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Chemical bonding
1
Review: electronic structure
The noble gases, in the last group (or chemical
family) in the periodic table have the most stable
electronic configuration in each period
All the orbitals are filled, there are no extra valence
electrons in the electronic configuration
1s22s22p63s1 1s22s22p6
F + e F
1s22s22p5 1s22s22p6
2
O + 2 e O2
1s22s22p4 1s22s22p6
This is also the
electron
configuration of Ne
S + 2 e S2
1s22s22p63s23p4 1s22s22p63s23p6
This is the electron
configuration of Ar
Stable ions
3
Ionic crystals
Positively and negatively charged atoms can stick
together (electrostatic force) to form ionic crystals
Crystal: a solid with an infinitely repeating geometric structure
Sodium chloride
NaCl
4
When an ionic compound is melted, or dissolved in a solution,
the ions are free to move and to carry electric current
H . + .H or
HH
The two atoms are bonded - they are more stable
together than they were separately
Bonding
5
Electron clouds of individual atoms
overlap to form covalent bonds
Lewis structures
The valence electrons are drawn as pairs of dots and
single dots
The noble gas core electrons are not shown
Electron pairs are stable
2 electrons in a full orbital
But electrons dont pair until they have to
Try to emphasize the unpaired electrons that will do
chemistry
H N O Ne
one three two one
unpaired unpaired unpaired unpaired
electron electrons electrons electron
6
Lewis structures
In a covalent bond, both atoms end up with a full octet
H Cl H Cl
one one
unpaired unpaired H has 2 valence electrons (Ne)
electron electron Cl has 8 valence electrons (Ar)
.. .. .. .. .. ..
: F . + . F: : F : F : or : F F : or F F
.. .. .. .. .. ..
Different representations of the same F2 molecule
Unshared pairs in a Lewis diagram are called lone pairs
.. .. ..
H . + . O. + . H H : O : H or HOH
..
.. ..
Bonding in a water molecule
We only satisfy all the atoms if the oxygen is in the center
7
Molecular electronic structure
Where are the electrons in a molecule?
The orbitals for hydrogen (the probable locations for the
electron) can be worked out by solving the Schrdinger equation
(wave mechanics) - we can solve for 1 electron and 1 proton
It is also possible (although difficult) to solve the equation for the
H2+ ion - we can (just) solve for 2 protons and 1 electron
For anything larger there are no absolute solutions - we start
with a guess and approximate a final solution. The accuracy of
the final predicted electronic structure depends on how good the
initial guess was!
Predicted electron
distribution of water
8
Bonding between atoms with
different electronegativities
Bonding electrons are shared unequally
Electronegativity
Electronegativity values of common elements:
9
Covalent, polar and ionic bonds
There is a continuum of bonding from ionic (complete
transfer of an electron) to non-polar convalent
(complete sharing of an electron)
10
Example: methane CH4
.
One carbon .C . wants 4 electrons
.
Methane
H
..
H . C .. H
.
..
H
More on this later!
Metallic bonds
Electrons in a metal are delocalized because they do
not say near any single atom or pair of atoms
Metallic Bond: Attractive force between positively-
charged metal ions in a crystal and the negatively-
charged electrons that move among them
11
Electron-sea model of metallic bonding
Valence electrons are not associated with particular
atoms, but exist in a sea around all the atoms in the
metal
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