Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PART 1
M S Sridhar
Head, Library & Documentation
ISRO Satellite Centre
Bangalore 560017
Contd...
2. REASONING
Deductive (Aristotle) From whole to part
Inductive (Francis Bacon) From number of observations
Combined
3. RESEARCH
Systematic, controlled, empirical & critical investigation of
hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among
natural phenomena, I.e.,
Systematic & controlled
Empirical
Self-correcting
Research is a combination of both experience & reasoning and
must be regarded as the most successful approach to the discovery
of truth (particularly in natural sciences)
Synopsis
1. Introduction to Research & Research What is research ?
methodology Why research ?
2. Selection and formulation of Terms used
research problem
Research Methodology
3. Research design and plan
4. Experimental designs Research Method
5. Sampling and sampling strategy or Research Technique
plan Research methodology
6. Measurement and scaling
Scientific method
techniques
7. Data collection methods and Benefits of research
techniques methodology
8. Testing of hypotheses Qualities of good research &
9. Statistical techniques for researcher
processing & analysis of data
10. Analysis, interpretation and drawing Research process
inferences Types of research
11. Report writing
3. QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Measured & expressed in terms of Involves quality or kind
quantity Helps in having insight into
Expression of a property or problems or cases
quantity in numerical terms
Quantitative research helps:
i. Precise measurement
ii. Knowing trends or changes
overtime
EMPIRICAL
iii. Comparing trends or individual Relies on experience or
libraries / units observation alone, i.e.,data
based research
4 CONCEPTUAL Capable of being verified by
observation or experiment
Related to some abstract idea or
Experimenter has control
theory (for thinkers &
over variables
philosophers)
contd
Relies on literature
5. OTHER TYPES
i. One time/ Cross sectional vs Longitudinal/ Developmental &
Trend or prediction studies (the time domain)
ii. Field setting vs Lab / Simulation research
iii. Clinical vs diagnostic studies
iv. Exploratory vs Formulated (the degree of formulation of the
problem) studies
v. Historical studies (Greater part of it is quantitative)
vi. Content Analysis is one such quantitative method a multipurpose
method developed specifically for investigating a broad spectrum of
problems in which the contents of communication serve as a basis of
inference. Example: word usage rates, word counts, etc.
vii. Correlational research
viii. Conclusion oriented or decision oriented research