AP US History I Review Name: Stephanie Garcia-Mallen

Great Website http://ap.gilderlehrman.org/period/1

List and identify 3 specific historical events, actions, people or policies that could be used to
explain or support each Key concept.

Period 1 5% 1491-1607: On a North American continent controlled by American Indians,

contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world.

Key Concept 1.1: Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America
developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on
interactions with the environment and each other.

1. Maize (corn) was a significant food source in present day Mexico and southwestern America

2. In Northwestern America, natives hunted, fished, and foraged (they were hunter-gatherers)

3. In Northeastern US, there was a mixture of agriculture and hunting (some maize was present)

Key Concept 1.2: European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series
of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic.

1. There was a population growth, and an increase in food going to Europe (specifically corn
and potatoes; this will be influential in countries like Ireland)

2. Diseases killed many natives (they were not immune to measles and smallpox); as many as
90% died upon contact.

3. Horses and guns transformed the way of life for Native Americans (specifically in the aspects
of hunting and warfare)

Key Concept 1.3: Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the
worldviews of each group.

1) There was a new caste system and racially diverse populations.

a) Mestizo- mixed Spanish and Native Ancestry
b) Mulatto- mixed Spanish and African Ancestry

2) Encomienda System
 a) Royal grants of land from Spanish crown to Spaniards
i) Spanish settlers promised to Christianize Natives

3) Many of the Natives were treated harshly (they were essentially enslaved
a) They were forced to do heavy manual labor (building roads and infrastructure in the
Spanish colonies)

Period 2 10% 1607-1754: Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for
dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies
emerged.

Key Concept 2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments
that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

1) Spanish:
a) Sought tight control, and sought to control Natives and gain gold (they came for money)

2) Dutch and French:

a) Sent fewer settlers, established trade alliances with Natives, often intermarried with
natives, and traded furs (beaver)
3) English:
a) They established colonies that heavily relied on agriculture (tobacco- (very important in
Chesapeake))
b) Many men and women were sent to populate the colonies (they sent more population
than the Spanish or the French)
c) They often had hostile relationships with Natives

Key Concept 2.2: European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural
contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples.

1) African Slave Trade Impacts

a) Desire for more land, which lead to conflicts with the Native Americans
b) Africans used covert (passive) and overt forms of resistance (rebellions were rare)

2) European Conflicts
a) Colonies focused on goods that were valued in Europe (esp. fur and tobacco)
b) Colonists had different goals than European Leaders did
i) This helped promote mistrust
c) Colonists were upset over
i) Territorial Settlement, and (lack of) frontier defense

3) European and Native Clashes

a) Diseases were rampant in Native communities
b) Pueblo Revolt:
i) Spanish sought to suppress Native practices inconsistent with Christianity
(1) Because of this, the Pueblos revolted, and expelled the Spanish for 10 years
 (2) The Spanish eventually gained back control, but they began to advocate religious
assimilation of Natives (They were much more accommodated to the Natives
c) Native American Warfare
i) Much more destructive after European contact due to
(1) Deadlier weapons (guns)m the introduction of horses, and alcohol

Key Concept 2.3: The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the
Atlantic World had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North
America.

1) Impacts of exchanges on North America

a) Exchange of European and New World goods increased significantly
i) Slaves, tobacco, rice, etc. are being exchanged

2) Anglicization of the British colonies

i) Trans-Atlantic print culture, protestant evangelism, Enlightenment (John Locke), etc.

3) British-Colonial Relations
a) Similar laws, cultures, institutions, and government developed within the British colonies
b) Britain sought mercantilist policies:
i) Making money for the Mother country
ii) Not always successful
(1) Many colonies resisted by smuggling
(2) Britains policy of salutary neglect (Edmund Burke)- Britain was indifferent for a
very long time (they kept their hands off of the colonies for a very long time as
long as they were making money)
iii) Colonial arguments for resistance:
(1) Self-Governance, there was a lack of representation from the British Parliament
(2) Ideas like liberty from the Enlightenment
(3) Religious independence and diversity (there is less importance of the Anglican
Church in the colonies- this makes the power of the king decrease)
(4) Perceived corruption in the British imperial system

Period 3 12 % 1754-1800: British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial
reaction to these attempts produced a new American republic, along with struggles over the new nations social,
political, and economic identity.

Key Concept 3.1: Britains victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts among
the British government, the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new
nation, the United States.

1) French and Indian (7 Years War) was caused by English encroachment onto French lands
a) Most natives (except Iroquois split) sided with the French
 b) Great Britain wins the war, France is removed from North America
c) Conflicts emerge between American colonists and Natives as colonists seek to expand
i) Pontiacs Rebellion
ii) Proclamation Line of 1763

2) Britain is in debt from the war, ends salutary neglect, takes a more active role in colonial
affairs
a) Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Intolerable Acts, etc.
i) Colonists resist this new control:
(1) Stamp Act Congress, Committees of Correspondence, First Continental
Congress
b) Elites and everyday colonists were united against the British
c) Up until 1776, most colonists did NOT want independence, rather they longed for
salutary neglect

3) Leading up to Revolution/Revolution
a) Common Sense:
i) Thomas Paine, urged America to break away
ii) Helped influence the Declaration of Independence
b) Declaration of Independence:
i) Grievances against KG3, justification for breaking away
ii) Inspired by Common Sense and other Enlightenment ideas natural rights, consent
of the governed, etc.
c) Why did the colonists win the war?
i) Familiarity with the land
ii) Military leadership (Washington)
iii) Strong beliefs (natural rights)
iv) Foreign Aid France after Saratoga

Key Concept 3.2: In the late 18th century, new experiments with democratic ideas and republican forms of
government, as well as other new religious, economic, and cultural ideas, challenged traditional imperial systems
across the Atlantic World.

1) 1. Fear of centralized power helped create the Articles of Confederation

a) Weak central government, could not tax, no executive branch, most power left to states
b) Trade issues emerged between states

2) Northwest Land Ordinance (1787):

a) Provided a process for admitting new states
b) Once a territory reached 60,000 people, it could apply for statehood
c) Banned slavery in NW Territory (MI, OH, IN, IL, WI)

3) Tensions emerged in different areas of the country (west v. east)

 a) Paxton Boys - PA
b) Shays Rebellion - MA

Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America, cooperative interaction, and competition for resources raised
questions about boundaries and policies, intensified conflicts among peoples and nations, and led to contests over
the creation of a multiethnic, multiracial national identity.

1) Challenges to the new government:

a) Navigation on the Mississippi River (Spain)
i) Pinckneys Treaty
b) Relations with Natives (not defined in the Constitution), land issues as Natives ceded
more and more land

2) Washingtons Farewell Address:

a) Warned of: entangled foreign alliances and political parties
i) Parties emerged anyway: Federalists (Hamilton) and Republicans (Jefferson)

3) Debates over power of government:

a) State vs. National VA and KY Resolutions. Can states nullify a federal law? (NO!
Constitution is Supreme Law of the Land)
b) Debate would continue until the Civil War

Period 4 10% 1800-1848:The new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of
rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes.

Key Concept 4.1: The United States developed the worlds first modern mass democracy and celebrated a new
national culture, while Americans sought to define the nations democratic ideals and to reform its institutions to
match them.

1) The Supreme Court increased the power of the federal government over states
a) McCulloch v. Maryland, Worcester v. Georgia

2) 2nd Great Awakening:

a) Stressed the importance of achieving perfection
b) Inspired MANY reform movements:
i) Abolitionism, Womens Rights (Seneca Falls Convention, 1848) Temperance, etc

3) Free and enslaved blacks respond to their conditions:

a) New family structures - surrogate families
b) Some became involved in abolitionism
i) David Walker - An Appeal to Colored Citizens of the World
 ii) Advocated African Americans to resist oppression
iii) Nat Turners Rebellion (1831)

Key Concept 4.2: Developments in technology, agriculture, and commerce precipitated profound changes in U.S.
settlement patterns, regional identities, gender and family relations, political power, and distribution of consumer
goods.

1) New technological innovations increased efficiency and extended markets

a) Textile machines - Spinning Jenny, increased production
b) Steam engines - boats could travel against the current
c) Interchangeable parts - Eli Whitney, mass production of goods
d) Canals - Erie Canal, goods could be shipped further
e) Railroads - Expanded rapidly in the 1840s, hurt canals
f) Telegraph - spread of information (1844 Democratic Convention)
g) Agricultural inventions - mechanical reaper, steal plow

2) Impacts of cotton:
a) Used in textile production in the Northeast
b) Depleted land, need for expansion

3) 2nd Great Awakening:

a) Stressed the importance of achieving perfection
b) Inspired MANY reform movements:
i) Abolitionism, Womens Rights (Seneca Falls Convention, 1848) Temperance, etc.

Key Concept 4.3: U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade, expanding its national borders, and isolating itself from
European conflicts shaped the nations foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.

1) Resistance to increasing power of the federal government

a) Hartford Convention - Federalist grievances to the War of 1812, some urged secession
b) Nullification Crisis - issue over tariffs, South Carolina nullified the Tariffs of 1828 and
1832

2) Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)

a) 3 parts:
i) Above 3630 - free, below 3630 - slave
 ii) MO - Free
iii) ME - Slave
iv) Balance preserved at 12 states each

3) Monroe Doctrine - 1823 - Message to Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere, US
will stay out of European affairs

Period 5 13% 1844-1877:As the nation expanded and its population grew, regional tensions, especially over
slavery, led to a civil warthe course and aftermath of which transformed American society.

Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world as it pursued an expansionist foreign
policy in the Western Hemisphere and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.

1) Manifest Destiny:
a) Based on racial and cultural superiority
b) Main focus of political debates

2) Old Immigrants:
a) Lived in ethnic communities
i) Irish in cities, Germans on the frontier
b) Came to America pre-Civil War
c) Faced nativism -> anti-Catholic and sought to limit their power and influence
i) Know-Nothing Party

3) Impacts of migrant and territorial expansion?

a) Conflicts with Hispanics and Natives
i) Sand Creek Massacre - CO militia attacked Cheyenne Indians, killed over 100,
mostly women and children
ii) Little Big Horn (Custers Last Stand)- Natives attacked and killed Custer and his men

Key Concept 5.2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other
economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.

1) North - free labor manufacturing, South dependent on agriculture and slavery, with a slow
population growth
a) As a result, the North has more power in the House

2) Abolitionists:
a) Small number in the North, although had a visible campaign
b) Used fierce arguments (William Lloyd Garrison)
c) Helped slaves escape (Underground RR)
 d) Used violence (John Brown)

3) Various failed attempts at solving the issue of slavery?

a) Compromise of 1850 - dealt with land gained from Mexican Cession
i) Popular sovereignty and a strict fugitive slave law
b) Kansas-Nebraska Act - Bleeding Kansas
c) Dred Scott decision

Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested Reconstruction of the South settled the issues
of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and
citizenship rights.

1) Why did the Union succeed?

a) Improved military leadership - Grant and Sherman
b) Effective strategies - Anaconda Plan
c) Key Victories - Antietam, Gettysburg
d) Greater resources - more factories and railroads
e) Destruction of the Souths environment and infrastructure - March to the Sea

2) Impacts of Radical Republicans?

a) Change in balance of power between Congress and President - impeachment of Andrew
Johnson
b) Former slaves and African Americans gained political opportunities
i) Hiram Revels - first African American elected to Congress
c) Waning - To reduce, by the 1870s, the Norths resolve for Reconstruction was waning
i) Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction - the military was withdrawn from the
South, Hayes became preside

3) 3. Constitutional amendments
a) 14th amendment - provided citizenship and equal protection of the laws
b) 15th amendment - suffrage for men
c) However, African American rights were limited through:
i) Segregation - Jim Crow laws
ii) Violence - KKK, White League
iii) Supreme Court Decisions (Plessy v. Ferguson, Civil Rights Cases)
iv) Local Political Tactics - poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clause

Period 6 13% 1865-1898:The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly
industrialized and urbanized society brought about significant economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental,
and cultural changes.

Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization,
sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over
U.S. national identity.
1) Expansion of the workforce -> more farmers moving to cities for jobs
a) Led to lower wages and an increase in child labor

2) Emergence of monopolies - to gain power and resources

3) Characteristics of cities:
a) Divided ethnically, racially, and economically
b) Provided jobs in factories to large numbers of women, immigrants, and African
Americans

Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for,
and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women.

1) Women and African Americans sought to challenge their place economically, politically,
and socially
a) Booker T. Washington - encouraged vocational training
b) Ida B. Wells - outspoken critic of lynching in the South
c) Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Advocated womens suffrage

2) Increase in nativism and racism

a) Plessy v. Ferguson - specifically mentioned in the new curriculum
i) Upheld the Constitutionality of Jim Crow Laws
b) Chinese Exclusion Act
c) American Protective Association

3) Violence and conflict often occurred between settlers, Natives, and Mexican Americans as a
result of expansion
a) Government response to Native resistance?
i) Military force - Chief Joseph, Custers Last Stand, Wounded Knee (1890)
ii) Placing Natives onto small reservations
iii) Changing Native identities through assimilation (Dawes Act)

Key Concept 6.3: The Gilded Age witnesses new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political
debates over economic and social policies.

1) Government corruption called for many in the public to seek reform:

a) Local, state, and national levels
i) Referendum, Initiative, Recall
 ii) Interstate Commerce Act

2) Ways the wealthy justified their approaches and wealth

a) Gospel of Wealth - written by Carnegie, urged the wealthy to donate money
b) Social Darwinism - Herbert Spencer, applied Darwins ideas to humans
i) Rich deserved to be rich

3) Social Gospel:
a) Protestant Church Movement to improve cities and lives of the poor