reinforced concrete pipes are made from coarse
concrete pipes in the US, laid in 1842, were in excellent
and fine aggregates, cement and hard drawn deformed steel
condition after more than 140 years service.
reinforcement.
Of the 350 million kilometres plus of reinforced concrete pipe
They are manufactured and factory tested for quality to
that has been laid in Australia, the number of pipelines which
AS/NZS 4058: 2007 "Precast concrete pipes (pressure and
have suffered from durability problems has been extremely
non-pressure)". Pipes can also be custom made and tested to
small and confined mainly to unprotected pipe in highly
meet specific customer requirements.
aggressive conditions.
Generally Humes concrete pipes up to 2100mm nominal
Advances in concrete, process and product technologies such
diameter (DN2100) are centrifugally cast using the Humespun
as the use of Humes Plastiline for sewer pipe lines together
process invented in 1910 in Australia by Walter Hume. In use
with our stringent quality control and assurance programs
throughout the world, the Humespun process of centrifugal
ensures that our pipes and associated products will be fit for
casting produces strong and durable concrete pipes.
their purpose.
Humes concrete pipes larger than DN2100 are vertically cast
in steel moulds using high frequency vibration which produces
concrete pipes with characteristics compatible with those of
centrifugally spun pipes.
High abrasion resistance and impermeability of spun concrete
80 year old Humes pipes
makes SRCP the most appropriate selection for handling
peak flows. A range of natural characteristics further enhance
reused for new culvert!
performance, including an indefinite increase in strength in the
presence of moisture and autogenous healing of cracks.
Pipes manufactured in 1920 at Loveday S.A. have been exhumed and

reused in a culvert at the Gurra Road Project in S.A. in 2000.
The manufacture of centrifugally spun pipes.
2
Size Class (DN) consulting the "Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS
3725: 2007 Design for Installation of buried concrete pipes"
Humes standard range of concrete pipes are available in sizes which provides methods for determining the installed load on
DN300 - DN2100. (DN = nominal diameter) concrete pipes from the earth fill over the pipes as well as any
Diameters outside the standard range and up to DN3600 are induced live (vehicle) load effects.
also available. Special project pipes are also available for all sizes The standard also provides a range of recommended Bedding
1. Introduction
when required or specified. Support Type options. The range varies from no support, to
haunch support, to haunch and side support.
Humes concrete pipes are typically manufactured in nominal
2.44m lengths to optimise transport and handling. Other For the majority of pipe installations, Humes Standard-Strength
lengths, longer or shorter can be manufactured on request. (Class 2-4) concrete pipes, used in conjunction with type H2 or
type HS2 Bedding Support, are suitable (see Figure 1.1).
Comprehensive tables listing the availability of Size Classes (DN)
are provided in each section. The letter 'H' in the terminology indicates haunch support only.
'HS' indicates both haunch and side support. The numerals
after 'H' and 'HS' indicate the level of support in the material
Load Class used.
Humes steel reinforced concrete pipes are available in Standard- Design Tables 1.1 & 1.2 (page 5) for Bedding Type H2
Strength (Class 2-4) and Super-Strength (Class 6-10) Load and HS2 are provided for ease of specifying concrete pipes
Classes. within a limited range of stated conditions. Figure 1.2 (page
4) compares the results for a sample pipe installation using
The numeric classification system adopted to identify the load
both Type H and Type HS Bedding Supports. Similarly, for
carrying capacity of concrete pipes is based on the rationale
embankment installation, Table 1.5 (page 7) is provided.
that any particular pipe class is able to carry approximately the
same proportionate height of fill. For example, a Class 10 pipe
can carry five times the height of fill of a Class 2 pipe, under
the same installation conditions.
Hydraulics
See Section 2: Test Load Data, for further information on test To establish the flow rates for the various types of concrete
loads for each size class. pipes, Manning's formula should be used for short run culvert
and drainage applications, while the Colebrook-White formula
The required strength of a concrete pipe depends on both the should be used for long run drainage, gravity sewer lines and
load to be carried by the installed pipe, and the supporting all pressure pipe applications.
ground installation conditions. The load transmitted onto the
pipe depends on the height and type of fill material. Also, The Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia (CPAA)
when installed in a trench, the width of the trench at the top publication "Hydraulics of Precast Concrete Conduits" is
of the pipe is important. Generally the wider the trench, the recommended as a reference.
greater the load for any height of fill over the pipe.
Comprehensive details on the hydraulics for the different pipe
The load class for concrete pipes can be determined by types are provided in each section.
Finished surface
lc D/6 or 150mm, Natural ground surface lc D/6 or 150mm,
whichever is greater* or compacted fill whichever is greater*
Backfill Embankment fill
150mm 150mm 150mm min.

min. overlay min. overlay
Compacted
ordinary fill
D D
Compacted
Compacted
select fill
select fill
Haunch Haunch
Bed Bed
Compacted D/3 Compacted Compacted D/3 Compacted
Trench Embankment
* Refer AS/NZS 3725: 2007 for cement stabilised soil
Figure 1.1 - Type H1 and Type H2 Supports
3
Finished surface
lc D/6 or 150mm, Natural ground surface lc D/6 or 150mm,
whichever is greater * or compacted fill whichever is greater *
1. Introduction
150mm 150mm 150mm

min. overlay min. overlay (min. width)
Compacted
ordinary fill
D D
Side Side
Compacted
Compacted
0.5 D
0.5 D
select fill
select fill
Haunch Haunch
Bed Bed
Compacted D/3 Compacted Compacted D/3 Compacted
Trench Embankment
* Refer AS/NZS 3725: 2007 for cement stabilised fill
Figure 1.2 - Type HS Support
Ground surface
Indicative depth of fill
Note: Economies may be

achieved by modifying
bedding type as opposed to
increasing pipe class
Figure 1.3
Indicative depth of fill for various bedding installation types
4
Table 1.1 Material Quantities - H1 & HS1 Support Types
Material Quantities (m3/lin.m)
Min Trench H1 HS1
Size Class
Width Bedding Haunch Overlay Zone HS1 Side Overlay Zone
(DN)
(m) Zone Zone Zone
Trench Embank Trench Embank
1. Introduction
225 600 0.066 0.015 0.201 0.161 0.044 0.157 0.117
300 650 0.072 0.020 0.234 0.197 0.053 0.181 0.144
375 750 0.083 0.028 0.292 0.237 0.070 0.222 0.167
450 850 0.094 0.037 0.356 0.281 0.089 0.267 0.192
525 900 0.099 0.044 0.386 0.316 0.097 0.289 0.219
600 1000 0.110 0.055 0.457 0.362 0.118 0.338 0.243
675 1100 0.121 0.067 0.532 0.408 0.142 0.390 0.267
750 1150 0.127 0.076 0.562 0.444 0.148 0.414 0.296
825 1250 0.138 0.090 0.644 0.503 0.174 0.470 0.329
900 1400 0.154 0.112 0.786 0.594 0.221 0.564 0.372
1050 1650 0.182 0.155 1.046 0.771 0.309 0.736 0.461
1200 1850 0.204 0.195 1.276 0.935 0.388 0.888 0.547
1350 2050 0.338 0.239 1.528 1.080 0.475 1.053 0.605
1500 2300 0.380 0.302 1.875 1.296 0.597 1.278 0.699
1650 2500 0.413 0.357 2.178 1.482 0.704 1.474 0.778
1800 2700 0.446 0.418 2.494 1.658 0.815 1.679 0.843
1950 2900 0.479 0.483 2.836 1.856 0.973 1.959 0.949
2100 3200 0.528 0.584 3.421 2.242 1.154 2.267 1.088
Note: Volume quantities are approximate & based on an assumed 10% bulking
See figures 1.1 (page 3) and 1.2 (page 4) for zone descriptions
Table 1.2 Material Quantities - H2, HS2 & HS3 Support Types
Material Quantities (m3/lin.m)
Min Trench
Size Class H2 & HS3 HS2 & HS2 & HS3
Width Bedding Haunch
(DN) Overlay Zone HS3 Side Overlay Zone
(mm) Zone Zone
Trench Embank Zone Trench Embank
225 600 0.066 0.042 0.174 0.134 0.017 0.157 0.117
300 650 0.072 0.053 0.200 0.164 0.020 0.181 0.144
375 750 0.083 0.072 0.247 0.192 0.026 0.222 0.167
450 850 0.094 0.095 0.299 0.224 0.032 0.267 0.192
525 900 0.099 0.108 0.323 0.253 0.033 0.289 0.219
600 1000 0.110 0.133 0.379 0.283 0.040 0.338 0.243
675 1100 0.121 0.161 0.438 0.314 0.048 0.390 0.267
750 1150 0.127 0.176 0.461 0.344 0.048 0.414 0.296
825 1250 0.138 0.208 0.526 0.384 0.056 0.470 0.329
900 1400 0.154 0.261 0.636 0.444 0.072 0.564 0.372
1050 1650 0.182 0.363 0.837 0.563 0.101 0.736 0.461
1200 1850 0.204 0.456 1.014 0.674 0.126 0.888 0.547
1350 2050 0.338 0.560 1.207 0.759 0.155 1.053 0.605
1500 2300 0.380 0.705 1.472 0.893 0.194 1.278 0.699
1650 2500 0.413 0.833 1.702 1.006 0.228 1.474 0.778
1800 2700 0.446 0.971 1.941 1.105 0.262 1.679 0.843
1950 2900 0.479 1.120 2.200 1.219 0.313 1.959 0.949
2100 3200 0.528 1.364 2.641 1.462 0.374 2.267 1.088
Note: Volume quantities based on assumed 10% bulking
See figures 1.1 (page 3) and 1.2 (page 4) for zone descriptions
5
Table 1.3 Max. Fill Heights
- Trench Installation, H2 Bedding
Fill height Max. (m)

Size Class Pipe Load Class
1. Introduction
(DN)
2 3 4 6 8 10
225
300
375 5.8 >25 metre height
450 4.9
525 4.8
600 4.4
675 4.5
750 4.2 12.1
825 4.4 12.7
900 3.9 8.7
1050 3.7 7.3 19.7
1200 3.5 6.1 10.7
1350 3.4 6.1 10.7
1500 3.1 5.4 8.7
Table 1.4 Max. Fill Heights
1650 3 5.2 8 21.9 - Trench Installation, HS2 Bedding
1800 2.9 4.8 7.2 15.7
1950 2.3 3.9 5.9 11.7
Size Class Pipe Load Class
2100 2.2 3.7 5.6 10.9 21.7
(DN)
Notes: Assumed minimum trench width & Clayey Sand 2 3 4 6 8
Soil Internal weight of water is considered for > DN180
225
In onerous fill situations, a combination of Standard- 300
Strength concrete pipes and Type HS3 Bedding Support* >25 metre height
375
can provide the most appropriate solution. Table 1.6
provides details for such an installation. 450
*Type HS3 Bedding Support is similar to that required for 525 10.7
a flexible pipe installation. 600 7.5
675 7.7
750 6.6
825 6.8
900 5.7
1050 5.2 13.5
1200 4.8 10
1350 4.6 9.3
1500 4.2 7.7 14.5
1650 4 7 12.3
1800 3.8 6.5 10.5
1950 3 5.3 8.4 20.8
2100 2.9 5.1 7.9 17.8
Notes: Assumed minimum trench width &
Clayey Sand Soil. Internal weight of water is
considered for > DN1800.
6
Table 1.5 Max. Fill Heights - Embankment Installation, H2 (& HS2)
Size Pipe Load Class

Class
(DN) 2 3 4 6 8 10
1. Introduction
H2 HS2 H2 HS2 H2 HS2 H2 HS2 H2 HS2 H2 HS2
225 3.2 4.6 4.9 6.8 6.5 9.2 - - - - - -
300 2.7 3.9 4.2 5.9 5.5 7.7 8.1 11.6 10.9 15.4 13.6 19.3
375 2.5 3.5 3.8 5.4 5.0 7.0 7.5 10.6 10.0 14.0 12.5 17.5
450 2.4 3.4 3.7 5.2 4.9 6.9 7.3 10.3 9.7 13.8 12.2 17.2
525 2.5 3.5 3.8 5.4 5.0 7.1 7.5 10.6 10.1 14.2 12.6 17.7
600 2.5 3.5 3.7 5.3 5.0 7.0 7.5 10.5 9.9 14.0 12.4 17.4
675 2.6 3.6 3.9 5.5 5.2 7.3 7.7 10.9 10.3 14.5 12.9 18.2
750 2.6 3.6 3.8 5.4 5.1 7.2 7.7 10.8 10.2 14.4 12.8 18.0
825 2.6 3.6 3.9 5.5 5.2 7.2 7.7 10.9 10.3 14.5 12.9 18.2
900 2.5 3.5 3.8 5.3 5.0 7.0 7.4 10.6 9.9 13.9 12.3 17.3
1050 2.6 3.5 3.7 5.2 5.0 7.0 7.4 10.0 9.9 13.9 12.3 17.3
1200 2.6 3.4 3.6 5.0 4.8 6.7 7.1 10.4 9.5 13.6 11.8 16.7
1350 2.7 3.4 3.7 5.1 4.8 6.8 7.2 10.1 9.6 13.5 12.0 16.9
1500 2.7 3.3 3.7 4.9 4.7 6.5 7.0 9.7 9.2 13.0 11.5 16.5
1650 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.8 4.6 6.4 6.9 9.6 9.1 12.8 11.4 16.0
1800 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.8 4.6 6.3 6.8 9.5 9.0 12.6 11.2 15.7
1950 2.3 2.9 3.4 4.2 4.4 5.8 6.3 8.8 8.4 11.9 10.6 14.9
2100 2.2 2.8 3.4 4.2 4.4 5.6 6.2 8.7 8.3 11.7 10.4 14.7
Notes: Assumed Clayey Sand Soil (p=0.7 for H2 & p=0.3 for HS2).
Internal weight of water is considered for > DN1800 Table 1.6 Max. Fill Heights
- Embankment Installation, HS3
Size Class
Pipe Load Class
(DN)
2 3 4 6
225 7.4 11.0 14.7 -
300 6.2 9.4 12.3 18.5
375 5.6 8.6 11.3 16.9
450 5.5 8.3 11.0 16.5
525 5.6 8.6 11.4 17.1
600 5.6 8.4 11.2 16.9
675 5.8 8.7 11.6 17.4
750 5.8 8.6 11.5 17.3
825 5.8 8.7 11.6 17.4
900 5.6 8.4 11.2 16.7
1050 5.6 8.3 11.1 16.7
1200 5.3 8.0 10.7 16.0
1350 5.4 8.1 10.8 16.2
1500 5.2 7.8 10.4 15.6
1650 5.2 7.7 10.3 15.4
1800 5.1 7.6 10.1 15.1
1950 4.5 7.0 9.4 14.3
2100 4.4 6.8 9.3 14.1
Notes: Assumed Clayey Sand Soil with p=0.3.
Internal weight of water is considered for >
DN1800
7
2. Test Load Data Steel Reinforced Concrete Pipes are manufactured and
proof tested to Australian Standards requirements. The
Commonly supplied size classes: DN300 - DN2100
Australian/NewZealand Standard, AS/NZS 4058: 2007
Note: Intermediate strength classes are specified by linear
- Precast concrete pipes (pressure and non-pressure)
interpolation between values and Humes can advise on
provides levels of proof test loads for concrete pipes and
individual applications.
sample pipes taken for routine quality assurance during
normal production which ensures the pipes' strength.
Test load requirements for all Humes concrete pipes are
given below.
Table 2.1 - Test Loads in kilonewtons/metre length
Test Loads KN/m (length)
Load Standard Strength Super Strength

Class Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 6 Class 8 Class 10
2. Test Load Data
Size
Class Crack Ultimate Crack Ultimate Crack Ultimate Crack Ultimate Crack Ultimate Crack Ultimate
(DN)
225 14 21 21 32 28 42 - - - - - -
300 15 23 23 34 30 45 45 56 60 75 75 94
375 17 26 26 39 34 51 51 64 68 85 85 106
450 20 30 30 45 40 60 60 75 80 100 100 125
525 23 35 35 52 46 69 69 86 92 115 115 144
600 26 39 39 59 52 78 78 98 104 130 130 163
675 29 44 44 66 58 87 87 109 116 145 145 182
750 32 48 48 72 64 96 96 120 128 160 160 200
825 35 52 52 78 69 104 104 130 138 173 173 217
900 37 56 56 84 74 111 111 139 148 185 185 231
1050 42 63 63 95 84 126 126 158 168 210 210 263
1200 46 69 69 104 92 138 138 173 184 230 230 288
1350 50 75 75 113 100 150 150 188 200 250 250 313
1500 54 81 81 122 108 162 162 203 216 270 270 338
1650 58 87 87 131 116 174 174 218 232 290 290 363
1800 62 93 93 139 124 186 186 233 248 310 310 388
1950 66 99 99 149 132 198 198 248 264 330 330 413
2100 70 105 105 158 140 210 210 263 280 350 350 438
2250 74 111 111 167 148 222 222 278 296 370 370 463
2400 78 117 117 176 156 234 234 293 312 390 390 488
2700 86 129 129 194 172 258 258 323 344 430 430 538
3000 94 141 141 212 188 282 282 353 376 470 470 588
3300 102 153 153 230 204 306 - - - - - -
3600 110 165 165 248 220 330 - - - - - -
8
3. Pipes for culvert applications
Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ)
RRJ pipes are also suitable for culvert applications and are most
effective when differential ground settlement is anticipated
or if a pipeline is expected to flow full under outlet control
conditions with a significant hydraulic pressure head.
See Section 4, Concrete Stormwater Pipes for further details.
Culvert
Size Class (DN)

Humes can provide a comprehensive range of steel reinforced
concrete culvert pipes in sizes DN225-DN3600. (commonly See Table 3.2 (page 15) for details of Flush Joint Pipes.
supplied size classes: DN300 - DN2100).
They are available with two basic joint types - Flush Joint (FJ) Load Class
and Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ).
Humes concrete culvert pipes are available in Standard-Strength
(Class 2-4) and Super-Strength (Class 6-10) Load Classes.
Flush Joint (FJ) The most appropriate culvert installation can be obtained by
FJ pipes with External Bands (EB) are recommended for normal matching both pipe Load Class and the Bedding Support Type.
culvert conditions. They provide an interlocking joint between For the majority of installations, Standard-Strength concrete
pipes, as shown in Figure 3.1, and give a true and positive culvert pipes used in conjunction with type H2 or type HS2
alignment along the length of the pipeline. Bedding Support, are suitable.
When EB bands are used in conjunction with FJ culvert For large fill situations, a combination of Super-Strength
pipes, they provide a soil-tight joint along the pipeline and pipes and type HS3 Bedding Support can provide the most
3. Culvert Applications
prevent loss of bedding material into the pipe. Groundwater appropriate and economical solution.
infiltration may occur however, when the groundwater level is Further information on the Load Class of concrete pipes can be
significantly above the pipeline obvert (approx. 3m). FJ pipes obtained by referring to Section 1: Introduction (page 3).
fitted with EB bands allow a small degree of flexibility for the
bedding-in/movement of the pipeline during natural processes
of consolidation. Hydrology
The maximum flow to be considered in storm water culverts
and pipes is a function of:
the hydrological data pertaining to tributary overland flows,
as experienced throughout the service life of the drainage
system
The most commonly used formula to determine the quantity
of water generated by a storm event is known as the rational
formula: Q = 0.278 C I A
where Q = discharge (m3/s)
C = coefficient of runoff (dimensionless)
I = intensity (mm/hour)
A = catchment area (km2),
C will most commonly vary between 0.7 and 0.9 say, for
grassed surfaces and paved (sealed) areas. The magnitude of
I, the intensity is a function of geographical area. By example
a Brisbane storm may have an intensity of two times that of a
Melbourne storm.
Australian Rainfall and Runoff (ARR) is a guide to flood
estimation produced by (and the subject of continuing review
Figure 3.1 - Flush Joint Profile by) the Institution of Engineers, Australia.
In addition to ARR, local and state authorities may have specific
or alternative data/design requirements, such the Queensland
Urban Drainage manual (QUDM).
9
Inlet control Outlet control
Inlet control conditions shown in Figure 3.2 exist in a pipeline Where culverts are laid on flat grades and empty below the
where the capacity of the pipeline is limited by the ability of downstream water level, the culvert typically operates with
upstream flow to easily enter the pipeline, a common situation outlet control conditions as shown in Figure 3.3.
in coastal Australia where short culvert lengths on steep grades
are used. The flow under inlet control conditions can be either
inlet submerged or unsubmerged.
H
HW > D
TW >D
D
Unsubmerged
HW 1.2D D
H
HW > D
D TW = D
Submerged
HW > 1.2D
D
H
HW 1.2D
D TW < D
Figure 3.2 - Inlet Control
Legend for Figure 3.2 and 3.3
HW = Head Water H
HW< 1.2D D
TW = Tail Water TW < D
D = Diameter
Figure 3.3 - Outlet Control
When operating under outlet control conditions, the culvert

pipe may flow full or part-full depending on the tailwater
depth.
Where the tailwater depth is greater than the pipe diameter,
the pipe will typically flow full. Where the tailwater depth
is less than the pipe diameter, the design tailwater depth
should be taken as the greater of the actual tailwater depth or
(dc + D)/2, where dc is the critical depth for the actual flow
discharge (see Figure 3.4).
10
The design charts Figures 10.3 & 10.4 (pages 52, 53) for Installation
pipe culvert inlet and outlet conditions allow the designer
to evaluate maximum discharge conditions at maximum Humes culvert pipes above DN525 are normally supplied with
headwater. For a lesser discharge, Figure 3.4 can be used to elliptical grid reinforcement, unless a circular grid is specifically
determine flow characteristics. requested. Elliptical grid reinforced pipes must be laid with the
word "TOP" at the crown (or invert) of the pipe, and within
Where inlet flow conditions exist in a culvert, the flow capacity 10 each side of the vertical centreline. To simplify handling,
of the pipeline is independent of the pipe surface roughness lifting holes are generally provided in the top of all FJ pipes and
(Manning's 'n'). FJ splays above DN 525.
See Section 9 (page 43) : Handling and Installation for further
details.
Figure 3.4 - Relative

discharge and velocity
in part-full pipe flow D
y
1.0
.9
.8
Proportional Depth y/D
.7
Qf
Q/
.6
.5
.4
.3 Vf
V/
.2
.1
0
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Proportional Discharge Q/Qf and Proportional Velocity V/Vf
Q = Part-full Velocity
Installing flush joint pipes
Qf = Full Flow Discharge
V = Part-full Velocity
Vf = Full Flow Discharge
The pipeline flow capacity for inlet control conditions is

dependent on the ratio of headwater depth to culvert diameter
and the inlet geometry type. Outlet control conditions operating
in a culvert determine the pipeline flow capacity by the effects
of pipe surface roughness (Manning's n'), pipeline length and
slope, and inlet geometry type.
Installing 3600mm diameter pipes.
11
Other Culvert Products
Humes manufactures a wide range of associated components
to provide the complete culvert pipeline solution. These
include:
Headwalls - These are used where the hydraulic design
requires improved inlet and outlet flow conditions.
FJ Splay pipes - These permit curves in pipeline alignment
without the usual problems of hydraulic head loss
(turbulence) that can result from a rapid change in the
direction of the flow at a sharp bend. Details are given for
the minimum radius of curved alignment. See Table 3.1 and
Figure 3.5 for minimum radius using double ended splays
and recommended radius using single ended splays. EB Precast Concrete Headwall
bands can also be used with FJ Splays. For lesser radii, FJ
bend pipes may be supplied.
Table 3.1 - Minimum Radius for curved
Notes: pipe alignment: Flush Joint Splays
1. The number of splay pipes required is determined from the
deflection angle and the centreline radius. This information
Min CL Radius*
Size Class (m)
should be given when ordering splay pipes. Humes Engineers
will calculate the optimum number of splay pipes required. (DN)
Economical Absolute Min.
2. The curve "hand" is described as when looking downstream (single ended) (double ended)
in the direction of the flow.
600 11.5 4
675 11.8 4.3
750 12.2 4.6
825 12.4 4.9

900 12.6 5.2
1050 13 5.8
1200 13.4 6.4
1350 13.7 7
1500 14 7.7
1650 14.4
1800 15 Not typically
Multiple Barrel Splay Pipes (EB Joint).
1950 15.9 supplied
2100 16.7
th)
ipe
* Minimum radius is measured to the pipe centre

leng
(nom dard P
CL
line at joint
inal
Stan
L/2
Radiu
s (R)
Direction of flow
Right hand curve

Splay pipes
looking down
stream
Figure 3.5 - Minimum single-ended

splay radius achieved with flush joint
splays in curved pipeline alignment
Pipeline deflection
angle ()
12
Example 3 - Culvert Pipe
A culvert is to be laid under a proposed road embankment.

From the catchment physical data and hydraulic information,
the designer has determined a peak flow of 5.5 cumecs
(5500 litres/sec) passing through the culvert pipeline. The
roadway alignment requires an embankment height of Step 1.3
2.0m above existing ground surface, and the culvert is Q = 2 x 3.1
= 6.2 m3/s
Step 1.1
Q = 4.1 m3/s
to be laid at natural ground level. To avoid flooding the
roadway pavement the maximum upstream flood level is to
be 300mm below roadway level. Due to downstream flow
restrictions, the estimated tailwater level is 1.0m above the Step 1.2 Step 1.4
natural ground surface. The width of the roadway formation Q = 2 x 2.4
= 4.8 m3/s
HW/D = 1.23
including embankment slope is to be 50m, over which the

natural ground surface falls 500mm. The culvert is to be
constructed with headwalls.
Calculate appropriate culvert pipe diameter/s

for these conditions.
Calculate outlet velocity and check if erosion
requires consideration.
From the information provided:

Q required = 5.5 cumecs (5500 litres/sec)
Max Headwater HW = 1.70m (embankment height minus
min. freeboard), Figure 10.3 - Flow Relationships for Inlet Control in Culverts
Max Tailwater TW = 1.00m

Pipe culvert length = 50m, Step 2 Check for outlet control conditions:
Pipe culvert slope = 1 in 100 (500mm fall over 50m length)
Assume square edge inlet 2.1 Determine critical flow depth (dc)
Q / (g0.5 x D2.5) = 2.75/ (9.810.5 x 1.22.5 ) = 0.557
Step 1 Assume inlet Control Conditions: from Figure 10.1 Approx. Critical Depth Relationships
for Circular Pipe (Page 51), dc/D = 0.75,
1.1 Try 1500mm diameter FJ pipe (as max headwater is therefore dc = 0.90m
1.7m):
Figure 10.1 - Approximate Critical Depth Relationships for Circular Pipe
HW/D = 1.7/1.5 = 1.13
From Figure 10.3 Flow Relationships for Inlet 1.0
.8
Control in Culverts (page 52), using scale (1) Square .6
edge with headwall: .4

Q = 4.1 cumecs < Q required, therefore try larger
pipe diameter/culvert area. .2
Step 2.1
dc/D = 0.75
1.2 Try twin 1050mm FJ pipe:

dc/ D
.1
.08
HW/D = 1.7/1.05 = 1.62 .06
D
From Figure 10.3 Flow Relationships for Inlet .04
dc
Control in Culverts (page 52), using scale (1) Square

edge with headwall: .02
Q = m3/s
D=m
Q = 2 x 2.4 = 4.8 cumecs < Q required, therefore try g = m/s2
larger pipe diameter/culvert area. .01
.0001 .001 .01 .1 1.0
1.3 Try twin 1200mm diameter FJ pipe: Q/(g)0.5(D)2.5
HW/D = 1.7/1.2 = 1.42

Note: For partly-full flow outlet control if (dc+D)>TW, then
From Figure 10.3 Flow Relationships for Inlet Control approx. HW can be established by using (dc+D) in Figure
in Culverts (page 52), using scale (1) Square edge with
headwall: 10.4 Energy Head relationship for Pipes Flowing Full
(page 53).
Q = 2 x 3.1 = 6.2 cumecs > Q required.
2.2 Establish HW level for outlet control conditions
1.4 Establish head water height with twin 1200mm HW = [TW or (dc + D) / 2] + H - fall
diameter FJ pipe and max. flow: (dc + D) / 2 = (0.9 + 1.2) / 2 = 1.05m (> TW =1.0m)
Qmax. = Q required = 5.5 cumecs (5500 litres/sec) therefore adopt (dc + D)/2 = 1.05m in Fig. 10.4 (page 53)
(in lieu of TW):
Q per pipe = 2.75 cumecs
From Figure 10.4 Energy Head relationship for Pipes
From Figure 10.3 Flow Relationships for Inlet Control Flowing Full (page 53):
in Culverts (page 52), using scale (1) Square edge with
headwall: for Q = 2.75 cumecs, L =50m & ke = 0.5 (square edge
head wall)
HW/D = 1.23; therefore HW (inlet control) = 1.23 x 1.2 =
1.48m (<1.7m), therefore twin 1200mm diameter FJ pipes then H = 0.65m
are ok for inlet control conditions.
HW (outlet control) = 1.05 + 0.65 0.5 = 1.20m
13
Step 3 Determine Flow Velocity:
For inlet control conditions, the outlet velocity can be

determined via the Colebrook-White formula (adopt k =
0.60mm)
Hydraulic gradient = (HW -TW + fall)/Length = (1.5-
1.0+0.5)/50 = 0.02
Step 2.2 from Figure 10.7 Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White
H = 0.65m
Formula (ks = 0.6) (Page 56) with Qf = 6.2/2 = 3.1 cumecs:
Vf = 4.52 m/s,
Step 2.2
Q = 5.5/2
= 2.75 m3/s
.0400
7.5
m/
7.0 s
.0300 m/
6.5 s
m/
s
6.0
0
m/
30
s
DN
.0200 5.5
m/
s
5
37
5.0
m/
DN
s
0
45
4.5
m/
DN
s
5
52
4.0
DN
.0100 m/
0
s
60
DN
5
3.5
67
m/
DN
0
s
75
5
DN
82
Hydraulic Gradient (m/m)
3.0
0
m/
90
DN
s
DN
5
97
50
.0050
DN
10
DN 125
00
DN
2.5
1
12
75
m/
DN
s
50
12
13
DN
00
DN
.0030
15
50
DN
16
2.0
00
m
DN
1.9 /s
18
50
m
DN
19
00
.0020 1.8 /s
DN
m
21
50
1.7 /s
DN
00
22
m/
DN 550
1.6 s
24
DN
m
DN 700
1.5 /s
DN
50
DN
m/
2
s
28
1.4
m/
1.3 s
.0010 m/
s
1.2
m/
s
1.1
m/
s
1.0
m/
s
.0005
100 200 300 500 700 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 7000 10000
Discharge in litres per second
Figure 10.4 - Energy head relationships for pipes flowing full (n = 0.011) ks = 0.6mm
Figure 10.7 - Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula ks=0.6mm
from Figure 10.2 Relative Discharge & Velocity in Part-Full

Pipe Flow (page 51),
2.3 Compare HW level for inlet control and outlet control
conditions: Q/Qf = 2.75/3.1 = 0.88, gives V/ Vf = 1.12 and y/D = 0.72
HWinlet =1.50m > HWoutlet = 1.20m, therefore inlet control Therefore V = 5.1 m/s,
governs. and y = 0.86m (< dc = 0.90m)
Use twin 1200mm diameter FJ pipes
As actual flow depth (y) is less than the critical depth (dc), a
hydraulic jump may occur at the culvert outlet if the downstream
channel flow is not supercritical. Erosion protection at the culvert
outlet may be necessary.

y
1.0
.9
.8
y/D
.7
.6 Qf
Q/
.5
.4
Vf
V/
.3
.2
.1
Q/Qf
V/Vf
0
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Summary
Use twin 1200mm diameter FJ Pipes

Erosion protection at the culvert outlet may be necessary
14
Pipe length
Flush Joint Pipes
for culvert applications
Commonly Supplied Size Classes: DN300 - DN2100

ID OD
*
Nominal Length: 2.44m except where denotes.
Other lengths may be available on request.
Note: Pipe mass based on product density of 2600kg/m3 for

spun pipe and 2500kg/m3 for vertically cast pipe.
Flush Joint Pipe
Table 3.2 - Flush Joint Pipes

Actual Internal Diameter D (mm), Pipe Class, Mass (kg) and Outside Diameter (OD)
Standard Strength Load Classes Super Strength Load Classes

Size
Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 6 Class 8 Class 10 OD
Class
(mm)
(DN) Mass Mass Mass Mass Mass Mass
ID (mm) ID (mm) ID (mm) ID (mm) ID (mm) ID (mm)
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
225 229 125 229 125 229 130 279

300 300 205 300 205 300 210 290 235 280 260 268 295 362
375 375 280 375 285 375 290 363 330 355 360 343 395 445
450 450 400 450 405 450 415 444 445 438 465 418 545 534
525 534 465 518 545 502 625 502 625 502 630 486 705 616
600 610 565 600 625 586 705 586 710 570 800 554 885 698
675 685 690 679 735 661 850 661 860 637 1005 615 1135 781
750 762 815 756 865 730 1045 730 1055 714 1170 682 1385 864
825 838 945 832 1000 806 1205 806 1215 782 1400 754 1605 946
900 915 1090 903 1200 883 1370 883 1390 851 1655 795 2085 1029
1050 1066 1420 1054 1550 1026 1830 1026 1855 966 2430 926 2775 1194
1200 1219 1775 1207 1925 1179 2245 1171 2355 1109 3045 1059 3580 1359
1350 1372 2165 1360 2340 1332 2700 1292 3230 1242 3830 1202 4335 1524
1500 1524 2405 1504 2710 1468 3245 1424 3860 1374 4590 1324 5230 1676
1650 1676 2885 1656 3220 1620 3820 1576 4495 1516 5450 1476 6065 1842
1800 1828 3375 1808 3745 1772 4400 1718 5295 1668 6200 1628 6855 2006
1950 1994 4200 1982 4515 1944 5225 1904 5980 1834 7340 1794 8040 2198
2100 2160 5215 2136 5655 2110 6205 2050 7535 1990 8715 1960 9335 2388
2250* 2250 8140 2530
Typically project specific production only
2250 8775 2250 9165 2550
2250 14195 2718
2250 15050 2742
2250 18640 2850
2400* 2438 8795 2718
2438 9640 2742
2438 10850 2768
2438 20620 2438 20715 2438 20855 3060
2700* 2700 11460 2700 11585 3030
2700 13115 3060
2700 21250 2700 21340 2700 21490 3410
3000* 3060 13750 3410
3060 15835 3060 16510 3460
3060 32700 3060 32800 3060 32950 4010
3300 3300 21110 3300 21240 3300 21350 3900
3600 3600 24535 3600 24700 3600 24820 4240
Note: Internal diameters (ID) subject to change without notice
15
Rubber ring
4. Pipes for drainage applications Max. joint draw

Socket
Witness
marks
Humes provide a comprehensive range of steel reinforced
concrete stormwater pipes from DN225 to DN3600 (Common Spigot
Size Classes: DN300 to DN2100).
Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ) pipes are recommended for stormwater Nominal laying gap
Inside surface
drainage systems, although Flush Joint (FJ) pipes can also be
used dependant on requirements of the client / asset owner.
Figure 4.1 - RRJ Pipe with Belled Socket Joint
RRJ pipes up to DN1800 are supplied with a belled-socket
joint, while those larger than DN1800 are supplied with an
in-wall joint (see Figures 4.1 & 4.2).
Rubber ring
Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ)

Socket
Rubber Ring Joints provide concrete pipes with a high degree
of flexibility to accommodate ground settlement or alignment
Spigot
adjustments.
The RRJ profile is designed for ease of installation, and allows
curved alignment adjustments while maintaining a watertight Max. joint draw
joint capable of withstanding the common levels of hydraulic Inside surface Nominal laying gap
head occurring in a storm water pipeline.
Table 4.1 presents the minimum radius for curves in the Figure 4.2 - RRJ Pipe with In-wall (Skid) Joint
pipeline for the standard range of pipes. Details on other sizes
can be obtained by contacting Humes.
Table 4.1 - Maximum Joint Deflection:
Size Class (DN) RRJ - Drainage Applications
See Tables 4.2 & 4.3 (pages 17, 18) for details. Max
Max CL
Size deflection Min CL
Deviation
Class angle at joint Radius*
per pipe
(DN) /N (m)
(mm)
(degrees)
300 81 1.9 70
375 81 1.9 70
450 55 1.3 105
525 43 1.0 135
4. Drainage Applications
600 38 0.9 150

675 34 0.8 170
750 26 0.6 230
825 21 0.5 275
900 34 0.8 170
1050 26 0.6 230
1200 21 0.5 240
1350 21 0.5 275
1500 26 0.6 230
L
R =
2 (tan 1/2 /N) 1650 21 0.5 275
1800 68 1.6 85
where:
R = Radius of curvature, feet 1950 26 0.6 230
Figure 4.3 - Curved Alignment using L = Average laid length of pipe sections
Deflected Straight Pipe measured along the centerline, feet
2100 34 0.8 170
= Total deflection angle of curve, degrees * Minimum radius is measured to the pipe
N = Number of pipes with pulled joints mid point
/N = Total deflection of each pipe, degrees
16
Nominal Pipe length
Rubber Ring Joint

(Belled Socket) Pipes
A ID OD
for culvert, drainage and sewerage applications
Pipe Length (nom): 2.44m
Rubber Ring Joint (Belled Socket) Pipe
Pipes available in most areas indicated by bold type. G H
Other lengths may be available on request. Additional sizes
have restricted availability and designers should consult Humes Note: Pipe mass based on product density of 2600kg/m3 for
to confirm their supply status. spun pipe and 2500kg/m3 for vertically cast pipe.
Table 4.2 - Rubber Ring Joints (Belled Socket)

Actual Internal Diameter (ID), Socket Dimensions (A,G & H), Outside Diameter (OD) and Pipe Mass.
Socket Dimensions
Load Class Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 6 Class 8 Class 10 Socket Dimensions (A,G & H) Load Class
Size Class Pipe OD

(DN) ID (mm) Mass (kg) ID (mm) Mass (kg) ID (mm) Mass (kg) ID (mm) Mass (kg) ID (mm) Mass (kg) ID (mm) Mass (kg) A (mm) G (mm) H (mm) (mm)
225 229 110 229 110 229 110 362 89 83 279
229 135 229 140 229 140 Not typically supplied 368 108 95 293
225 229 220 229 220 229 220 394 114 114 305
229 240 229 240 229 240 406 114 114 311
300 300 220 300 220 300 240 288 250 280 280 268 310 451 76 89 362
304 280 304 280 304 280 304 285 298 305 284 340 470 114 114 381
300 370 300 375 300 375 300 375 300 380 300 380 508 114 114 400
375 375 305 375 310 375 315 355 345 351 395 343 420 540 80 95 445
381 340 381 345 381 345 375 370 361 425 357 430 546 114 114 457
380 545 380 545 380 545 380 545 380 545 380 550 622 121 133 496
450 450 435 50 440 450 450 438 480 438 500 418 580 622 114 114 534
450 605 450 610 450 615 450 615 450 615 444 640 694 147 116 560
457 800 457 805 457 805 457 805 457 810 457 810 749 133 190 597
525 534 515 518 595 518 675 502 680 502 685 486 755 711 133 133 616
534 650 534 650 534 655 534 665 524 715 510 785 762 133 133 636
530 880 530 880 530 880 530 890 530 895 530 895 822 140 133 666
600 610 625 598 685 598 765 586 770 570 860 554 945 797 133 133 698
610 815 610 820 610 820 610 830 600 895 578 1015 851 133 133 724
610 1130 610 1135 610 1135 610 1140 610 1145 610 1150 932 143 152 762
675 685 760 673 805 673 920 653 930 645 1030 615 1205 886 133 133 781
680 845 680 855 680 860 670 930 648 1070 616 1255 915 176 113 784
680 1175 680 1180 680 1185 680 1190 680 1200 656 1350 988 196 146 820
750 760 940 744 985 744 1170 728 1125 712 1290 680 1500 997 143 152 864
750 955 750 1000 750 1010 734 1125 710 1295 680 1485 996 196 118 860
762 1145 762 1150 762 1160 762 1170 738 1340 706 1560 1033 143 152 890
762 1380 762 1385 762 1390 762 1395 762 1405 762 1630 1084 143 152 914
825 838 1050 818 1105 818 1305 798 1320 782 1500 748 1745 1064 146 146 946
830 1200 830 1210 830 1215 814 1350 782 1590 750 1825 1098 196 128 950
838 1410 838 1420 838 1425 838 1445 814 1635 782 1875 1149 171 149 978
900 910 1415 910 1425 910 1535 878 1555 862 1850 800 2335 1197 152 152 1042
900 1425 900 1435 900 1445 884 1595 852 1855 790 2335 1190 215 138 1040
915 2030 915 2035 915 2040 915 2055 915 2075 851 2600 1302 178 259 1093
1050 1070 1895 1070 1910 1058 2115 1022 2250 990 2725 950 3075 1391 171 149 1220
1050 1790 1050 1800 1050 1820 1018 2140 960 2695 920 3035 1364 215 151 1190
1066 2335 1066 2345 1066 2355 1066 2380 1010 2930 966 3340 1454 178 259 1244
1200 1220 2175 1220 2195 1200 2555 1156 2695 1120 3360 1070 3905 1543 171 149 1372
1200 2190 1200 2210 1194 2300 1160 2685 1090 3435 1040 3970 1540 215 165 1350
1200 3275 1200 3290 1200 3300 1200 3325 1160 3775 1110 4345 1670 210 215 1420
1350 1370 2460 1370 2610 1330 2995 1294 3400 1240 4115 1200 4630 1695 171 149 1524
1350 2690 1350 2715 1344 2810 1286 3555 1230 4210 1190 4720 1710 230 170 1514
1500 1524 3550 1524 3575 1504 3905 1460 4515 1404 5335 1354 5990 1937 194 292 1714
1650 1676 3890 1676 3925 1636 4470 1596 5065 1546 6045 1486 6915 2089 194 292 1866
1800 1828 4450 1828 4495 1788 5085 1744 5900 1668 7285 1608 8220 2267 194 203 2032
Note: Internal diameters (ID) subject to change without notice

17
Rubber Ring Joint (In-wall) Pipes Effective Pipe length
for culvert, drainage and sewerage applications

Nominal Pipe Length: 3.0m (*denotes 2.44m) ID OD
Other lengths are available.
Rubber Ring In-wall Joint Pipe
Note: Pipe mass based on product density of 2600kg/m3 for

spun pipe and 2500kg/m3 for vertically cast pipe.
Table 4.3 - Rubber Ring Joints (In-wall)

Actual Internal Diameter (ID), Outside Diameter (OD) and Pipe Mass.

Size
Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 6 Class 8 Class 10 OD
Class
(mm)
(DN) ID Mass ID Mass ID Mass ID Mass ID Mass ID Mass
(mm) (kg) (mm) (kg) (mm) (kg) (mm) (kg) (mm) (kg) (mm) (kg)
1200* 1280 2985 1280 3005 1280 3025 1260 3285 1240 3545 1200 4015 1500
1950* 1950 5515 1950 5540 1950 5580 1894 6715 1830 7850 1780 8760 2220
2100* 2100 6340 2100 6370 2100 6415 2068 7265 2000 8585 1920 10055 2388
2250 2250 8795 2250 8880 2250 12120 2550
2250 11925 2650
2250 15050 2742
2250 18640 2850
2400 2438 9575 2438 9660 2742
2438 10895 2768
2438 20620 2438 20715 2438 20855 3060
2700 2700 11505 2700 11590 3030
2700 13175 3060

2700 21250 2700 21340 2700 21490 3410
3000 3060 13795 3060 15875 3410
3060 16585 3460
3060 32700 3060 32800 3060 32950 4010
3300* 3300 21110 3300 21240 3300 21350 3900
3600* 3600 20165 3600 20220 3600 20320 4130
= Not typically supplied
18
Hydraulics Installation
Generally, a stormwater pipeline system is designed so that the All Humes RRJ belled socket pipes are supplied with laying
hydraulic gradeline is at or below the level of the line joining witness marks indicated in the RRJ profile for easy control of
the upstream and downstream manhole surface levels as the deflected joint. (See Fig. 4.1, pg 16 or Fig. 9.8, pg 45)
shown in Figure 4.3 (page16).
Note: Humes concrete stormwater pipes are normally supplied
1 2 with elliptical grid reinforcement, unless a circular grid is
Horizontal Reference 2 specifically requested. Elliptical grid reinforced pipes must be
V2/2g Total Energ laid with the word "TOP" at the crown (or invert) of the pipe
y Line Hfriction and within 10 each side of the vertical centreline.
Free Water
Surface
V2/2g To simplify handling, lifting anchors can be provided if
Flow requested in heavy large size RRJ pipes, and for RRJ pipes
H1 DN1800 and over, Humes provides a special rubber ring
Pipe Invert H2 lubricant to assist joining.
Slope
Base Level See Section 9: Handling and Installation for further details.
H1 + V2/2g = H2 V2/2g + Hfriction
Figure 4.4 - Uniform Flow Conditions
The loss of energy head in the pipeline is the aggregate of

elevation, exit velocity and friction head losses. Of these,
normally only elevation and friction head losses are major
considerations.
The flow of water in a stormwater pipeline operating full or
with minor energy head is determined from the hydraulic
gradient in the pipeline.
For determining head loss in a stormwater pipeline, the
Colebrook-White formula is recommended as is a roughness
height (ks) of 0.6mm.
Figure 4.4 gives the capacity and flow velocity of a pipeline
flowing with an established hydraulic grade. Alternatively,
available energy head can be used to determine the required
pipe size for a given flow discharge.
Large diameter Rubber Ring Joint (In-wall)Pipe installation
Figure 3.4 - Relative discharge and velocity in part-full pipe
flow (page 11), can be used to determine part-flow depth,
velocity and discharge in a pipeline. Other Stormwater Products
Although a value of ks = 0.6mm is recommended, where Humes supplies a wide range of associated components to
the stormwater system is located in a fully developed urban provide the complete stormwater drainage system.
environment, this reasonably conservative value, which is
determined from the combined effects of pipe surface and These include precast access chambers and maintenance
solid material carried in the flow, may be reduced to 0.15mm, shafts, drop inlets, side entry pits, bends, tees and junctions, as
considerably increasing the flow capacity where appropriate well as stormwater pits.
(see Figure 10.5, page 54). With the ever increasing need to responsibly manage a healthy
environment, Humes have developed a technically advanced
portfolio of stormwater quality management products.
Load Class
Humeceptor non-scouring sediment and oil interceptor
Humes concrete stormwater pipes are available in Standard- targets priority fine sediments, which transport nutrients and
Strength (Class 2-4) and Super-Strength (Class 6-10) Load toxicants, close to where they are generated, protecting local
Classes. creeks, wetland habitats and wildlife as well as downstream
The most appropriate stormwater pipe installation can be rivers, bays and oceans. Humeceptor is proven to capture as
obtained by matching both pipe Load Class and the Bedding much as 90% of ALL sediment (including the material less than
Support Type. For the majority of installations, Standard- 100 microns which is of most concern), 97.8% of free oils and
Strength concrete stormwater pipes used in conjunction with significant quantities of other materials lighter than water (eg.
Type H2 or Type HS2 Bedding Support, are suitable. cigarette butts, polyester beads, plastic food wrappers etc)
For large fill situations, a combination of Super-Strength Humegard in-line gross pollutant traps are designed to
pipes and Type HS3 Bedding Support can provide the most trap a range of gross pollutants including plastics, aluminum,
appropriate and economical solution. waxed packaging, drink containers, cigarette buttts, syringes,
polystyrene, paper and coarser-grained sediment (150
Further information on the Load Class of concrete pipes can be microns+). Laboratory and field testing has proven capture
obtained by referring to Section 1. Introduction (page 3). rates up to 100% for gross pollutants prior to by-pass and up
to 85% on an annualised basis, allowing for periods of high
flow by-pass.
19
Example 4 Stormwater Pipe
.0400
A stormwater drainage pipeline is proposed to service a new

7.5
m/
7.0 s
.0300 m/
6.5 s
industrial development in Sydney. The new line is to connect 6.0
m/
s
0
m/
30
s
into an existing system at an existing downstream manhole.
DN
.0200 5.5
m/
s
5
The total catchment area of 4 hectares (0.04km2) is to be
37
5.0
m/
DN
s
0
45
4.5
m/
paved/sealed, resulting in an estimated coefficient of run = 0.9.
DN
s
5
52
4.0
DN
.0100 m/
0
The estimated time for the total catchment to be contributing
s
60
DN
5
3.5
67
m/
DN
0
s
to the outflow discharge is 30 minutes. The 1:50 year rain fall
75
5
DN
82
3.0
0
m/
90
DN
intensity has been calculated as 100mm/hr (for the 30 minute
s
DN
5
97
50
.0050
DN
10
DN 125
00
duration), and the new line length is 80 metres. A minimum
DN
2.5
1
12
DN 275
m/
DN
s
50
1
13
DN
600mm dia pipe is specified for maintenance purposes, and the
00
.0030
15
50
DN
16
2.0
00
asset owner requires a maximum velocity of 8 m/s and design
m
DN
1.9 /s
18
50
m
DN
19
00
.0020 1.8 /s
DN
m
21
DN 250
life of 100 years. An estimation of the system confirms the total 1.7 /s
DN
DN 400
m
2
1.6 /s
DN 550
DN
2
m
DN 700
1.5 /s
energy head at the downstream (Hd/s) pit to be 0.5m.
50
m/
2
s
28
1.4
m/
1.3 s
.0010 m/
s
1.2
Calculate the peak flow rate 1.1
m/
m/
s
s
1.0
Check suitability of DN600 pipe with respect to maximum m/
s
.0005
velocity & energy head: 100 200 300 500 700 1000 2000
3000 4000 5000 7000 10000
ks = 0.6mm
Step 1 Calculate Peak Flow: Figure 10.7 - Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula ks=0.6mm
Peak flow rate formula: Q = 0.278 CIA

Therefore Q = 0.278 x 0.9 x 100 x 0.04 = 1.0 cumec (m3/s)
Step 2 Check suitability of DN600

From Figure 10.7 Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White
Formula (ks=0.6mm) (page 56), with 600mm dia pipe:
Hydraulic Gradient = 0.21 m/m
and v = 3.55m/sec (<8m/s therefore velocity ok)
Energy Loss (Hf) of pipe = .021m/m x 80m = 1.68m

Velocity Head (Hv) = v2 / 2g = 0.64m
Total energy head at upstream end of new pipeline is:

Hu/s = Hf + Hv + Hd/s
= 1.68 + 0.64 + 0.5 = 2.82m
Therefore for a DN600 pipe the upstream invert level must be
2.82m below finished surface level.
Step 3 Check suitability of DN750

Try 750mm dia pipe to reduce depth of invert (using Q = 1.0

cumecs)
From Figure 4.4 Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White
Formula (ks=0.6mm) (page 56), with 750mm dia pipe:
Hydraulic Gradient = 0.0068 m/m
and v=2.3 m/s (<8m/s therefore velocity ok)
Hf = 0.0068 x 80 = 0.54m
Hv = 2.32 / 2g
At upstream end of new pipeline
Hu/s = 0.54 + 0.27 + 0.5 = 1.31m
Invert for DN750 need only be 1.31m below finished surface
(use DN750 if possible as less excavation is required)
Note: The existing system should be analysed to determine

the hydraulic effect due to pipeline addition. A longitudinal
profile of the total stormwater system's hydraulic effects is
recommended.
20
5. Pipes for sewerage applications Outside face

concrete sewerage pipes in diameters from 225mm to
3600mm (DN300 - DN2100 Common Size Class Range). Standard cover
Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ) pipes are recommended for Extra cover
sewerage applications. (up to 25mm)
RRJ pipes up to DN1800 are supplied with a belled socket

joint, while those larger than DN1800 are supplied with
an in-wall joint (see Figures 4.1 & 4.2, page 16).
Outside face
Sewerage Pipes
In conjunction with sewerage system designers, Humes
engineers have developed a range of concrete sewerage Standard cover
pipes to economically minimise or eliminate corrosive gas
effects which can exist in sewer pipeline systems. Sacrificial Layer
Humes has available proven design methods which can

assist the systems designer to investigate the possibility of
sulphide build-up in the system.
Where the system design cannot avoid sulphide generation, Outside face
Humes manufactures a number of sewerage pipes
incorporating special features. These include:
Thermoplastic lining
Plastiline sheeting A chemically inert plasticised Standard cover
PVC material, developed by Humes research scientists,
is mechanically fixed to the pipes internal surface during
the manufacturing process, as shown in Figure 5.1, to
Calcereous aggregate concrete
give complete protection against chemical attack on the
pipe surface.
Humes AKS PE lining A high density polyethelyne sheet Outside face
providing high resistance to abrassives and aggresives.
Thermoplastic sheeting need only be applied to the pipe's
internal surface above the low flow level during normal
operating conditions. Standard cover
Calcareous aggregate - This provides added protection
by inhibiting the progress of chemical attack, and is used
in either the concrete cover to reinforcement or sacrificial
layer. Humes internal engineering design services group Corrosion protection liner
(TDS) can provide guidance of increased service life that (Plastiline or AKS PE lining)
is achievable.
Sacrificial layer concrete - An internal surface layer Figure 5.1 - High Durability Sewer Pipe Solutions
of concrete additional to the nominal 10mm cover to
reinforcement in spun concrete pipe, as shown in Figure
5.1.
The sacrificial layer is designed to gradually chemically
corrode during the life of the pipe. Humes' Engineers can
determine the required thickness by analysis of the system.
The corrosion process leaves the pipe structurally sound at
the end of its design life, making it possible for the service
life of the pipeline to be reassessed and possibly extended.
5. Sewerage Applications
Additional cover to reinforcement - The extra cover gives

added protection where the systems designer has little
or no information to carry out a detailed pipe-system
analysis.
A summary of these various treatments is presented
following, along with a set of general guidelines.
When in doubt, the designer should contact Humes for a 2250mm diameter Plastiline Pipes
specific analysis of the pipeline's operating conditions.
21
Summary of Sewerage Pipeline Solutions Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ)
Humes have developed a range of solutions to maximise Humes RRJ pipes are designed to provide a watertight
durability, and even eliminate the potential adverse effects of seal against infiltration in to the system and exfiltration of
sewerage aggressives (eg sulphuric acid attack). sewerage into groundwater.
The joint seal is designed against a minimum 9m head
Type 1: Standard Sewer Pipe (90KPa), internal and external, and the joint configuration
allows for watertightness to be maintained even when
With a minimum cementitious content in excess of normal settlements cause joint deflections in the pipeline.
400 kg/m3, standard sewer pipes are adequate for most Pipeline installers can also use this joint flexibility to
properly designed sewer systems. maintain line and level of the pipeline.
See Table 4.1 (page 16) for details of the minimum radius
Type 2: Extra cover to reinforcement for RRJ pipelines.
The cover to reinforcement can be increased from a nominal Humes RRJ pipes used in sewerage pipelines are supplied
standard to up to 25mm. Commonly specified for sewer sys- with natural rubber rings with root inhibitor, which prevents
tems with insufficient data on future flow characteristics. vegetation roots from entering the system.
Lengthens life by up to 2 times.
Size Class (DN)

Type 3: Sacrificial layer Where corrosion protection is added to the pipe in the form
An increased wall (cover) thickness provided at the internal of a sacrificial layer or extra cover, the internal bore of the
diameter. It is acceptable for this layer to corrode (in lieu of pipe is reduced and designers need to include this reduction
the structural pipe profile) over the specified service life of the in the waterway area in their hydraulic design.
pipeline.
RRJ pipes with corrosion protection linings are readily
Based on client supplied project data Humes engineers can available in sizes of DN750 and above.
assist in determining the requisite thickness of sacrificial layer,
The diameter reduction is generally 20mm to 40mm,
using either siliceous or calcareous aggregates.
depending on the system and its design life requirements.
Lengthens life by up to 3 times.
See Tables 4.2 & 4.3 (page 17, 18) for details of Size Class
(DN) availability.
Type 4: Calcareous aggregate
Concrete pipes manufactured from suitable calcium rich Load Class
aggregate, such as limestone, provide added resistance to
acidic corrosion, by inhibiting the progress of the chemical Humes concrete sewerage pipes are available in Standard-
attack. Its use will further augment durability performance Strength (Class 2-4) and Super-Strength (Class 6-10) Load
when incorporated as a sacrificial layer. Classes.
Lengthens life by up to 2 times. The most appropriate/economical pipeline installation can
be obtained by matching both pipe Load Class and the
Type 5: Corrosion Protection Linings (CPL) Bedding Support Type.
Corrosion Protection Linings provide the ultimate protection For the majority of installations, Standard-Strength concrete
against chemical attack in a sewerage environment. sewerage pipes used in conjunction with Type H2 or Type
HS2 Bedding Support, are suitable.
Plastiline A tried and true PVC liner with over 45 years
inservice use in Australia: For large fill situations, a combination of Super-Strength
pipes and Type HS3 Bedding Support can provide the most
Black - ultimate UV protection appropriate and economical solution.
Ease of welding
Further information on the Load Class of concrete pipes
AKS Humes concrete pipe lined with High Density can be obtained by referring to Section 1 - Introduction
Polyethylene sheet (HDPE) provides maximum: (page 3).
Abrasion resistance,
and pull off strength.
This material is available in pale colours, which are favoured
by installers and beneficial for visual inspection.
Up to 120 year service life.
22
Hydraulics Installation
The hydraulic design for each section of the sewage Humes RRJ bell-socket pipes have laying witness marks
pipeline system requires investigation of both peak and indicated at the outside face for easy control of the
minimum flows. deflected joint.(see Fig. 4.1, pg16 or Fig. 9.8, pg45).
Peak flows in the system determine the pipe size class Humes concrete sewerage pipes are typically supplied
which should then be checked to ensure that at minimum with elliptical grid reinforcement, unless a circular grid is
flows the sewage flow velocity does not fall below the self- specifically requested.
cleansing velocity.
Elliptical grid reinforced pipes must be laid with the word
Gravity flows in a sewage pipeline between manholes are "TOP" at the crown (or invert) of the pipe, within 10 each
designed hydraulically by considering pipe friction losses side of the vertical centreline.
and any flow disturbance losses at inlets, outlets, bends and
junctions in the pipeline. Lifting anchors can be provided to simplify lifting/handling.
Humes provides a special rubber ring lubricant to assist
Losses due to flow disturbances should be minimal since jointing.
the designer should eliminate these as part of the campaign
against hydrogen sulphide generation. See Section 9, Handling and Installation, for further details.
Frictional losses along the pipeline are based on the

Colebrook-White formula, using a recommended roughness
height ks value of 1.5mm (see Figure 10.8, page 57). This
chart also indicates minimum velocities for slime control
and the self-cleansing velocities.
The flow discharge and velocity given is for the pipeline
running full. The values can be adjusted for a pipeline
running part-full by referring to Figure 3.4 (page 11) for
part-full flow conditions.
Class 4 Pipes with Sacrificial Layer.
Plastiline sewer pipe installation.

Pipe with AKS lining
23
Associated Sewerage Products
Humes manufacture a comprehensive range of products
associated with reticulation and trunk sewer systems. From
experience, a collaborative approach with designers and
authorities will often provide the most cost effective solution,
and Humes are equipped to supply project specific products.
Standard products for this range are summarised below. For
further information refer to product specific brochures and
details available at www.humes.com.au
Access Chambers Humes superior quality precast chambers

have a nominal shaft diameter of 1050 1100mm, dependent
on region and asset owner requirements. These are configured
with RRJ and mastic joints to suit authority specifications and
standards.
The system is complete from benched chamber bases,

(Superbowl eliminates the need for benching) to finished
surface level, in either trafficked or non trafficked applications.
Shafts outside the standard diameter range may be made to

order.
QuickTee base
Maintenance Shafts (QuickTee) DN600 vertical shafts
with DN300 non-person entry lid, that provide access to
the sewerage system to introduce inspection (CCTV) and
maintenance equipment. The shaped base ensures optimum
flow in the system. As for the access chambers QuickTee is a
complete system from base to finished surface level:
DN600 shaft enables equipment manoeuvrability.
DN600 shaft provides emergency storage
Sloping trafficable top matches finished surface level falls
up to 1 in 7.
HumeSeal is a patented watertight elastomeric seal to

connect service pipes to chambers (Access Chambers and
Maintenance Shaft) .The standard size range is DN100 to
DN225 and other sizes may be made to order. The HumeSeal
can accommodate up to 17 degrees deflection without losing
watertight connection between service pipe and shafts.
Cover and surround completing a QuickTee installation

Access Chamber base

HumeSeal at chamber/shaft base
24
Pump Wells Humes supply chambers up to DN3600
which may be specifically designed to customer requirements.
(See Table 5.1 below for capacities)
Storage Tanks The size range is the same as for

pump wells. These units are configured with end walls
and fittings to meet project specific requirements.
(See Table 5.1 below for capacities)
Both pump wells and storage tanks can be provided with
corrosion protection liners (CPLs).
A precast pump well.
A precast storage tank.
Table 5.1 -Indicative Storage Capacity (Litres) based on Flush Joint Pipe, Load Class 2.
Length of Pipe (metres)
DN
(mm) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.22 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.83 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.44
300 15 29 44 58 73 87 89 102 116 131 133 145 160 174 177
375 23 47 68 91 114 137 139 160 182 205 209 228 251 274 278
450 33 66 98 131 164 197 200 230 262 295 300 328 361 394 400
525 45 90 134 179 224 269 273 314 358 403 410 448 493 538 547
600 59 117 175 234 292 351 357 409 468 526 535 585 643 701 713
675 74 147 221 295 369 442 450 516 590 663 676 737 811 885 899
750 91 182 274 365 456 547 556 639 730 821 835 912 1003 1095 1113
825 110 221 331 441 552 662 673 772 883 993 1009 1103 1213 1324 1346
900 131 263 394 525 657 788 801 919 1050 1182 1202 1313 1445 1576 1602
1050 179 358 536 715 894 1073 1090 1251 1430 1608 1636 1788 1966 2145 2180
1200 234 467 701 934 1168 1401 1425 1635 1869 2102 2137 2336 2569 2802 2849
1350 295 591 887 1182 1478 1773 1803 2069 2364 2660 2704 2955 3251 3546 3605
1500 365 730 1094 1459 1824 2189 2225 2554 2919 3283 3338 3648 4013 4378 4451
1650 441 883 1324 1766 2207 2649 2693 3090 3532 3973 4039 4414 4856 5297 5386
1800 525 1051 1576 2101 2627 3152 3205 3677 4203 4728 4807 5254 5779 6304 6409
1950 617 1233 1850 2466 3083 3699 3761 4317 4933 5549 5632 6166 6782 7399 7522
2100 715 1430 2145 2860 3575 4290 4362 5005 5721 6436 6543 7151 7866 8581 8724
This table is included to assist designers with determining volumes of pipes when they are used in other than conduit applications such
as holding or storage tanks and pump wells.
Note: Internal diameters (ID) and hence, volume storage, is subject to change without notice.
25
Example 5 Sewerage Pipe
A gravity sewer main is proposed to serve a new residential

.0400
Ma
development. The development is for medium density x. V
0
.0300
30
elo
city
DN
The
population over an area of 500 ha. Adopting an average rmo
5
37
pla
stic
DN
.0200
dry weather flow rate of 0.2 l/s/ha for the medium density Lin
er
0
45
4.5
DN
residential development, we get an: m/
5
s
52
DN
4.0
0
m/
60
Average dry weather flow = 0.2 l/s/ha x 500ha = 100 l/s s
DN
5
67
.0100 3.5
DN
0
m/
75
s
The CPAAs Hydraulics of Precast Conduits recommends
5
DN
82
0
3.0
DN
90
5
m/
multiplying average dry weather flow by a factor of 2.5,
97
DN
s
DN
50
DN 125
10
to get peak dry weather flow. Also, for a new residential
00
DN
2.5
1
.0050 m/
Ma
DN
12
DN 275
x. V s
50
development, consider an allowance of 0.4 to 0.8 (say 0.6)
1
elo
13
DN
city
00
Slim
15
50
eC
l/s/ha for infiltration.
DN
2.0
16
ont m
00
.0030 rol 1.9 /s
DN
18
m
50
1.8 /s
DN
19
m/
00
Therefore: 1.7 s
DN
21
m
1.6 /s
DN
.0020 Mi m
n. V
Peak dry weather flow = (100 x 2.5) + (0.6 x 500) = 550 l/s elo
city
1.4
1.5 /s
m/
s
Sel
As only a low density population will exist during the fC
lea
nsi
1.3
m/
m/
s
ng s
developmental stage of the new estate, adopt a low density .0010
1.2
1.1
m/
s
flow of 0.13 l/s/ha for this period, 1.0

m/
s
m/
s
Therefore: 0.9
m/
s
Minimum short-term dry weather flow = 0.13 x 500 = 65 l/s .0005
50 100 300 500 700 1000 2000 4000 6000 8000
Discharge (Q) in litres per second
Summarising design parameters: ks = 1.5mm
Minimum average dry weather flow 65 l/s

Average dry weather flow 100 l/s Figure 10.8 - Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula ks = 1.5mm
Peak wet weather flow 550 l/s
Step 1 Nominate appropriate pipe diameter

For concrete pipe with sewage flows ks = 1.5 mm is typically
recommended.
1.1 Try DN525 pipe
From Figure 10.8 Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula
ks=1.5mm (page 57), with peak wet weather flow of 550 l/s:
Hydraulic gradient (s) = 0.0155 (approx 1:64), and full flow velocity
(Vf) = 2.5m/s
1.2 Establish minimum allowable velocities for slime control & self
cleansing
CPAAs Hydraulics of Precast Conduits recommends:
For slime control sD = 0.002m,
therefore with D = 0.525m: s = 0.0038 & vmin = 1.22m/s
For self cleansing sD = 0.0008m,
therefore with D = 0.525m: s = 0.0015 & vmin = 0.78m/s
Step 2 Confirm appropriate minimum pipe grade

2.1 Nominate pipe grade for DN525 as being less than 1:64 (s =
0.0155)
Try 1 in 75 (s= 0.013)
2.2 Check average dry weather flow velocity
Q/Qf = 100/550 = 0.18
From Figure 3.4 Relative Discharge & Velocity in Part-full Pipe
Flow (page 11), V/Vf = 0.75:
therefore V = 1.88m/sec (which is greater than minimum velocity

slime control therefore ok)
2.3 Check minimum average dry weather flow velocity
Q/Qf = 65/550 = 0.12
From Figure 3.4 Relative Discharge & Velocity in Part-full Pipe
Flow (page 11), V/Vf = 0.68:
V = 1.70m/sec (which is also greater than minimum velocity slime
control therefore ok)
Therefore adopt DN525 on grade 1 in 75
26
6. Pipes for Pressure Applications Table 6.1 - Maximum Joint Deflection:
RRJ - Pressure Pipe (and Sewerage) Applications
6. Pressure Applications
Max CL Max
Humes provide a comprehensive range of steel reinforced Internal Wall Min CL
Size Class Deviation deflection
concrete pressure pipes in diameters from 225mm to (DN)
Dia thickness
per pipe angle at joint
Radius*
3600mm (standard range DN300-DN1800). (ID) (mm)
(mm) (degrees)
(m)
Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ) pipes are recommended for all

304 38 72 1.7 83
concrete pressure pipe applications. 300
300 50 68 1.6 88
RRJ pipes up to DN1800 diameter are supplied with a
belled socket joint, while those larger than DN1800 are 367 34 72 1.7 83
supplied with an in-wall joint (see Figures 4.1 and 4.2 ,
page 16). 375 381 38 64 1.5 94
380 58 55 1.3 108
446 36 51 1.2 117
Joint Type
450 42 55 1.3 108
Rubber Ring Joints provide concrete pipes with a high 450
degree of flexibility to accommodate ground settlement 450 55 68 1.6 88
or deflections. The RRJ profile is designed for ease of
installation, and allows curved alignments or alignment 457 70 60 1.4 100
adjustments while maintaining a pressure tight joint seal. 534 41 43 1 140
Table 6.1 presents the maximum joint deflections possible
for the standard range of pressure pipes. See also Figure 525 534 51 34 0.8 175
6.1. 530 68 55 1.3 108
Witness marks are provided to indicate both nominal laying 610 44 38 0.9 156
gap and maximum joint deflection.
600 610 57 34 0.8 175
Where fittings are included in the pipe system, thrust
blocks should be provided to prevent lateral or longitudinal 610 76 34 0.8 175
movement and separation in the adjacent pipe joint. The 685 48 34 0.8 175
magnitude of the thrust force is dependent on the pressure
in the pipeline and the deflected angle or restriction to 675 680 52 51 1.2 117
flow.
680 70 51 1.2 117
The design of reinforced concrete pressure pipe systems as 760 52 26 0.6 234
described in the Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia
publication, "Hydraulics of Precast Concrete Conduits", is 750 55 51 1.2 117
recommended to specifiers and designers. 750
762 64 30 0.7 200
762 76 30 0.7 200
838 54 21 0.5 280
825 830 60 51 1.2 117
838 70 30 0.7 200
910 66 34 0.8 175
Positive
overlap 900 900 65 51 1.2 117
915 89 30 0.7 200
1050 70 47 1.1 128
1050 1070 75 26 0.6 234
1066 89 26 0.6 234
1200 75 43 1 140
Maximum Deviation Zero Gap 1200
1200 110 43 1 140
1370 77 21 0.5 280
1350
1350 82 38 0.9 156
1500 1524 95 26 0.6 234
Figure 6.1 - Deflected Joint Details 1650 1676 95 21 0.5 280

1800 1828 102 68 1.6 88
Note: Commonly available sizes indicated in bold
IDs and walls thickness subject to change without notice
* Minimum radius is measured to the mid point of the centre line
(as opposed to centreline intersection at joint)
27
Size Class (DN)
The size class for reinforced concrete pressure pipes

will depend on hydraulic calculations for pressure and
discharge.
Commonly supplied size classes for reinforced concrete
pressure pipes are from DN300 to DN1800 diameter
(see Table 6.2). Pipe can also be supplied below DN300
and, for these diameters, reduced lengths of 1.22 metres
are normally provided. Pipe diameters above DN1800 can
be supplied where required for special projects.
Load/Pressure Class
Reinforced concrete pressure pipes are designed for the
combined effects of external load and internal (in-service)
pressure. Australian/New Zealand Standard, AS/NZS 4058:
2007 - Precast concrete pipes (pressure and non-pressure)
gives a minimum requirement for factory test pressure
of 120% of working pressure in the pipeline. Working
pressure when specified should include all effects as well as
any dynamic surge pressures in the pipeline.
To simulate the combined effects of load and pressure,
the corresponding test load for a pressure pipe, with a
minimum factory test pressure of 120% working pressure,
is increased above the normal calculated non-pressure value
by as much as 182% by the application of the formula:
1/ T = test load
T=W
( Pt
)
3 W/F = calculated test load
F Pt-Pw Pt = test pressure
Pw = working pressure
The combination of test pressure and test load can be

most economically achieved when a balanced condition of
their effects is considered in the design. The table for the
balanced conditions of maximum allowable fill height for Pressure pipe installation
maximum test pressure is given in Table 6.3 (page 30) for
stated design and installation conditions.
For the majority of installations, concrete pressure pipes can
be installed using Type H2 Bedding Support.
See Section 1: Introduction, for further information on the
design and installation of concrete pipes.
28
Table 6.2 - Pressure Pipe Class Range

Pressure Class (kPa)
Pipe Mass
Size Class
200 300 400 500 700 2.44m long
(DN)
(kg)
Internal Diameter (mm) x Wall Thickness (mm)
304 x 38 304 x 38 304 x 38 304 x 38 285
300
300 x 50 390
367 x 34 367 x 34 367 x 34 367 x 34 300
375 381 x 38 381 x 38 355
380 x 58 565
446 x 36 446 x 36 446 x 36 385
450 x 42 450
450
450 x 55 625
457 x 70 840
534 x 41 534 x 41 534 x 41 530
525 534 x 51 680
530 x 68 930
610 x 44 610 x 44 610 x 44 645
600 610 x 57 915
600 x 81 1250
685 x 48 685 x 48 780
675 680 x 52 880
680 x 70 1225
760 x 52 760 x 52 960
750 762 x 64 1195
762 x 76 1290
838 x 54 838 x 54 1075
825 830 x 60 1295
826 x 76 1580
910 x 66 910 x 66 910 x 66 1470
900
899 x 97 2255
1050 x 70 1050 x 70 1840
1050 1050 x 85 2180
1050 x 97 2610
1200 x 75 1200 x 75 2260
1200
1200 x 110 1200 x 110 3435
1370 x 77 1370 x 77 2540
1350
1326 x 94 3130
1524 x 95 1524 x 95 3655
1500
1500 x 107 4070
1650 1676 x 95 1676 x 95 4020
1800 1828 x 102 1828 x 102 4600
= Not typically supplied
Sizes commonly available indicated by bold type. Other Pressure Classes may also be available.
Note: Pipe mass based on product density of 2600 kg/m3 for spun pipe and 2500kg/m3 for vertically cast pipe.
Internal diameters subject to change without notice.
29
Table 6.3 - Pressure Pipe Actual Size and Maximum Test Pressures

Pressure Pipes
Size Class Actual Size Maximum Test
(DN) ID x wall (mm) Pressure (kPa)
304 x 38 650 Pressure Pipes
298 x 41 700 Size Class Actual Size Maximum Test
300 (DN) ID x wall (mm) Pressure (kPa)
300 x 50 975
294 x 53 1050 730 x 65 525
367 x 34 550 726 x 64 475
357 x 39 575 750 (cont.) 750 x 70 550
381 x 38 525 762 x 76 575

375
375 x 41 550 750 x 82 625
380 x 58 900 838 x 54 350
370 x 63 975 832 x 57 400
446 x 36 450 830 x 60 425

825
436 x 41 475 806 x 72 525
450 x 42 450 838 x 70 475

450
450 x 55 700 814 x 82 600
430 x 65 875 910 x 66 425
457 x 70 900 898 x 72 475
534 x 41 450 900 900 x 65 425
518 x 49 550 880 x 75 500
534 x 51 525 915 x 89 575

525
514 x 61 700 1050 x 70 375
530 x 68 750 1018 x 86 500
514 x 76 800 1070 x 75 400

1050
610 x 44 425 1058 x 81 450
594 x 52 475 1066 x 89 475
610 x 57 550 1050 x 97 525

600
598 x 63 625 1200 x 75 350
610 x 76 725 1168 x 91 450

1200
598 x 82 800 1200 x 110 525
685 x 48 400 1180 x 120 600
673 x 54 475 1370 x 77 325
680 x 52 425 1360 x 82 350

675 1350
656 x 64 575 1350 x 82 350
680 x 70 600 1326 x 94 400
660 x 80 700 1524 x 95 350

1500
760 x 52 350 1508 x 103 400
750 736 x 64 500 1676 x 95 325

1650
1652 x 107 375
750 x 55 400
1828 x 102 325
1800
1812 x 110 350
Note: Commonly available sizes indicated in bold

Hydrostatic test pressure = 1.2 working pressure.
Internal diameters subject to change without notice.
30
Hydraulics
Reinforced concrete pressure pipes are designed for the A reinforced concrete pipe, overloaded with passing
maximum operating discharge rate in the pipeline. There are pressure surges, will expand and some minor cracks may
two design types of pressure pipelines, the gravity pressure result.
pipeline and the pumped pressure pipeline.
So long as the concrete is not fractured or blown out, the
Gravity pressure pipelines utilise the static head over the pipe will likely return to its original state of servicability after
length of the pipeline to provide discharge and the pipes the pressure surge passes, with visible cracking reducing
used are designed to a minimum factory test pressure of over time. The cracks will re-seal under the natural action
120% working pressure, or working pressure plus 15 metres of the concrete's autogenous healing process. During this
head, whichever is greater. time it may be necessary to reduce the pipeline working
pressure.
Gravity pressure mains are an hydraulically 'soft' system,
rarely incurring the effects of waterhammer. The working pressure in a pipe to provide the specified
discharge is determined from the sum of the elevation
Pumped pressure pipelines are susceptible to water-hammer (static lift) between pipeline inlet and outlet and head
effects if the system is not designed and operated to (pressure) losses along the pipeline caused by pipe and fluid
eliminate its occurrence, possibly leading to an hydraulically friction effects and exit velocity head loss.
'hard' system.
The Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia document
Water-hammer effects and their analysis require a detailed "Hydraulics of Precast Conduits" (available for free
knowledge of the operating conditions within the system download at www.concpipe.asn.au) is an excellent
and its geometry. reference for quantifying the magnitude of these losses
Water-hammer in a pressure pipe system, which can be where considered appropriate.
as high as 100 times the flow velocity head at shutdown Establishing the magnitude of friction head losses along
in the pipeline, is typically caused by either rapid valve the pipeline is carried out by using the Colebrook-White
closure or uncontrolled pump operation, either at start-up equation, adopting recommended values for pipe surface
or breakdown. roughness height (ks) depending on the fluid type.
AS/NZS 4058: 2007 Clause 4.5 nominates minimum test require-
For clean water in a water supply pipeline, a value of pipe
ments for pressure pipes:
surface roughness (ks) 0.06mm is appropriate.
Performance test pressure of pipe and joint (Pt) = Min. 1.2 times
the working pressure of pipe and joint. However, where in doubt, or where a significant number of
Ultimate test pressure (Pu) being the lesser of: fittings are in the pipeline, a more conservative value of (ks)
(i) 1.5 times the allowable working pressure (Pw) 0.15mm is recommended.
(ii) 1.2 times the allowable working pressure (Pw) plus 75kPa
Design charts (Figure 10.5 & 10.6, page 54, 55) based on
However, in a reinforced concrete pipeline subjected to the surface roughness values of 0.06mm and 0.15mm are
unforeseen operations, the pipes are ductile in nature and provided in section 10.
any surges in the line which could result in cracked pipes will
not cause the system to become unserviceable. For sewer rising mains, a value of 0.6mm is recommended
and the appropriate chart (Figure 10.7, page 56) is provided
in section 10
Table 6.4 - Pressure Pipe Thrust
Block Size for Horizontal Bends The Colebrook-White charts provide the slope of the
hydraulic gradient for a required discharge flow rate in the
pipeline, and friction head losses in the pipeline can then
Width per 10m head
Size
be determined by applying this value over the line's entire
15o deflection (mm) length.
Class
Soil Bearing Pressure Where a pressure pipeline has a change in horizontal or
(DN) vertical alignment, or where bends, reducers, tees or valves
100kPa 200kPa
are fitted within the pipe system, unbalanced forces at the
300 100 50 change in flow direction need to be resisted by fitting thrust
blocks along the pipeline.
375 100 50
The magnitude of the thrust force is determined by
450 125 75
geometrics and the size of the thrust block is found by
525 150 75 adopting a value for the passive resistance of the soil in the
trench walls. (A minimum soil bearing capacity of 100kPa is
600 175 100 often adopted). Table 6.4 provides typical values of thrust
675 185 100 block sizes based on stated conditions.
750 200 100
Deflection angle
825 200 100
900 250 125 Concrete Thrust
Block Minimum
1050 275 150 OD+300
1200 300 150
1350 325 150
h
idt
W
1500 350 175 Section
1650 375 175 Figure 6.2 Thrust Block Detail

1800 425 200
Note: Minimum Concrete strength 25 MPa
31
Other Pressure Pipe Products
Reinforced concrete pressure pipes can be manufactured
with bends, reducers and cast-in mild steel, cast iron or

plastic fittings, where required by the system designer.
Typical arrangements are shown below.
Single mitre bend. Cement lined mild steel off takes.
Socket to spigot reducer.
Mild steel adaptor for 2100mm diameter skid ring joint pipe. Air valve on 2700mm diameter skid ring joint pipe.
32
Field Hydrostatic Testing
Before delivery to site, every Humes pressure pipe is If measurements show a steadily decreasing loss rate,
hydrostatically tested to the specified test pressure. equilibrium has not been achieved and it may be necessary
Consequently, field pressure testing should not be to allow a further period of preconditioning before
specified for the purpose of reassessing individual pipe attempting further measurements. A test result is considered
performance. satisfactory when the amount of water lost in one hour
does not exceed the amount defined by the equation:
However, the manner in which the pipes have been
QL = N.D.(TP) /2 / 70
1
handled on site, and the conditions to which they have
been subjected prior to and during laying, may require that
QL: leakage in litres per hour
the test be applied to "prove" the pipeline installation. The
N: number of joints in the section of line under test
purpose of specifying a field hydrostatic test is solely to
D: diameter of pipe in metres
reveal the existence of inadequate laying procedures.
TP: specified site test pressure in kiloPascals
It is strongly recommended that the specified site test
Remember, correct laying procedures and proper
pressure be no greater than the sustained working pressure
supervision during installation are a better solution to
to which the pipeline will be subjected in service.
providing evidence of good installation. See Section 9,
When a field test is to be applied, preconditioning of the Handling & Installation (page 43).
pipeline is essential to give meaningful results.
The Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia, CPAA,
The pipeline should be allowed to stand under 50 kPa publication, Field Testing of Concrete Pipelines and
hydrostatic pressure at the highest point in the line for such Joints", comprehensively details all aspects of this
time as is necessary to allow natural absorption of water procedure. This document is available for free download
into the concrete. at www.concpipe.asn.au
The time taken for this to occur will depend on the
moisture condition of the pipes, as well as the ambient site
conditions.
Some lines will need no more than 24 hours, others may
need weeks. Subsequently, pressurisation should be carried
out slowly, initially at 50 kPa increments per hour.
Once the test pressure has been reached, and providing
no major faults have appeared, the loss of water should be
measured at hourly intervals over a period of three hours.
Field testing of pipes.
Routine Hydrostatic testing of pipes.
33
Example 6 Pressure Pipe
A pressure pipeline is to be designed for transferring raw .0400
7.5
m/
s
sewage from a central collection pump station, located within
7.0
.0300 m/
6.5 s
m/
a built up city area, to a proposed treatment plant at the city
s
6.0
0
m/
30
s
DN
5.5
boundary. .0200 m/
s
5
37
5.0
The length of the pipeline is to be 5km and the pipeline
m/
DN
s
0
45
4.5
m/
DN
route is to include five 90 horizontal bends and three 60 s
5
52
4.0
DN
.0100 m/
0
horizontal bends.
s
60
DN
5
3.5
67
m/
The elevation difference between the pump station and the
DN
0
s
75
5
DN
82
3.0
0
treatment plant is a rise of 5 metres.
m/
90
DN
s
DN
5
97
50
.0050
DN
An estimated maximum discharge rate (based on pump
10
DN 125
00
DN
2.5
1
12
75
m/
DN
s
50
12
characteristics) is 500 l/s.
13
DN
00
DN
.0030
15
50
The system is to be designed for an estimated 15 metres of
DN
16
2.0
00
m
DN
1.9 /s
18
50
water-hammer, and a maximum velocity of 2.0m/s.
m
DN
19
00
.0020 1.8 /s
DN
m/
21
DN 250
1.7 s
DN
DN 400
The pipeline is to follow natural surface with a nominal 1.0
m
2
1.6 /s
DN 550
DN
2
m
DN 700
1.5 /s
50
m/
metre cover to top of the pipe.
2
s
28
1.4
m/
1.3 s
.0010 m/
s
1.2
m/
s
Specify an appropriate steel reinforced concrete pipe for the 1.1
m/
s
system.
1.0
m/
s
.0005
100 200 300 500 700 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 7000 10000
The CPAA publication, Hydraulics of Precast Conduits ks = 0.6mm
recommends adopting a roughness coefficient (ks) = 0.6mm Figure 10.7 - Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula ks=0.6mm
for pumped sewerage flows.
Step 1 Nominate suitable pipe diameter

From Figure 10.7 Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula ks=0.6mm
(page 56), with Q = 500l/s & vmax = 2m/s:
Minimum size class = DN600
Step 2 Calculate friction head

From Figure 10.7 (page 56): with Q = 500l/s & DN600:
Hydraulic gradient = 0.0055 &
Friction head loss = 0.0055 x 5000 (elevation difference) = 27.5m
Step 3 Estimate velocity head

From Figure 10.7 (page 56): with Q = 500l/s & DN600:
Vf = 1.8m/s
Therefore exit velocity head of straight pipe = 1.82/2g = 0.165m
For 90 and 60 bends adopt velocity head coefficients (kb) for sharp bends of =
1.27 and 0.68 respectively (refer section 1 of CPAA Hydraulics of Precast Concrete
Conduits)
Head loss at bends: Hb = kb x v2 / 2g

for 5 No. 90 bends and 3 No. 60 horizontal bends:
(5 x 1.27 x 0.165) + (3 x 0.68 x 0.165) = 1.384m
Step 4 Estimate total head

Total Head = Static lift + Friction head + Velocity head + Bends
= 5 + 27.5 + 0.165 + 1.38 = 34m
Include specified allowance for water-hammer (15m)
Allowable working pressure head in pipeline = 34 + 15 = 49m
Step 5 Calculate test & ultimate pressures

Allowable working pressure (Pw) = gravity x pressure head = 9.81 x 49 = 481 kPa
Per AS/NZS 4058: 2007, clause 4.5 (b):

Ultimate test pressure (Pu) is the lesser of:
1. 1.5 times allowable working pressure (= 721 kPa)
2. 1.2 times allowable, plus 75kPa (= 556kPa)
Pu = 556 kPa
Using the Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia free design software Pipe Class
, a Load Class 2 pipe is adequate for 1 metre cover with type H2 installation.
Specify a DN600 reinforced concrete pressure pipe class 2/556
34
7. Pipes for Irrigation applications
Humes provide a range of steel reinforced concrete irrigation
pipes in diameters from DN300 to DN750.
Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ) pipes are recommended for irrigation Positive
applications where a pressure tight joint seal is required. overlap
Applications
Humes range of small diameter reinforced concrete irrigation
pipes are easily transported and laid using farm machinery
equipment and can be relocated around the property to meet
changing irrigation requirements without the need for special Maximum Deviation Zero Gap
7. Irrigation Applications
pipelaying skills.
Concrete irrigation pipe systems have reduced maintenance
requirements and enhance property values.
Joint Type
Figure 7.1 - Deflected Joint Details
Rubber Ring Joints (RRJ) are designed to provide a joint seal
capable of resisting pressures far in excess of those normally
operating in most irrigation systems.
Maximum deviations in alignment are given in Table 7.1 (refer Table 7.1 - Maximum Joint Deflection:
also to Figure 7.1). Deflections may be the result of pipeline RRJ - Irrigation Pipe Applications
settlements or included during laying to provide a change in
pipeline alignment. Max CL Max
Size Min CL
Deviation deflection
Class Radius*
Witness marks are provided to indicate both nominal laying per pipe angle at joint
(DN) (m)
gap and maximum joint deflection (see Fig. 4.1, pg16 or Fig. (mm) (degrees)
9.8, pg45).
300 63 1.4 100
DN375 and DN450 pipe joints may be compatible with some
375 72 1.6 88
cast iron fittings. Check applicable dimensions with relevant
suppliers to confirm. Custom fittings are normally specified for 450 51 1.1 128
larger diameters. 525 46 1.0 140
Size Class (DN) 600 40 0.9 156

675 36 0.8 175
Reinforced concrete irrigation pipes are manufactured in
diameters from DN300 to DN750 as shown in Table 7.2 (refer 750 29 0.6 234
Figure 7.2). Beyond this range, Humes reinforced pressure
pipes as detailed in Section 6, Pressure Applications can be
used to give an increased choice to the pipeline designer. The
size class of pipe required is determined from the irrigation
Table 7.2 - Pipe Dimensions (mm) and Masses (kg)
supply requirements of the planned farm crop yield.
Note: Pipe mass based on product density of 2600 kg/m3
Outside Socket Dimensions Mass per 2.44m

Size Diameter
Diameter length
(DN) (ID) A G H
(OD) (kg)
Effective Pipe length
300 300 362 451 107 89 220
375 367 435 516 106 70 300
450 446 518 603 127 74 385
525 534 616 711 147 133 530
A ID OD
600 610 698 797 147 133 645
675 685 781 886 147 133 780
750 760 864 997 143 152 960
G H
Figure 7.2 - Pipe Dimensions
35
Table 7.3 - Standard Pressure Classes
Load/Pressure Class
Size Pressure Class (kPa)
The Load Class of a reinforced concrete irrigation pipe is
Class 200 300 500
normally Class 2, since most pressure pipelines follow the
(DN) Internal diameter (mm) x Wall Thickness (mm)
ground's natural surface and are laid at a maximum depth
of around 1 metre. The Pressure Class of irrigation pipes is 300 300 x 31
determined from the irrigation requirements and is usually up
to a maximum of 500 kPa Pressure Class (415 kPa working). 375 367 x 34 367 x 34 367 x 34
Most commonly, a reinforced concrete irrigation pipe Pressure 450 446 x 36 446 x 36 440 x 39
Class 200 kPa is required. Table 7.3 presents Standard Pressure
Classes as a guide. Other intermediate Pressure Classes are also 525 534 x 41 534 x 41 534 x 41
available when required. 600 610 x 44 610 x 44
675 685 x 48 685 x 48
750 760 x 52 760 x 52

Hydraulics
The hydraulic flow requirements of the reinforced concrete

irrigation system is used to determine the Size Class required.
Table 7.4 - Head Loss in metres per 10m Length of
The hydraulic pressure to provide the required flow discharge
Pipeline
in the pipeline is determined from the sum of the elevation
difference between the supply point and receiving discharge Size Discharge* litres/second
point, and frictional losses along the pipeline caused by flows Class
along the pipe's surface. Table 7.4 presents Head Loss based (DN) 10 50 100 250 500 750 1000
on the surface texture common to concrete pipe for irrigation
300 0.016 0.055 0.36
water (ks = 0.15mm).
375 0.0053 0.019 0.15 0.5
450 0.0022 0.0077 0.047 0.2 0.45 0.8
Example 7 - Irrigation Pipe 525 0.001 0.0035 0.025 0.065 0.15 0.25
600 0.0015 0.010 0.035 0.075 0.13
675 0.001 0.0055 0.020 0.045 0.075
l 750 0.0030 0.012 0.025 0.045

ica
typ
1m * See Page 35 for Conversions
Note: Values are for clean water (ks = 0.15mm)
Values to right of red line have pumped velocity > 3.0m/sec
18m
and scour may occur in the channel at the outlet.
1500m
Not to scale
A pumped irrigation pipeline is proposed to supply water from Adopting a discharge rate of 50 l/s, the time to refill the dam
the river on a farm up to a storage dam for crop irrigation. The = 500,000 litres /180,000litres/hour = 2 hours 50 mins.
distance from the river to the dam is 1500 metres and the river is
From table 7.4 of head loss (per 10m of pipeline):
approximately 18 metres below the dam.
Head loss due to friction in the pipeline, for say DN375 diameter
The dam is to be used to irrigate 1 hectare of cotton fields at pipe with a discharge of 50 l/s:
a frequency of 50mm every 10 days. Due to the characteris- 0.0053 x 1500m/10m = 0.795m
tics of the nominated pump, the most efficient and economical Working head in the pipeline is static head plus friction head
operation is to run the pump continuously for no less than 2 hours. losses:
= 18 + 0.795 = 18.8m
Specify an appropriate size and pressure class of irrigation pipe. Working pressure in pipeline is thus:
18.8m x 9.81m/s2 = 184.4 kPa
The quantity of water required to water the crops every 10 days
Minimum Test Pressure as nominated in AS 40582007 Precast
is:
concrete pipes pressure & non-pressure, clause 4.5(a) is 1.2 times
10,000m2 x 0.005m = 500 m3 = 500,000 litres
working pressure,
As the pump should run continuously for more than 2 hours, Therefore, Test Pressure = 1.2 x 184.4 = 221.3 kPa
then the maximum pumping rate required filling the dam prior to
irrigation is 250,000 litres/hour (70 l/s). Specify 225 kPa test pressure ie. Class 2/225 irrigation pipe.
36
Table 7.5 - Cylindrical Capacity (Litres) based on flush joint pipe, Load Class 2.
Length of Pipe (metres)

DN
mm 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.22 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.83 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
300 15 29 44 58 73 87 89 102 116 131 133 145 160 174 177
375 23 47 68 91 114 137 139 160 182 205 209 228 251 274 278
450 33 66 98 131 164 197 200 230 262 295 300 328 361 394 400
525 45 90 134 179 224 269 273 314 358 403 410 448 493 538 547
600 59 117 175 234 292 351 357 409 468 526 535 585 643 701 713
675 74 147 221 295 369 442 450 516 590 663 676 737 811 885 899
750 91 182 274 365 456 547 556 639 730 821 835 912 1003 1095 1113
37
8. Jacking Pipes
concrete jacking pipes in diameters from DN300 to DN3600
(common size classes vary between DN300 and DN2100).
Historically jacking pipes in Australia and overseas were
based on a modification of pipes designed for installation by
conventional trenching techniques. In 2005 Humes introduced
the S and J-Series jacking pipes specifically designed for
installation by pipe jacking that incorporate a steel collar cast
onto one end of the pipe and an elastomeric seal (rubber ring)
providing a flexible and water tight joint.
Jacking Applications
The International Society for Trenchless Technology (ISTT)
defines pipe jacking as A system of directly installing pipes
behind a shield machine by hydraulic jacking from a drive shaft
such that the pipes form a continuous string in the ground.
The term microtunnelling is also often used to describe
this method of pipe installation however the definitions of
microtunnelling vary around the world. There is significant
variation in actual techniques now adopted; however, what
is common is that the concrete jacking pipe must meet the
requirements of both the pipe jacking contractor and the long-
term asset owner.
Pipe jacking is used to install conduits below ground for a
variety of applications including:
Sewerage pipelines.
8. Jacking Pipes
Stormwater pipelines.
Road and rail culverts.
Pressure pipelines.
A typical jacking pipe installlation, note air ducting and rail
As a sleeve pipe into which other utility pipelines (commonly transport of spoil material.
water & sewerage) or electricity and communication cables
are installed.
Detail - Humes Intermediate Jacking Station
Timber joint packer

Rubber Lead pipe
Trail pipe rings (steel can)
Jacking direction
Jacks
Crane to
lower pipes Lubrication port Standard pipe
into position
Standard pipe Thrust ring
Jacking direction
Working face
with jacking shield
Intermediate jacking station

Drive Shaft with to assist longer drives Target Shaft
hydraulic jacks
Figure 8.1 - Typical Pipe Jacking Set-Up (for pipes larger than 900 mm diameter)
38
Pipe Types an elastomeric seal located within the steel collar and an
accurately formed spigot (see Figure 8.4). In this unique design
Humes can supply a range of different types of jacking pipes to the seal is retained between the corrugations in the steel
suit a wide range of applications and installation methods. collar ensuring that it remains in place and in compression in
Butt Joint jacking pipes are available in the size range DN300 deflected joints subject to either internal or external hydrostatic
to DN3000 (standard range DN300 to DN2100). Butt Joint pressure. This pipe provides a pipe with high axial load transfer
jacking pipes are manufactured as a modification to the capacity and a flexible joint watertight tight joint. This is the
standard Flush Joint drainage pipe. Butt Joint jacking pipes ideal choice for jacking pipes for stormwater, culverts and
incorporate a single wide jacking face. External recesses sleeve pipe applications. Available diameters of these pipes are
at each end of the pipe allow for a rolled steel band to be listed in Table 8.2 (page 41) and further details are contained
located between adjacent pipes, providing the necessary shear in a separate brochure Humes S-Series Jacking Pipes.
connection (see Fig 8.2). Butt Joint jacking pipes can provide
a cost effective solution for typically short length applications Rubber Steel collar
where only limited flexibility is required and a soil or watertight ring
Water stop
joint is not required. This pipe is most suited to sleeve pipe
applications for road and rail crossings where the annulus
between the utility pipeline or conduit is to be filled with grout
after installation.
Steel plate
Jacking direction MDF* or softwood
Figure 8.4 - S-Series joint profile
Jacking direction MDF* or softwood J-Series jacking pipes are available in the size range DN800
to DN2000 inclusive and are a custom designed jacking pipe
Figure 8.2 - Butt Joint Profile incorporating a single wide jacking face including timber
packers, a steel collar cast onto the pipe, an elastomeric seal
In-Wall Joint jacking pipes are available in the size range and muck ring located on the pipe spigot (see Figure 8.5). In
DN1200 to DN3600 (standard range DN1200 to DN2100). this design the elastomeric seal is retained within the accurately
8. Jacking Pipes
These pipes are manufactured as a modification to the standard formed recess on the pipe spigot that will remain in place and
Rubber Ring In-wall drainage and sewerage pipes. In-wall joint in compression in deflected joints subject to either internal or
jacking pipes incorporate a concrete socket formed in the wall external hydrostatic pressure. The muck ring limits the ingress
of the pipe, a rubber ring located on the pipe spigot and timber of soil into the joint during jacking.
packers on one or both joint faces (see Fig 8.3). In-Wall Joint The J-Series is a complete jacking pipe system incorporating
jacking pipes can provide a cost effective solution for typically standard jacking pipes, pipes with specially designed threaded
short length applications where a flexible watertight joint is fittings for injection of lubricants and grout and intermediate
required, however, this type of joint can have limitations in jacking station (interjack) pipes. The J Series range of pipes all
jacking load transfer. J-Series pipe should be specified in these provide high axial load transfer capacity and a flexible water tight
situations joint including the interjack pipes. This is the ideal jacking pipe
Steel joint cover plate for all stormwater, sewerage (including an inert thermoplastic
lining if required), culvert, sleeve pipe and jacked low pressure
Rubber ring pipeline applications. Available diameters of these pipes are
listed in Table 8.2 (pg 41) and further details are contained in a
separate brochure Humes J-Series Jacking Pipes.
Receiving Pit
Steel collar Ligature
Rubber
Muck ring Water stop
ring
MDF* or softwood Inside of pipe

Jacking direction
Figure 8.3 - In-wall Joint Profile
S-Series jacking pipes are available in the size range DN300 Internal joint recess for
to DN700 inclusive and are a custom designed jacking pipe MDF* or softwood
secondary sealant
incorporating a single wide jacking face including timber Jacking direction (if required)
packers, a stainless steel corrugated collar cast onto the pipe,
Figure 8.5 - J-Series joint profile
*Medium Density Fibreboard
39
Selection of Jacking Pipes
The most basic requirements of all jacking pipes is that they must withstanding internal pressure in stormwater, sewerage or pressure
be capable of supporting the excavation (earth and traffic loads), pipeline applications.
transferring axial load, providing a shear connection between As stated above the jacking pipe must meet both the needs of the
adjacent pipes and joint flexibility that allows for each pipe to pipe jacking contractor and asset owner who is usually represented
follow the path excavated in front of the shield. In addition by the pipeline designer. Table 8.1 provides a summary of the
jacking pipes may need to prevent ingress of surrounding soil, capabilities of each of the different types of jacking pipes for
groundwater, lubricants or grouts and provide a joint capable of different requirements and applications.
Capability/Suitability of Humes Jacking Pipes
Jacking Pipe Requirements Butt Joint In-Wall Joint S-Series J-Series

or Application
Standard Size Class DN300 - D2100 DN1200 - DN2100 DN300 - DN700 DN800 - DN2000
1
Extended Diameter Range DN2250 - DN3000 DN2250 - DN3600 DN800 > DN2000
Incorporation of inert N/A Available N/A Available

thermoplastic lining
Suitability in different soil Not recommended in All soil types All soil types All soil types
conditions soft silts/clays or sandy
2
soils
Asset Owner
External grouting Not suitable Limited suitability3 Suitable for short Ideally suited
lengths
5
Internal Pressure Test N/A 90 90 150
4
Capability (kPa)
Application of internal Not suitable Limited suitability N/A Suitable

secondary sealants
6
Sewerage pipelines Not suitable Suitable Limited suitability Ideally suited
Stormwater pipelines Limited suitability Suitable Ideally suited Ideally suited

8. Jacking Pipes
Road and rail culverts Limited suitability Suitable Ideally suited Ideally suited
7
Sleeve pipe applications Limited suitability Suitable Ideally suited Ideally suited
8 9
Asset Owner and Contractor
Length of jacked pipeline (m) 0 - 50 0 - 50 0 - 150 < DN1000: 0 - 150

DN1000 - DN2000:
10
no limit
5
External Pressure Test N/A 90 90 250
11
Capability
Jacking Force Transfer Good Moderate Excellent Excellent
Intermediate Jacking Stations To be provided by To be provided by N/A Available

Pipes contractor contractor DN900 - DN2000
Open Face Shields Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

Contractor
Closed Face Pressure Shields Not Suitable Limited Suitability Ideally suited Ideally suited
12
Lubrication along length of Not Suitable Limited Suitability N/A Ideally suited
pipeline
Table 8.1 - Jacking Pipe Type Selection Guide
Notes:
1. Refer to Humes for availability 8. Lack of joint flexibility largely controls maximum length. This could be
2. The joint is not water or soil tight, this could lead to ingress of soil surrounding extended in certain soil conditions and if some damage to pipe joints is
the pipe and ultimately collapse of the ground above the pipeline. Attempts to acceptable.
seal the BJ with internally applied joint sealants are generally not effective in 9. Intermediate jacking stations not available and length is mainly limited by
the long term life of the pipeline. installation equipment. Some pipe jacking contractors may be able to achieve
3. Grout pressures need to be carefully monitored. longer lengths of individual drives in certain soil conditions. Refer to jacking
pipe contractor for advice for longer drives.
4. Test to AS/NZS 4058: 2007.
10. The maximum length will be controlled by installation equipment rather than
5. Higher pressures are possible with certain diameters refer to Humes for pipe capability.
advice if higher pressures are required.
11. There is no published test method for external joint testing of reinforced
6. If corrosive sewage gases are expected consider using vitrified clay jacking concrete pipes. External pressures due to lubrication or grouting can be well
pipes distributed by Humes. in excess of ground water pressures.
7. The Butt Joint jacking pipe is suitable for short length drives in certain soil 12. For lubrication to be effective, the annulus between the external diameter of
conditions if the annulus between the concrete sleeve pipe and the product the pipe and the excavated soil needs to be filled. The Butt Joint pipe will not
pipe is grouted. This grout should also flow into the annulus between the provide an effective sealed joint.
sleeve pipe and the excavated ground.
40
Size Class natural ground where the soils natural cohesion contributes to
arching over the pipe. Where the calculation includes the effects
The internal diameter (ID) of the jacking pipe will be determined of arching due to soil cohesion extensive soil investigations should
by the in-service requirements of the pipeline. The external be carried out to determine the appropriate design soil properties.
diameter (OD) in turn must be compatible with the shield machine The jacking installation results in a recommended bedding factor
used by the pipe jacking contractor. Table 8.2 contains details of between 2 and 3 that is used to determine the minimum suitable
internal and external diameters for Humes standard range of Class pipe class required due to permanent loads. The higher value is
4 jacking pipes. The external diameters of the S and J Series are recommended when the annulus between the pipe and ground
typically compatible with overseas pipe jacking equipment. The is grouted. Grouting of this annulus with a suitable cementitious
nominal diameters of some S and J Series pipes correspond to grout is recommended in most installations as any voids could
nominal diameters adopted in European standards and differ to create a drainage path external to the pipeline which in turn
current Australian Standards. could lead to soil erosion, lowering of ground water tables and,
Load Class in aggressive soil conditions, an increased risk of corrosion of pipe
materials.
Jacking pipes are subject to substantial installation loads and
permanent soil and live loads as for any buried pipe. These The axial loading from the pipe jacking is not directly included
permanent loads are usually much less than those which may act in the selection of the pipe load class. Timber packers are placed
on the pipe during installation. As such a minimum Class 4 pipe is between the jacking faces of the concrete pipes to avoid high
usually recommended although in some short length drives a Class stresses that could result from direct concrete to concrete contact.
3 may be suitable. The Class 4 pipe to Australian Standard AS/NZS The axial load capacity of the concrete pipe is determined based
4058: 2007 has very similar strength requirements to load classes on the minimum pipe wall thickness, concrete strength, properties
specified for jacking pipes in European and Japanese Standards. of the timber packers and the deflections that can be expected at
pipe joints during installation. The allowable jacking forces and
AS/NZS 4058: 2007 gives the method for determining the associated maximum joint deflections are calculated in accordance
permanent vertical loads acting on pipes installed using pipe with the Concrete Pipe Association of Australasias publication
jacking. The jacking pipe is installed underground into undisturbed Jacking Design Guidelines.
Table 8.2 - Jacking Pipe Diameter Selection Chart (Standard range is equivalent to load class 4 pipes)
Nominal In-Wall Joint Butt Joint S Series J Series
Diameter ID OD ID OD ID OD ID OD
DN300 280 362 300 430
DN350 350 480
8. Jacking Pipes
DN375 363 445
DN400 400 540
DN450 450 606
DN475 438 534
DN500 500 672
DN525 518 616
DN600 586 698 600 774
DN675 653 781
DN700 700 876
DN750 730 864
DN800 800 1000
DN825 790 946
DN900 875 1029 900 1110
DN975 951 1111
DN1000 1000 1220
DN1050 1026 1194
DN1100 1100 1332
DN1200 1200 1500 1163 1359 1200 1450
DN1350 1324 1524 1350 1626
DN1500 1452 1676 1500 1800
DN1650 1596 1842 1650 1974
DN1800 1756 2006 1800 2150
DN1950 1920 2220 1930 2198
DN2000 2000 2420
DN2100 2088 2388 2096 2388
Note: Alternative internal diameters (and external diameters) may be available to
suit project specific requirements, please refer to Humes for advice.
41
Hydraulics
Whether the jacking pipes are used in culvert, stormwater,
sewerage or pressure applications, the same hydraulic design
methods used for trenched pipe apply. The relevant information
is provided in each of these respective sections:
Section 3 - Pipes for culvert applications
Section 4 - Pipes for stormwater applications
Section 5 - Pipes for sewerage applications
Section 6 - Pipes for pressure applications
Installation
Humes S and J-Series jacking pipes are provided with cast in
Humes Interjack station.
lifting anchors as standard. These anchors can also be provided
in some sizes in the butt and in-wall joint pipes.
Threaded steel fittings can be included in all man-entry
sized jacking pipes for injection of both lubricating fluid and
cementitious grout into the annulus external to the pipe. These
fittings are usually located midway along the pipe length at
the four quarter points of the pipe circumference starting at 45
degrees from the top of the pipe. The actual details of the fittings
and the number of pipes with these fittings are usually advised by
the pipe jacking contractor prior to manufacture.
Timber packers are attached to one end of the jacking pipe using
a suitable adhesive well in advance of jacking. It is essential that
the correct sized packers are placed in the correct position to
ensure satisfactory load transfer between pipes.
Jacking forces and joint deflections must be monitored during
8. Jacking Pipes
installation to ensure that the pipe is not overstressed during

installation. If maximum jacking forces and associated joint
deflections are exceeded spalling of the concrete in the pipe joint
may occur. This spalling often occurs on the external surfaces of
the joint that may not be visible from inside the pipeline.
Further installation instructions are contained in the separate
S-Series and J-Series product brochures for these pipes.
Starting shaft showing exit opening and jacking station.
42
9. Handling and Installation
Placing Your Order
When ordering Pipeline Systems products, the following basic
information helps us quickly meet your requirements.
Give the details of the delivery address and unloading
requirements, the specific pipe details, diameter, type, class,
quantities and delivery schedules. Any other particular pipe or
delivery requirements. List any other requirements ie. fittings
or associated products. If necessary specification type or
application type details if you require verification of product
suitability. Also include any testing or special inspection
requirements. Concrete pipes loaded onto truck for delivery to site.
Written instructions are usually the best instructions. The

Pipe Design Request Sheet on the inside back cover of this
publication should be used when giving written instructions Rubber rings and EB bands should be fitted to the pipe's spigot
for ordering the pipe. Alternatively AS/NZS 4058: 2007 also at the ground surface before lowering the pipe into the trench.
includes an ordering checklist. The rubber ring is fitted into the groove on the spigot as shown
in Figure 9.1 and should be checked to ensure that the ring has
Arriving at the Site no twists around its circumference. This guarantees uniform
rolling when jointing.
The Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia (CPAA)
publication,"A Foremans Laying Guide is available as a PDF If the pipes are joined and excessive "springback" is experienced
from the web site or in hard copy for site use. The content in the joint, then the joint should be pulled open and the
covers a broad range of the issues which may be encountered rubber ring again fitted onto the spigot, ensuring that no twists
on site. In addition, the CPAA has a DVD covering the occur around its circumference.
installation practices for SRCP.
It's a good idea to stack pipes on timber bearers at one-third
When stacking on site, pipes should always be placed with the points along the barrel for easy access when fitting lifting
"Top" mark facing upwards. Take extra care when pipes are
equipment.
double stacked.
All pipes should be chocked to prevent movement when
If pipes are to be stored on the job for a period of months,
stacked.
orientating them east to west, when possible, will reduce the
sun's effects on the barrel of the pipes. This, although not RRJ pipes can be supplied with lifting devices if requested
essential, will help to ensure integrity until installed below for handling and laying, however, more commonly suitable
ground level. lifting straps or chains are used for handling the pipes. Where
chains are used, take care to minimise damage to the pipe and
Handling On-Site bedding when removing the chains after placing the pipe.
When installing Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ) pipes, minimise the Humes Rubber Ring Lubricant is supplied with all skid ring joint
rubber rings' exposure to direct sunlight. Rubber rings are best
9.Handling and Installation

pipes. The lubricant is a special mix of soft soap solution (see
stored inside the pipe barrel and left in plastic or hessian bags Figure 9.2). NEVER use petroleum products, (e.g. grease) as a
when supplied. EB bands as available for Flush Joint (FJ) pipes
substitute lubricant.
should also be stored inside the pipe.
Rolling rubber rings do not need lubrication as they rely on
the natural effects of rubber on concrete to roll. Ensure the
spigot end (male end) of the pipe is clean and dry.
Ensure no twists
in ring
Apply lubricant to front face of ring
and spigot surface in front of Rubber
Ring after fitting
Pipe Spigot
Rolling Rubber Ring

Ring sits in Groove
Note: Do not lubricate Pipe Socket
Ensure ring sits
against Spigot Step Apply
Pipe Spigot
lubricant to
Pipe Spigot socket lead-in
Note: Do not apply lubrication

Skid Ring Inside surface
to underside of skid ring
Figure 9.1 - Fitting Rubber Ring Figure 9.2, Skid Joint Lubrication
43
Flush joint (FJ) pipes are generally supplied with lifting holes Batter excavation above top of pipe
and plugs are provided which should be secured after laying. as required to suit ground stability
Lifting equipment (certified for the pipe load) should be sized

so as not to damage the pipe (see Figure 9.3).
150mm
Note: Lifting equipment to
suit pipe mass as stencilled
Pipe OD
on pipe
Lift
Lifting hole
Load Spreader Bar
Figure 9.4 - Trench Profile

250 up to 1050 size
above 1050 size D Where a pipe is to be laid at natural surface level, the more
500
severe loading from an embankment condition results in a
higher pipe class requirement. A trench load condition can
be simulated by placing and compacting fill material to 95%
Modified Maximum Dry Density up to the level of the top of
Figure 9.3 - Lifting Equipment pipe, and then excavating the trench into the placed fill as
shown in Figure 9.5.
Compacted
Height of pipe
embankment
Natural
ground surface
Step 1 - Place embankment fill to level of top of pipe.

Height of pipe
Step 2 - Excavate trench into the placed fill, lay pipe.
Figure 9.5 - Stages for creating trench

conditions at embankment installations.
The Pipeline Foundation

The foundation for a pipeline at the trench invert under the

pipes, provides stability and uniformity along the pipeline.
Hard or soft spots in the foundation under the pipeline should
be removed and replaced with compacted granular material to
give uniform support to the pipe (see Figure 9.6).
Trench installation of RRJ pipe, note battered excavation
Finished surface
Digging the Trench
Remember, all trenches, deep or shallow, can be dangerous
environments.
Excavated material should be placed far enough from the
top of the trench to allow sufficient clearance for installation
operations, and to minimise the danger of rocks or lumps
rolling back into the trench.
Rock broken away for min. Soft spot removed and
300mm and compacted fill refilled with compact fill
The design engineer has specified the pipe strength class placed between rock and pipe
based on a maximum trench width at the top of the pipe. The
width of the trench nominated by the specifier should not be
exceeded without first checking with the pipeline designer.
Figure 9.6 - Trench Foundation Conditions
Trench walls may be battered or benched above the top of
pipe without affecting the pipe design strength class (see
Figure 9.4).
44
Placing the Bed Laying the Pipe
Concrete pipes are placed on a prepared flat bedding. Shaped EB bands when fitted to flush joint pipes are "flipped" into
bedding is not necessary for concrete pipe. Bed material is position across the joint after settling the pipe in place on the
spread across the full trench width to the depth required, and prepared bed.
compacted to prevent settlement of the pipeline. Bed material
should be granular and fall within the specified size limits given For RRJ pipes less than DN1800, a laying gap is indicated on
in Table 9.1. the outside of the pipe by a series of witness marks (see Figure
9.8) which show that the joint has been pushed fully "home",
Sieve Size Weight passing thus ensuring proper jointing.
(mm) (%)
19.0 100 Maximum joint draw
Witness Mark
2.36 100 to 50 Locations
0.60 90 to 20
Witness
Spigot
0.30 60 to 10
Marks Socket
0.15 25 to 0
0.075* 10 to 0
Table 9.1 - Recommended Grading Limits for Spigot
Select Fill in Bed and Haunch Zones
*Low plasticity required
Maximum
In many instances, the pipe mass is sufficient to compact the
joint draw Normal laying gap
bed under the pipe after an allowance of extra depth of loose
bed material is made to accommodate settlement during
natural compaction. Bed material each side of the pipe should Figure 9.8 - Rubber Ring Joint Witness Marks
be compacted to give a good stable support to the embedment
soil profile higher up in the installation. Chases must be dug- RRJ pipes laid around a curve where the joint is to be deflected,
out for belled-socket joints as shown in Figure 9.7. should firstly be pushed fully home (zero laying gap) and then
the pipe levered at the opposite end to produce the required
deflection as shown in Figure 9.9.
Correct
Positive
overlap

Incorrect
Figure 9.7 - Trench Foundation Preparation Maximum Deviation Zero Gap
Excavation
of Socket
Zone
Figure 9.9 - Deflected Joint Details
The recommended procedure for laying pipe is to fit the spigot

into the socket. In this orientation, joints are restrained from
opening as a result of pipe movement during pipeline settling.
Laying in this manner protects surfaces inside the pipe socket
from the entry of bed material which may occur if jointed
socket onto spigot. Even so, if adequate precautions are taken,
there is no reason why concrete pipes cannot be jointed and
laid in the reverse manner.
Preparing the bedding to accommodate the socket.
45
Jointing the Pipes Pipes larger than DN450 and up to DN1200 can be pushed
home using simple leverage tools combined with the slung
When joining RRJ pipes there is a "nominal" recommended pipe mass as shown in Figure 9.11.
joint laying gap and a maximum laying gap, as shown in Table
9.2 and Figure 9.10.
The force required to joint RRJ pipes increases as the pipe
diameter increases. Generally speaking, pipes less than DN450
can readily be pushed home without using leverage tools.
Laying Gaps*
Size Class
Size Class Nominal Maximum
(DN)
(DN) (mm) (mm)
100 3 5
150 3 5
225 3 5
Figure 9.11 - Jointing Small Diameter Pipes
300 3 10
375 5 12
450 5 12 Pipes larger than DN1200 require jointing by use of a
525 5 12 come-along, or by a winch and rope to the slung pipe from
Belled Socket Joint
the laid pipeline. The jointing load is resisted by a "dead man"

600 5 12
timber located upstream in the pipeline as shown in Figure
675 5 12 9.12.
750 8 12
825 8 10 HW Timber Dead Man located Rubber Ring
900 8 15 2 to 3 pipes in the layed pipeline on Spigot
1050 10 15
1200 10 20
1350 10 15
1500 10 18
1650 10 18 Wire Rope or Chain
HW Timber Bearer
1800 10 55 placed in socket
Come-along
1950 10 25
Figure 9.12 - Jointing Large Diameter Pipes
2100 10 33
In-wall Joint
2250 10 36
2400 10 37
2700 15 44
3000 15 48
Table 9.2 - Laying Gaps (mm)
* Laying gaps as viewed from pipe bore
External
Witness marks
Nominal laying gap for

good practice
Maximum laying gap

(ensures joint overlap of spigot into socket)
Jointing of large diameter sewerage pipes.
Figure 9.10 - Rubber Ring Joint Laying Gaps

Note: In-wall joint similar
46
Multiple 1350 diameter Rubber Ring Joint stormwater pipes. Preparing the bedding at the socket end of the pipe to be joined.
Approximate jointing loads are given in Table 9.3 for standard Bedding and Backfilling the Pipe
RRJ pipes.
Pipe embedment is the general name given to the soil profile
Where lifting devices are fitted for handling, these are used to around the installed pipe and includes the bed zone, where
make the jointing operation quick and easy. required, and overlay zone as shown in Figure 9.13. Pipe
Flush joint pipes are easily jointed without effort, but always bedding refers to the bed and haunch zones which provide the
ensure that the joints interlock is properly made. underlying support to the pipe.
150mm
Overlay Zone
Table 9.3 - Table of Indicative
Jointing Loads - Standard Range
Pipe Embedment
Indicative Side Zone

Size Class (HS only)
Jointing Load D
(DN)
(kg)*
300 110-140
Haunch Zone
Bedding
375 150-170
Bed Zone
450 180-250
525 250-290 Figure 9.13 - Pipe Embedment Profile

600 300-380
The four most important points when bedding and backfilling
675 320-400 around reinforced concrete pipes are:
750 420-470 Avoid damaging the pipes by excessive impact from
heavy compaction equipment. Keep large rocks
825 500-590
(greater than 300mm) and other such hard objects out of
900 570-660 the fill adjacent to the pipes.
1050 700-770 Bring up the haunch and side zones on both sides of the
pipe, so that the difference between the level of the
1200 810-850
material never exceeds two compaction layer
1350 900-980 thicknesses. This ensures that the pipes will not be
eased slightly out of alignment.
1500 1000-1200
Avoid running heavy construction equipment over the
1650 1200-1350
pipes until a sufficient cushion of material has been
1800 1600-1700 placed, approximately 300mm for normal equipment.
1950 1600-1800 When using vibrating compaction equipment, allow a

500mm cushion of material over the pipe or alternatively
2100 1700-1850 turn off the vibration until this level is reached.
*Note: The lower figure is the most

commonly achieved in practice.
47
Large vibrating rollers should always be checked for their
effects. Humes engineers can provide guidance.
The "Haunch Zone" in both "H" and "HS" type installations
is essential to support the lower portion of the pipe. Voids in
the haunch zone under the pipe should not exist as they may
cause instability in the embedment compaction.
The "Side Zone" compaction in HS Type installations is
important in supplying side support to laterally resist the load
on the pipe.
When installing pipes in HS type installations, it is a requirement
that the trench side walls also have sufficient strength to carry
the load shed from the pipe and through the side zone material.
Visual inspection of the physical nature of the exposed surface
is usually sufficient to determine if this condition is achievable,
however, when in doubt, Humes engineers can provide
guidelines and recommendations.
The range of recommended concrete pipe installations varies
from that which requires the least amount of work, "Type U",
Compacting of fill material is a critical part of the installation
through to the installation containing the greatest amount of
preparation and supervision, the "Type HS3" installation.
"Type U" support shown in Figure 9.14 is an uncontrolled
pipe installation and only requires that there should be no
unevenness in support under the pipe. In many instances,
the inbuilt strength of reinforced concrete pipe allows this
very inexpensive method to be used. Where the pipeline is to
be subjected to vehicle loads, this type of installation is not
recommended.
Natural ground surface Finished surface
Backfill
Embankment fill
150mm
150mm 150mm
Ordinary fill
D D
Natural ground surface
Bed (only required where

Soil foundation is rock)
Rock
Trench Embankment
Figure 9.14 - Type U Support
48
"Type H" support involves the selection and compaction, Table 9.4 - Equivalent
not only of the bed material, but also the haunch material as Compaction Stiffness
illustrated in Figure 9.15.
Standard
Selection of the bed and haunch material to be used should Compaction* Density
be made to suit the grading limits described in Table 9.1 (page Max. Dry Index
45). Density
These grading limits have been derived from experience, of 95% 70%
both stability of the compaction after installation and ease of 90% 60%
compaction during placement.
85% 50%
The depth of the Haunch Zone and the degree of compaction
is dependent on the type of support specified, either H1 or *Compactive effort shall be applied
H2. at 90-100% of optimum moisture
content.
The measurement of compaction given "Density Index",
relates to the non-cohesive material specified. If a cohesive
material outside the grading limits and containing significant
amounts of clay and silt is to be used, then "Maximum Dry
Density" for standard compaction is used to describe the
degree of compaction.
Table 9.4 presents a table of equivalent support stiffness.
After placement of the haunch material, ordinary fill material
can be used in the Overlay Zone around the pipe. This material
only requires that no stones be greater than 150mm and no
specific compaction level is needed.

150mm
150mm 150mm
D D
Haunch zone 0.10 x OD (H1)

0.30 x OD (H2) Haunch zone
Bed zone Compact 50% (H1) Bed zone

Compact 60% (H2)
Trench Embankment
Figure 9.15, Type H Support
49
The third type of bedding support available is the "HS Type", which specifies both
haunch and side support, as indicated in Figure 9.16.
Table 9.5 - Grading Limits
This type of installation is an extension of the haunch type support and includes a
for Select Fill in Side Zones
Side Zone with material meeting the requirements given in Table 9.5.
Depth of placement and compaction of both this side zone material and the
Sieve Size Weight passing
haunch zone material lower down in the soil profile, is dependent on the type of (mm) (%)
support specified, HS1, HS2 or HS3.
Narrow trenches can cause difficulty in working and compacting the bedding to the 75.0 100
required levels which must be achieved to give the assumed support for the pipe. 9.5 100 to 50
This is particularly important for Type HS3 Support where significant levels of side 2.36 100 to 30
support are assumed.
0.60 50 to 15
Remember, if the width of the trench is increased during installation, this will
cause an increase in the load on the pipe. 0.075 25 to 0
The trench width however, may be increased by benching or battering above the
level of the top of the pipe as shown in Figure 9.17.
150mm
150mm 150mm
D D
Side zone 0.5 OD Side zone
Haunch zone 0.10 x OD (HS1) Haunch zone

0.30 x OD (HS2,HS3)
Bed zone Compact 50% (H1) Bed zone
Compact 60% (H2)
Compact 70% (H3)
Trench Embankment
Figure 9.16 - Type HS Support
Specified Trench Width Specified Trench Width
Bench trench walls

Bench and batter
if necessary above
150mm 150mm trench walls if
top of pipe
minimum minimum necessary above
top of pipe
Figure 9.17 - Trench Profile Above Pipe Installation
50
10. Reference Material
The following is a compilation of informative
reference material, useful for the hydraulic design
and installation of steel reinforced concrete pipe.
Figure 10.1 - Approximate Critical Depth Relationships for Circular Pipe

1.0
.8
.6
.4
.2
dc /D
.1
.08
.06
D
.04 dc
.02 Q = m3/s
D=m
g = m/s2
.01
.0001 .001 .01 .1 1.0

Q/(g)0.5(D)2.5

y
1.0
.9
.8
.7
.6 Qf
Q/
.5
.4
.3
Vf
V/ Q = Part-full Velocity
.2
Qf = Full Flow Discharge
.1 V = Part-full Velocity
Vf = Full Flow Discharge
0
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2
51
(1) (2) (3)
(1) Square edge with headwall

(2) Socket end with headwall
(3) Socket end projecting
Figure 10.3 - Flow Relationships for Inlet Control in Culverts
To use scale (2) or (3) project hori-
zontally to scale (1), then use straight
inclined line through D and Q scales,
or reverse as illustrated
52
Entrance loss coefficient:
ke = 0.5 for:
- sq. cut pipe end
- mitred precast end
- headwall with sq. end
ke = 0.2 for:
- socket end protruding
- headwall with socket end
Figure 10.4 - Energy head relationships for pipes flowing full (n = 0.011)
53
.0100
.0090 2.5
m/
.0060 s
.0070
.0050 2.0
m
1.9 /s
0
.0030
15
m/
1.8 s
DN
m
1.7 /s
.0020 m
1.6 /s
m/
1.5 s
.0002 m/
1.4 s
m/
5
22
1.3 s
DN
m/
1.2 s
.0001 m/
s
0
30
1.1
DN
m/
s
1.0
5
m/
37
s
DN
0.9
0
m/
45
s
DN
.0010 0.8
m/
5
.0009
52
s
.0008
DN
0
60
0.7
m/
DN
.0007
5
67 s
.0006
DN
0.6
0
m/
75
.0005 s
5
DN
82
0
DN
90
.0004
5
0.5
0
DN
97
5
m/
25
10
s
DN
DN 1200
11
DN
.0003
75
DN
12
DN
50
13
00
DN
15
.0002
DN
.0001
100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000 3000 5000 8000 10000
ks = 0.06mm
Figure 10.5 - Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula ks = 0.06mm

(applicable to concrete culverts carrying stormwater)
54
.0400
.0300 8.0
m
7.5 /s
m/
7.0 s
m/
6.5 s
.0200 m/
s
6.0
m/
s
5.5
0
m/
30
s
DN
5.0
m/
5
s
37
DN
.0100 4.5
m/
0
s
45
DN
4.0
5
m/
52
s
DN
0
3.5
60
m/
DN
s
67
0
DN
.0050
75
3.0
5
m/
DN
82
s
0
90
DN
5
DN
50
97
10
2.5
25
DN
.0030 m/
00
DN
11 s
DN 275
12
DN
50
DN
1
13
DN
00
15
50
.0020
DN
16
1.9
00
m
DN
1.8 /s
18
50
m/
DN
19
00
1.7 s
m
DN
50
21
1.6 /s
00
22
DN
m
1.5 /s
24
50
DN
28 0
m/
DN
25
0
s
50
27
1.4
DN
.0010 m/
DN
1.3 s
DN
m/
s
1.2
m/
s
1.1
m/
s
.0005
100 200 300 500 700 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 7000 10000
ks = 0.15mm

(applicable to concrete rising mains carrying clean water)
55
.0400
7.5
m/
7.0 s
.0300 m/
6.5 s
m/
s
6.0
0
m/
30
s
DN
.0200 5.5
m/
s
5
37
5.0
m/
DN
s
0
45
4.5
m/
DN
s
5
52
4.0
DN
.0100 0
m/
s
60
DN
5
67 3.5
m/
DN
0
s
75
5
DN
82
3.0
0
m/
90
DN s
DN
5
97
50
.0050
DN
10
DN 125
00
DN
2.5
1
12
75
m/
DN
s
50
12
13
DN
00
DN
.0030
15
50
DN
16
2.0
00
m
DN
1.9 /s
18
50
m/
DN
19
00
.0020 1.8 s
DN
m
21
DN 250
1.7 /s
DN
DN 400
m
2
1.6 /s
50
DN
2
m/
DN 700
25
1.5 s
50
m/
2
s
28
DN
1.4
m/
1.3 s
.0010 m/
s
1.2
m/
s
1.1
m/
s
1.0
m/
s
.0005
100 200 300 500 700 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 7000 10000
ks = 0.6mm
(applicable to concrete pipes carrying stormwater)
56
.0400
Ma
x. V
0
.0300
30
elo
city
DN
The
rmo
5
37
pla
stic
DN
.0200 Lin
er
0
45
4.5
DN
m/
5
s
52
DN
4.0
0
m/
60
s
DN
5
67
.0100 3.5
DN
0
m/
75
s
5
DN
82
0
3.0
DN
90
5
m/
97
DN
s
DN
50
25
10
11
00
DN
.0050 2.5
Ma m/
DN
12
13 5
s
7
x. V
50
DN
12
elo
DN
city
00
DN
Slim
15
50
eC
DN
2.0
16
ont m
00
.0030 rol 1.9 /s
DN
18
m
50
1.8 /s
DN
19
m
00
1.7 /s
DN
21
m/
s
DN
.0020 Mi 1.6
n. V m
elo 1.5 /s
city m/
1.4 s
Sel m/
fC s
lea 1.3
nsi m/
ng s
1.2
m/
s
.0010 1.1
m/
s
1.0
m/
s
0.9
m/
s
.0005
50 100 300 500 700 1000 2000 4000 6000 8000
ks = 1.5mm
Figure 10.8 - Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula ks = 1.5mm

(applicable to concrete pipes carrying sewerage)
57
Vibratory Rammer
Concrete Pipe
(Up to 75kg)
Association of
Australasia
Vibratory Trench Roller
(Up to 2t)
Vibratory Smooth Drum Roller
(Up to 7t)
Reproduced by authority of Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia
Figure 10.9 - CPAA Compaction Charts

.
58
Vibratory Smooth Drum Roller
(Up to 10t)
Compaction Wheel
15t Excavator and
Notes:
1. When using a pedestrian
vibrating plate the minimum
compacted fill is 125mm for all
pipe classes and trench types.
2. The graphs and diagrams

shown are for guidance only.
For special applications or for
applications not shown on
the drawing refer to AS/NZS
3725: 2007 or use the CPAA
software, PipeClass v1.2.
3. Widening of the trench

beyond the minimum specified
in AS/NZS 3725: 2007 will
increase the load carried by the
pipe and will require a review
of the pipe class and trench
compaction method.
4. The pipe cover shown on

the graphs refers to compacted
Compaction Wheel
depth of fill above the pipe

25t Excavator and
crown
5. To obtain sufficient
compaction you may have to
use shallower fills and possibly
a lighter roller.
Reproduced by authority of Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia
59
10.10 - Imperial and metric equivalents
Length 1 mm = 0.039370 in 1 in = 25.4 mm

1m = 3.28084 ft 1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 km = 0.621371 miles 1 mile = 1.609344 km
Area 1 cm2 = 0.1550 in2 1 in2 = 6.4516 cm2

1 m2 = 10.7639 ft2 1 ft2 = 0.0929063 m2
1 ha = 2.47105 acres 1 acre = 0.404686 ha
Volume 1 m3 = 35.3147 ft3 1 ft3 = 0.0283168 m3
Liquid Measure 1 litre = 0.0353147 ft3 1 ft3 = 28.3168 litres

1 litre = 0.219969 imp gal 1 imp gal = 4.54609 litres
1 litre = 0.2642 US gals 1 US gal = 3.785 litres
1 megalitre = 0.08104 acre ft 1 acre ft = 1.234 megalitres
Velocity 1 m/sec = 3.28084 ft/sec 1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m/sec

1 kph = 0.621371 mph 1 mph = 1.609344 kph
Mass 1 gram = 0.035274 oz 1 oz = 28.3495 grams

1 kg = 2.20462 lb 1 lb = 0.45359 kg
1 tonne = 0.984207 tons 1 ton = 1.01605 tonnes
= 1.102312 US tons 1 US ton = 0.90718 tonnes
Volumetric 1 litre/sec = 13.19814 imp gal/min 1 imp gal/min = 0.075768 litre/sec

Flow Rate 1 litre/sec = 0.0353147 cusecs 1 cusec = 0.0283168 cumecs
Force 1 kN = 224.809 lbf 1 lbf = 0.004448 kN

= 0.100361 tonf 1 tonf = 9.96402 kN
Pressure 1 MPa = 0.064749 tonf/in2 1 tonf/in2 = 15.4443 MPa

2
and Stress 1 kPa = 0.145038 lbf/in 1 lbf/in2 = 6.89476 kPa
= 0.3346 ft head 1 ft head = 2.989 kPa
60
Index
Access Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Plastiline Sheeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22
Additional cover to reinforcement . . . . . . 21 sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Pressure Class
AKS Sheeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Bedding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 47 trench profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Bedding Supports Irrigation Pressure Pipe
Type H2 & Type HS2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Type HS3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 max pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Material Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Jacking Pipes Profile
Butt Joint applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 trench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Pump Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Calcareous Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22 suitability chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 QuickTee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Compaction Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Joint Profile Radius
Comparative Fill Heights culvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 centreline for RRJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Standard strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Rainfall Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Corrosion Protection Liners Joint Type Rubber Ring In-wall,
Plastiline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 culvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 dimensions & masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
AKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ)
Critical Depth Relationships . . . . . . . . 10, 51 irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 belled socket dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Culvert Pipe jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 belled socket profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Deflections sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 dimensions & masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 in-wall profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42 Jointing Pipes irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
joint details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 large size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 jacking, in-wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
maximum joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 small size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 jacking, steel band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Durability loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Laying Gaps sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
E.B. Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 rubber ring joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Embedment Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Load Class Sacrificial Layer Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Field Test culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Sewerage Pipe
pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Flow Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 52 irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Flush Joint (FJ), jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Site
dimensions & masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 arrival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
lifting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 standard strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Size Class
profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 super strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Foundation Lubrication Points irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 handling/installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Maintenance Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Full Flow Manufacturing standard range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
ks=0.06mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 54 centrifugal cast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
ks=0.15mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,36, 55 Maximum Depth Skid Joint
ks=0.6mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 34, 56 irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
ks=1.5mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 26, 57 Maximum Fill Height Splays
General bedding Type H2, trench . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 bedding Type HS2, trench . . . . . . . . . . . 6 curved alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Grading bedding Type HS3, embankment . . . . . . 7 Standard Class Range
bed & haunch zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 bedding Type HS2, embankment . . . . . . 7 pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
side zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 50 bedding Type H2, embankment . . . . . . . 7 Standard Pressure Classes
Handling and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Maximum Jack Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Head Loss Other Products
culvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Storage Capacity
drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 flush joint pipe (indicative) . . . . . . . . . . 25
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 flush joint pipe (cylindrical) . . . . . . . . . 37
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Outlet Control Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Hydraulics flow relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Stormwater Pipe
culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Pipe Support Test Loads
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Type U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 standard strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Type H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
super strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Type HS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Thrust Block
sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Pipe Type
stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 culvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Imperial and Metric Equivalents . . . . . . . . 60 drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Trench
Induced Trench Installation irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 digging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
bedding type HS2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Uniform Flow
Inlet Control pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
flow relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 52 sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Witness Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 46
Installation Placing an order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Placing the Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
61
Pipe Quotation Request Sheet
Refer AS 4058:2007, Section 6
Client:
Project:
Quotation Basis: Pressure Requirements

Budget Estimate Tender This section only applies where a pipeline
is to:
operate at a specified working pressure,
Design Standard: be field tested for acceptance,
AS 4058-2007, or Other (list) where watertightness is specified.
Pressure Class
Working pressure in pipeline
(State working pressure including dynamic
& surge effects)
General Details: kPa, or metres
(tick as applicable)
Have installation conditions been consid-
Culvert & Stormwater Application: ered & included in working pressure?*
Flush Joint Rubber Ring No, or Yes
Sewerage Application: Line is: Gravity, or Pumped

Gravity Pressure Field acceptance test:
Is the installed line to be subjected to a
Microtunnelling (Jacking Pipe)
field acceptance test?*
Unsealed Joint Sealed Joint No, or Yes: kPa
Pressure/Irrigation Watertightness requirements for

non-pressure pipe:
Other (list): Is a watertightness test (90 kPa) required?*
No Yes
Pipe Class (complete table):
Is a project specific factory pressure test
Size Class Load Class Total Length (m) required?
No, or Yes kPa
Note: Refer purchaser/specifier

to AS/NZS 3725:2007 and
AS/NZS 4058:2007 to confirm the
nominated tests are appropriate to the
installation and pipeline application.
62 HumesPipelineSystems page 1 of 2
Pipe Quotation Request Sheet
Refer AS 4058:2007, Section 6
Special Requirements Quote Finalisation / Contact Details

(indicate special requirements below)
Response required (date): __________
Cement type: Tender closing (date): _____________
Reinforcement cover:
Name:
Reo. Grid Type:
Circular, or Elliptical
Job Title:
Sacrificial Layer:
Yes, or No Company:
Calcareous Aggregates:
Location:
Yes, or No
Minimum bore diameter: _______ mm Phone:
Other (list):
Fax:
Corrosion Protection Lining

Email:
Type of lining:
Plastiline AKS Signature:
Quantity: Date:
Pipe Diameter:
No. pipes:
Degree of lining:
359 330
300 270
Other:
HumesPipelineSystems page 2 of 2
National Sales: 1300 361 601 Email: info@humes.com.au Website: www.humes.com.au
Sunshine Coast NEW SOUTH Lismore Echuca Townsville

WESTERN
Ph: (07) 5472 9700 Ph: (07) 4758 6002
WALES Ph: (02) 6621 3684 Ph: (03) 5480 2371 Ph: (0
AUSTRALIA
Fax: (07) 5472 9711 Fax: (02) 6622 1342 Fax: (03) 5482 3090
Brisbane/Gold Coast Grafton Newcastle Townsville Perth/Welshpool
HEAD OFFICE Ph: (07) 3866 7100 Ph: (02) 6644 7666 Ph: (02) 4966 4669 Ph: (07) 4758 6002
TASMANIA Ph: (08) 9351 6999
18 Little Cribb St Fax: (07) 3866 7101 Fax: (02) 6644 7313 Fax: (02) 4966 4914 Fax: 0419 477 386 Fax: (08) 9351 6977
Townsville
Milton 4064 QLD
Ph: Bundaberg Kempsey Canberra Invermay Perth/Gnangara
Ph: (07)
(07) 4758
3364 6002
2800
Fax: Ph: (07) 4152 2644 Ph: (02) 6562 6755 Ph: (02) 6285 5309 Ph: (03) 6335 6300 Ph: (08) 9302 8000
Fax: 0419 477 386
(07) 3364 2963
Fax: (07) 4152 5847 Fax: (02) 6562 4235 Fax: (02) 6285 5334 Fax: (03) 6335 6330 Fax: (08) 9309 1625
Rockhampton Sydney Townsville Townsville Townsville
SOUTH NORTHERN
QUEENSLAND Ph: (07) 4924 7900 Ph: (02) 9832 5555 Ph: (07) 4758 6002
VICTORIA Ph: (07) 4758 6002
AUSTRALIA TERRITORY
Fax: (07) 4924 7901 Fax: (02) 9625 5200 Fax: 0419 477 386 Fax: 0419 477 386 Ph: (07) 4758 6002
Townsville Toowoomba Tamworth Melbourne Adelaide Darwin
Ph: (07) 4758 6000 Ph: (07) 4633 1420 Ph: (02) 6765 7766 Ph: (03) 9360 3888 Ph: (08) 8168 4544 Ph: (08) 8984 1600
Fax: (07) 4758 6001 Fax: (07) 4634 3874 Fax: (02) 6765 2683 Fax: (03) 9360 3887 Fax: (08) 8168 4549 Fax: (08) 8984 1614
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Concrete Pipes

2. Test Load Data ................................................ 8

3. Pipes for Culvert Applications ......................... 9

Flush Joint Pipes.......................................... 15

4. Pipes for Drainage Applications ................... 16

Rubber Ring Joint (Belled Socket) Pipes...... 17

Rubber Ring Joint (In-wall ) Pipes............... 18

5. Pipes for Sewerage Applications . .................. 21

6. Pipes for Pressure Applications ..................... 27

Standard Pressure Pipe Class Range ........... 29

7. Pipes for Irrigation Applications .................... 35

8. Jacking Pipes ................................................. 38

9. Handling and Installation .............................. 43

10. Reference Material...........................................51

10.6. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 0.15 .................... 55

10.7. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 0.6 ...................... 56

10.8. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 1.5 ...................... 57

10.9. Minimum pipe cover required for various compactors . 58

10.10. Metric and Empirical Equivalency Table .................... 60

Pipe Quotation Request Sheet ............................. 62

Pipes manufactured in 1920 at Loveday S.A. have been exhumed and

The manufacture of centrifugally spun pipes.

Backfill Embankment fill

150mm 150mm 150mm min.

Compacted D/3 Compacted Compacted D/3 Compacted

* Refer AS/NZS 3725: 2007 for cement stabilised soil

Figure 1.1 - Type H1 and Type H2 Supports

Backfill Embankment fill

150mm 150mm 150mm

Compacted D/3 Compacted Compacted D/3 Compacted

Figure 1.2 - Type HS Support

Note: Economies may be

Fill height Max. (m)

Size Pipe Load Class

Table 2.1 - Test Loads in kilonewtons/metre length

Test Loads KN/m (length)

Load Standard Strength Super Strength

450 20 30 30 45 40 60 60 75 80 100 100 125

525 23 35 35 52 46 69 69 86 92 115 115 144

600 26 39 39 59 52 78 78 98 104 130 130 163

675 29 44 44 66 58 87 87 109 116 145 145 182

750 32 48 48 72 64 96 96 120 128 160 160 200

825 35 52 52 78 69 104 104 130 138 173 173 217

900 37 56 56 84 74 111 111 139 148 185 185 231

1050 42 63 63 95 84 126 126 158 168 210 210 263

1200 46 69 69 104 92 138 138 173 184 230 230 288

3300 102 153 153 230 204 306 - - - - - -

3600 110 165 165 248 220 330 - - - - - -

Size Class (DN)

Figure 3.2 - Inlet Control

Legend for Figure 3.2 and 3.3

Figure 3.3 - Outlet Control

When operating under outlet control conditions, the culvert

Figure 3.4 - Relative

Proportional Discharge Q/Qf and Proportional Velocity V/Vf

The pipeline flow capacity for inlet control conditions is

Installing 3600mm diameter pipes.

825 12.4 4.9

* Minimum radius is measured to the pipe centre

Right hand curve

Figure 3.5 - Minimum single-ended

A culvert is to be laid under a proposed road embankment.

including embankment slope is to be 50m, over which the

Calculate appropriate culvert pipe diameter/s