Instruction is a basic operation that can be performed by the microprocessor by

design and is represented by an operation code.

The collection of such basic operation is known as instruction set of the

microprocessor

Instruction set is fixed by design and cannot be altered. Any other type of
operation, which is not a part of instruction set can be performed by the
combination of the instructions written and executed in sequence. Such
sequence of instruction is known as program.

8085 microprocessor has 74 basic instructions and 246 variations in these

instructions.

8085 is an enhancement of INTEL -8080 microprocessor.

8080 microprocessor has 72 basic instructions. All these 72 instructions are the
same and identical in mnemonic and operation code as in 8085.

Only two extra instruction exist in 8085 namely SIM and RIM.

Thus all programs are written for 8085 microprocessor both at assembly level
and at machine language level, however, the time of operation is different for
two microprocessors. Thus when changing, over from 8080 microprocessor to
8085 microprocessor care must be taken in program involving time delay.
Subsequently all programs written for 8085 at assembly level which excludes SIM
and RIM instruction can be run on 8080 microprocessor without modification.

All the instructions in 8085 will be either 1 byte or 2 byte or 3 bytes in length.

All the 74 instructions of 8085 are divided into 6 groups:

Gives the code used for register pair and registers in all instructions operation
code:
7INSTRUCTION SET:

INSTRUCTION CYCLE: Time required to complete execution of one full

instruction.
MACHINE CYCLE: Fetch cycle: Cycle during which the instruction is
received from memory.
T-State subdivision of the operation to be performed by the
microprocessor.
A machine cycle is defined as the timer required to complete the operation
of accessing either memory or I/O. whereas T-states is defined as one
subdivision of the operation performed in one clock period.

>> The language which a computer can understand is known as computer

language. Broadly, computer language can be divided into two parts as high
level language and low level language. Low level language is machine specific. It
is further divided as machine language and assembly language.

>> Debugging is another problem associated with machine language. To

overcome these problems, programmers develop another way in which
instructions are written in English alphabets. This new language is known as
assembly language. The instructions in this language are termed as mnemonics.
An instruction is a command to the microprocessor to perform a given task on a
specified data. Each instruction has two parts: one is task to performed, called
the operation code (opcode), and the second is the data to be operated on,
called the operand. The operand (or data) can be various ways. It may include 8-
bit or 16 bit data, an internal register, a memory location, or 8 bit or 16 bit
address. In some instructions, the operand is implicit.

The 8085 instruction set is classified into the following three groups according to
word size:

1. One word or one byte instructions

2. Two word or two byte instructions
3. Three word or three byte instructions

>> Although instruction may be as large as 3 bytes, the opcode is always 1 byte
in length. With 8 bits for the opcode, 2 8 = 256 distinct opcodes are possible. In
hexadecimal, the opcodes can be from 00H to FFH. Each opcode corresponds to
an instruction. Thus theoretically, 256 instructions are possible in the instruction
set of 8085. However only 246 opcodes are implemented in 8085. They can be
discussed under 66 types, which are broadly classified into the six groups.
An instruction is a specified binary pattern, which is placed inside the
microprocessor to perform a specific operation.

The instructions of the 8085 microprocessor are classified into five different
groups, namely, data transfer group, arithmetic group, logical group , branch
control group, I/O and machine control group.

There are various techniques to specify the operand of instructions. These

techniques are known as addressing modes.

Generally, instructions are stored in the memory devices. Before execution of

any instruction of any instruction, the microprocessor locates the memory
location and fetches the operational code through a data bus.
Then the decoder decodes the instruction and performs the specified function.
Therefore, the opcode fetch and its execution are performed in sequence. The
sequencing is done by the control unit of the microprocessor and synchronised
with the clock. The timing diagrams of read and write operation of the memory
and other peripheral devices.

In this addressing mode, the address of the operand always exists within the
instruction. This mode can be used to read data form output devices and store it
in the accumulator or write the data, content of the accumulator to the output
devices.
An instruction is a command applied the microprocessor to perform a specific
function. The instruction set of a microprocessor means the entire group of
instructions. generally, instructions have been classified into the following five
functional groups.

The format of 8085 instructions:

Addressing Modes:

Every instruction of a program has to operate on a data. The method of

specifying the data to be operated by the instruction is called addressing. The
8085 supports the following five addressing modes.

Immediate addressing
Direct addressing
Register addressing
register indirect addressing
implied addressing
The 8085 instructions can be classified into the following five functional groups:
0
The data transfer instructions copy data from a source to a destination without
modifying the contents of the source. The term data transfer has been used for
copying data. The data transfer can be possible between registers or between
memory and registers or between I/O ports and the accumulator.