LEAD TOXICITY :-

WORK ENVIORNMENT :

- Lead extraction .
- Soldering .
- Welding.
- Battery manufacturing .
- Drinking and cooking - lead utensile.
METHODOLOGY OF POISONING :

- Enters the body through inhalation as lead oxide

fumes .
- Or oral routes as lead oxide powder.
- Once it enters the body lead is deposited in the bones
- From few weeks to few month lead from the bones
comes back to the blood.
- Lead affects the synthesis of hemoglobin .
- Lead also affects the nerves.
SIGNS AND SYSMPTOMS:

- It is usually take 10-15 years of exposure for the

lead poisoning symptoms to develop .

Usually the following symptoms are noticed

- Loss or lack of appetite.

- Bloodlessness (Anemia) less H B
- Severe colicky pain.
- Constipation ( not able to pass motion).
- Unusual fatigue giddiness.
- Weakness of the muscles of hand and leg paralysis
and immobility leading to death.

DIAGANOSIS:-
 - After lead absorption .
- Lead ----
- 1.bones
- 2.blood
- 3.send out through urine.
- Detect the level of lead in blood and urine.
- Hemoglobin production disturbances also be checked.
TREATMENT ;-

- Early detection will help to cure the lead poisoning .

- Ca- EDTA (calcium ethylene diamine tetra acetic
acid )- antidote.
PREVEVTION-

- Periodic monitoring of lead in the environment .

- Periodic health examination of employees exposed to
lead.
- Health education of employees for better personal
hygiene and for better personal protection.

NICKEL TOXICITY:-
Sources :

- Combustion of coal ,diesel and residual oils, tobacco

smoke, chemicals and catalysts, steel and non-ferrous
alloys manufacture.
Health eff ects :

The adverse effects of nickel are caused mainly due to

nickel carbonyl which is formed when finely
divided nickel is emitted into an atmosphere containing carbon
monoxide. Nickel carbonyl is also formed in tobacco smoke within
the lung the carbonyl complex breaks down and deposits finely
divided nickel, which may be the main cause of cancer in the
lungs. Nickel carbonyl has been shown to cause of cause changes
in the alveoli of the lungs, resulting in respiratory damage
symptoms . it also cause skin allergy.

CHROMIUM TOXICITY:
- Electroplating, welding.
- Affect nasal wall producing ulcers
- Cause occupational asthma.
- Lung cancer, stomach cancer, peptic ulcer.
- Chromium is rapidly removed from blood and stored in
the tissues especially the lungs .
- Regular inspection of the nose of exposed workers
should be conducted by the doctor or nurse.
- X-ray of the chest should be carried out annually.

MANGANESE TOXICITY:
- Manganese extractive , manufacture of dry electric
batteries , colouring of glass.
- Welding.
- 10-15 years of exposure is required .
- Affect the brain .
- The manganese is stored mainly in the liver in
conjugation with bile salts.
SYMPTOMS:

- Emotional disturbances (Eg- unprovoked laughter )

- Stiffness in the muscle
- Difficulty in walking .
CONTROL:

- The clinical picture is usually considered to be of more

importance than the estimations of manganese in the
blood or urine.