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1. Lab of Computational Linguistics, Department of Chinese Language, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
2. Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
3. Department of Electrical Engineering, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B3001 Heverlee, Belgium
Abstract: Equalizers are widely used in digital communication systems for corrupted or time varying
channels. To overcome performance decline for noisy and nonlinear channels, many kinds of neural
network models have been used in nonlinear equalization. In this paper, we propose a new nonlinear
channel equalization, which is structured by wavelet neural networks. The orthogonal least square
algorithm is applied to update the weighting matrix of wavelet networks to form a more compact wavelet
basis unit, thus obtaining good equalization performance. The experimental results show that performance
of the proposed equalizer based on wavelet networks can significantly improve the neural modeling
accuracy and outperform conventional neural network equalization in signal to noise ratio and channel
non-linearity.
Key words: adaptive equalization; wavelet neural networks (WNNs); orthogonal least square (OLS)
Although wavelet functional expansion can easily ob- dom-based approach. It does not produce the smallest
tain higher nonlinear ability, the expanded wavelet network for a given approximation accuracy. Instead,
basis is often redundant for estimating v(n). In practice, it tries to transform those good features which contain
such expansions are much too inefficient computa- only problem-specific information of the input pat-
tionally to reduce the number of relevant channel terns and remove much of the additional irrelevant
states. It is reasonable instead of using a limited ex- information. This approach leads to a simpler and
pansion in terms of a few basis functions with appro- more reasonable structure. The number reduction of
priate parameter values, and therefore, both the train- wavelet basis units is a more practical design for the
ing and testing sets can be represented with acceptable equalizer. The equalizer order, channel order and de-
accuracy. For the WNNs equalizer, the channel states lay are the determining factors in establishing the
are linearly separable. We can make use of the OLS number of wavelet units. We expect to reduce the
method to reduce the number of relevant channel number of wavelet basis units needed to achieve the
states. same performance provided that only those wavelets
Take Eq. (4) into consideration. If N input and out- which contain useful information are retained. WNNs
put measurements are available, we have the matrix are recursively established by decreasing number of
form as units that result in the network convergence at each
VNu1 [v(1), v(2),, v( N )]T stage. The algorithm for carrying out the procedure is
described as follows. Equation (5) can be rewritten in
PN u( K 1)W( K 1)u1 U N u1 R N (5) matrix form as
where v1 p0 (1) p1 (1) pK (1) w0
v p (2) p (2) p (2) w
PN u( K 1) [ P (1) , P (2) , , P ( N ) ]T R N u( K 1) . 2 0 1 K 1 [u ]
wk can be obtained by minimizing the MSE be-
tween the input x(nd) and the estimated signal vN p0 ( N ) p1 ( N ) pK ( N ) wK
x (n d ) , i.e., (7)
N m 1
E 0.5 (v(n) v(n)) 2 where [u] is assumed to be a zero mean white noise
n m sequence which is not correlated with the input and
N m 1
K
2 output data. PN u( K 1) is a wavelet basis matrix that
0.5 v(n) wk pk (6)
n m k 1 can be decomposed into the product of an orthogonal
Minimization of Eq. (6) to determine the parame- matrix H and an upper triangular matrix A.
ters wk can be performed by using error W( K 1)u1 represents unknown parameters to be esti-
back-propagation of gradient descent[5]. In order to mated. Equation (7) can be re-arranged to yield:
reduce the number of wavelet basis terms and increase VN u1 PN u( K 1)W( K 1)u1 U N u1
the computational efficiency, we used the OLS opti-
H N u( K 1) A( K 1)u( K 1)W( K 1)u1 U N u1
mal algorithm to select the wavelet nodes.
OLS algorithms have been used to construct RBF H N u( K 1)G( K 1)u1 U N u1 (8)
networks and to reduce the number of basis units [13-15].
where
Although RBF networks are used in adaptive equali- T
zation, WNNs are generally not an RBF network, H 0 h0 (1) h1 (1) hK (1)
since multi-dimensional scaling functions are H1 h0 (2) h1 (2) hK (2)
H
non-radial symmetric[11]. The training data do not pro-
vide any information for determining the coefficients H K h0 ( N ) h1 ( N ) hK ( N )
of these empty wavelet basis units which should be
eliminated, and therefore, a small number of basis (9)
[16]
units may be adequate for determining the solution of According to the Gram-Schmidt algorithm , the or-
the minimized MSE. The OLS method is a more effi- thogonal optimal wavelet basis units are used to con-
cient selection of wavelet basis units than the ran- struct WNNs. The set of orthogonal vector {H k } is
JIANG Minghuet alWavelet Neural Networks for Adaptive Equalization 27
After application of the OLS algorithm, the basis units giving the maximum number of different equalizer
form a more compact representation and enable the inputs equal to 512.
input patterns to be free from redundant or irrelevant 2 1/ 4
We choose the Mexihat \ ( x) S (1 x 2 )
information and correlate well with the process states. 3
From this point of view, the constructed WNNs will 2
e x / 2 as a mother wavelet. The signal to noise ratio
have the best performance for a certain complexity or
(SNR) of the equalizer input is defined as
provide a certain performance level with minimum
hi2 / V n2 (hi is the i-th channel coefficient). The sig-
complexity. i
References