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The total head at point 0 must match with the total head at point 1,
adjusted for any increase in head due to pumps, losses due to pipe
friction and so-called "minor losses" due to entries, exits, fittings, etc.
Pump head developed is generally a function of the flow through the
system
Compressible Flow
Friction losses are a complex function of the system geometry, the fluid
properties and the flow rate in the system. By observation, the head
loss is roughly proportional to the square of the flow rate in most
engineering flows (fully developed, turbulent pipe flow). This
observation leads to the Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss due to
friction
For laminar flow, the head loss is proportional to velocity rather than
velocity squared, thus the friction factor is inversely proportional to
velocity
Turbulent flow
Obtain the allowable head loss from the Bernoulli equation, then start
by guessing a friction factor. (0.02 is a good guess if you have nothing
better.) Calculate the velocity from the Darcy-Weisbach equation. From this
velocity and the piping characteristics, calculate Reynolds Number, relative
roughness and thus friction factor.
Repeat the calculation with the new friction factor until sufficient
convergence is obtained.
Q = VA
"Minor Losses"
Although they often account for a major portion of the head loss,
especially in process piping, the additional losses due to entries and exits,
fittings and valves are traditionally referred to as minor losses. These losses
represent additional energy dissipation in the flow, usually caused by
secondary flows induced by curvature or recirculation. The minor losses are
any head loss present in addition to the head loss for the same length of
straight pipe.
Like pipe friction, these losses are roughly proportional to the square of
the flow rate. Defining K, the loss coefficient, by
. K is the sum of all of the loss coefficients in the length of pipe, each
contributing to the overall head loss
hE K E
V22 A2
1 hE K E
V1 V2 2
2 g A1 2g
o Head Loss due to Gradual
Expansion (Diffuser)
o Sudden Contraction
2
A 1 V22
Cc c hc 1
A2 Cc 2 g
V2
he K e
2g
o Entrance Losses
8Q 2 V2
hminor K hminor K
g 2 D 4 2g
Can be solved directly
0.25
f 2
5.74 4Q
log 3.7 D Re 0.9 Re
D
8 LQ 2
hf f
g 2 D 5
hl h f hminor
Iterative technique
0.25
f 2
8 LQ 2 5.74 4Q
hf f log 3.7 D Re 0.9 Re
g 2 D 5 D
8Q 2
hminor K
g 2 D 4
hl h f hminor