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ABSTRACT
This contribution aims to elucidate Risk-Based Design (RBD), a design methodology that incorporates
explicitly safety objectives in the design process. Drawing from over ten years of effort with many
organisations undertaking a large number of research and development projects, the contribution
introduces the subject, explains the motivation for RBD, details the underlying principles and constituent
pasts of the methodology and outlines the development of a framework to facilitate implementation.
Emphasis is placed on demonstrating the considerable potential offered to the maritime industry by
embracing innovation through the adoption of risk-based methodologies and through the routine
utilisation of all forms of scientific and technological breakthroughs in dealing with ship safety as a life-
cycle ship design issue.
(i)
Performance Design safety goals
Expectations Functional requirements / preferences
(ii)
Identification of hazards
Requirements and
Constraints Identification of possible design solutions
(focus on preventing accidents)
(iii)
Ship functions and Identification of critical functions, systems
and relevant key safety parameters
performances safety
performance Identification of critical/design scenarios
(iv) (flooding, fire, system failure, etc)
Systems, fitness for purpose
Risk Analysis
components, feasibility
How probable? How serious?
risk
hardware (Level of detail depends on design stage)
Design
(design solution)
aesthetics
Decision- Risk Assessment
costs making Implementation of risk control measures
(v) (focus on mitigating consequences of
Evaluation of ship technical company/society accidents)
performances performance values, preferences
Ship type: RoPax; Capacity: 1000 pax, 200 cars, 20 lorries, 50 trailers, etc.
Operational mode Hazard Accident category
Loading of vehicles Vehicles carrying dangerous goods, (1) Fire / explosions on car deck,
Electrical faults within vehicles, contact damage to car deck structural
Drivers (human) errors members
Embarkation of passengers Relative motion between span-link and ship (2) Span-link failure when pax
embarkation/disembarkation
Transit and navigation in coastal Proximity to grounding hazards, wind, (3) Collision
areas currents, loss of power, loss of steering, other
vessels activity (4) drifting grounding,
Required safety Ship safety performance Safety performance evaluation parameters / functional requirements (to be
Function identified following risk analysis)
Collision and Vessel to remain upright and Prevention:
Grounding afloat in all feasible water Effectiveness of navigational equipment; bridge layout design (alarms,
Safety ingress scenarios visibility, controls, etc)
Mitigation:
Loss of structural integrity of the hull, damage extend, time to flood,
flooding extent, instantaneous heeling, time to capsize, damage control
arrangements, etc. Power, propulsion and steering redundancy after damage.
Fire safety Safety objectives implicit in Prevention:
SOLAS II-2 Limit the amount of ignition sources and combustible materials on the car
decks, etc
Mitigation:
Alarm and detection effectiveness, fire protection, time to reach untenable
conditions, effectiveness of fire fighting arrangements, etc.
Others Prevention:
Car deck layout designed for easy of loading/unloading (visibility, space,
ramp arrangements, ventilation, lighting, crew communication
arrangements, etc.)
Set I Set II
Global parametric model Baseline Concept
of the baseline design
(Set I Set II) Set III Set III
{common model}
aesthetics etc
Design
Decision-
making preferences
feasibility
A consistent measure of safety must be will be available for design decision making
employed and a formalised procedure for its and design optimisation.
quantification adopted (risk analysis). For this
to be workable, considering the complexity of Considering the level of computations that
what constitutes safety, a clear focus on key might be necessary to address all pertinent
safety drivers is necessary (major accident safety concerns and the effect of safety-related
categories). A number of formalised design changes on functionality and other
procedures for risk quantification, risk performance factors, a different handling is
assessment and risk management exist in required; namely, the use of parametric
various contexts, for instance Formal Safety models to facilitate trade-offs and access to
Assessment (FSA) for rule-making, Safety fast and accurate first-principles tools. The
Case addressing for specific design optimisation process becomes thus a
design/operational concepts, among others. typical case of multi-objective, multi-criteria
Adding to these, a risk assessment framework optimisation problem. A common ship design
for use in ship design has also been described model managed within an integrated design
in this paper. environment (software platform) will also be
required for this process to be conducted
Such procedure must be integrated into the efficiently.
design process to allow trade-offs between
safety and other design factors by utilising The concepts presented in this paper reflect the
overlaps between performance, life-cycle cost current level of understanding and experience with
considerations, functionality and safety at the risk-based ship design. It is anticipated that during
parameter level. Consequently, additional the developments to be undertaken as part of
information on safety performance and risk SAFEDOR activities (SAFEDOR 2005) in the
near future, the ideas presented here will be further
elucidated, nurtured, refined and evolved.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES