INTRODUCTION

The electronic gadgets made the human life comfortable, systematic, more predictable for the
future. The data collection for assessment of needs, requirements, deliverables lead to better
planning and development.

The counter is, though, a small gadget yet it helps to count the public entered to any of the
service delivery center or to a ware house where from supplies are made either in bulk to keep
the enter and exit record.

A shepherd with larger number of cattle in a herd to drive may use it to keep his cattle counting
true and systematic which bring them out for grazing and back from the yard to the barn ().
The gadget can be used in almost all spheres of life.

The report on project Visitors Counter covers the gadget objectives, its uses, the diagram, lay
out, design, component, power supplies, etc.

The method of originating the gadget, and problems faced are also highlighted in the report.

There are many different ways to design a circuit for counting device but before discussing that
we need to understand the components used for its circuit.

1. SOURCE:
As we are designing a digital circuit and we have idea that all digital circuits requires 5v
maximum. So to provide 5v we had used the regulator IC7805 and connected it to the 9v battery.
By doing so, we had connected the output and ground from IC7805 to our circuit.
The pin configuration of the IC7805 is shown in
fig-1.

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 2. INFRARED
TRANSMITTER
AND RECIVER:
The infrared transmitters and receiver are used to sense the object that passes through it. The IR
transmitter is forward biased with 5 volt source and 120
ohm resistor. In the circuit we had used two IR led to
extend the range of rays.
The IR receiver is reverse biased with 5v source and a
10k current limiting resistor.
When IR rays from transmitter falls on receiver. The
resistance of the IR receiver decreases and the voltage
drop across the 10k resistor increases.
From the positive end of the 10k resistor we had in turn
taken a connection for pin-2 (non-inverting pin) of IC
358.

1- OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER LM358:

In our circuit we had used the op-amp
358 as comparator i.e. the non-inverting
pin is connected to the positive side of
10k resistor of IR receiver and the
inverting pin is connected to the
potentiometer.

We use the potentiometer to set such a

reference point at which the comparator
gives zero output voltage when some
object has blocked the IR rays coming
from transmitter.The pin configuration of lm358 is shown in fig-3.

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 2- NE555 TIMER/OSCILLATOR:

To understand 555 timers IC, let us see the fig below that illustrates its pin configuration.

Pin1. - The ground pin that connects the 555 timer to negative of power supply.

Pin2. Trigger The negative input to comparator No

1. A negative pulse on this pin sets the

internal Flip-flop when the voltage drops

below 1/3Vcc causing the output to switch
from a LOW to a HIGH state.

Pin3. Output, The output pin can drive any TTL

circuit and is capable of sourcing or sinking

up to 200mA of current at an output voltage

equal to approximately Vcc 1.5V so small
speakers, LEDs or motors can be connected
directly to the output.

Pin4. Reset, This pin is used to reset the internal

Flip-flop controlling the state of the output,

pin 3. This is an active-low input and is

generally connected to a logic 1 level when
not used to prevent any unwanted resetting of

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 the output.

Pin5. Control Voltage, This pin controls the timing

of the 555 by overriding the 2/3Vcc level of

the voltage divider network. By applying a

voltage to this pin the width of the output
signal can be varied independently of the RC
timing network. When not used it is
connected to ground via a 10nF capacitor to
eliminate any noise.

Pin6. Threshold, The positive input to comparator

No 2. This pin is used to reset the Flip-flop

when the voltage applied to it exceeds 2/3Vcc

causing the output to switch from HIGH to
LOW state. This pin connects directly to
the RC timing circuit.

Pin7. Discharge, The discharge pin is connected

directly to the Collector of an internal NPN

transistor which is used to discharge the

timing capacitor to ground when the output at
pin 3 switches LOW.

Pin8. Supply +Vcc, This is the power supply pin

and for general purpose TTL 555 timers is

between 4.5V and 15V.

The 555 Timers name comes from the fact that there are three 5k resistors connected together
internally producing a voltage divider network between the supply voltage at pin 8 and ground at pin 1.

The IC555 is the most known and has many applications in electronics. The 555 timer can be used in
three different ways. Those are:

a. Astable mode
b. Monostable mode
c. Bistable mode

In our counter device we used 555 in monostable mode. So here we will only discuss monostable
mode.

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Monostable mode:
The figure below shows a simple monostable arrangement.

When a negative ( 0V ) pulse is applied to the trigger input (pin 2) of the Monostable configured
555 Timer oscillator, the internal comparator, (comparator No1) detects this input and sets the
state of the flip-flop, changing the output from a LOW state to a HIGH state. This action in
turn turns OFF the discharge
transistor connected to pin 7, thereby
removing the short circuit across the
external timing capacitor, C1.

This action allows the timing

capacitor to start to charge up
through resistor, R1 until the voltage
across the capacitor reaches the
threshold (pin 6) voltage of 2/3Vcc
set up by the internal voltage divider
network. At this point the
comparators output goes HIGH
and resets the flip-flop back to its
original state which in turn turns
ON the transistor and discharges the capacitor to ground through pin 7. This causes the output
to change its state back to the original stable LOW value awaiting another trigger pulse to start
the timing process over again. Then as before, the Monostable Multivibrator has only ONE
stable state.

The Monostable 555 Timer circuit triggers on a negative-going pulse applied to pin 2 and this
trigger pulse must be much shorter than the output pulse width allowing time for the timing
capacitor to charge and then discharge fully. Once triggered, the 555 Monostable will remain in
this HIGH unstable output state until the time period set up by the R1 x C1 network has
elapsed. The amount of time that the output voltage remains HIGH or at a logic 1 level is
given by the following time constant equation.

Where, t is in seconds, R is in s and C in Farads.

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Use of 555 IC in counter device:
As mention before that in our circuit we are using 555 timer as monostable mode i.e. the trigger
pin of the IC is connected to the 5V supply through a 10k resistor and to ground through a 120
ohm resistor and led(we use led for indication purposes). The trigger pin is also connected to the
pin 1 (output pin) of IC lm358.

When the 555 timer receive low pulse (0V) it gives a high output for the time of 51.7
millisecond. The output of the IC is connected to the ground through a resistor of 120 ohm and
led (just for induction of high pulse) and to the clock pin of 4026 IC.

5. COUNTER IC 4026:
The counter IC is used to count the number of high pulse and display it on 7 segment display. To
understand the IC4026 see the pin configuration and description shown below.

PIN DISCRIPTION OF
IC4026:
1. Pin 1 or clock pin- It receives clock signals, and at every positive clock and counter advances
one by one. We can provide clock with the switch, 555 timers or with the help of logic gates. In
short high pulse on this input increments the counter.

2. Pin 2 or disable clock (clk inhibit) pin- 4026 counter advances one by one by receiving
positive pulse at this time for this clock inhibit pin should be grounded. If it is connected to

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supply than counter advancement will be inhibited means there will be no meaning of clock
pulse.

3. Pin 3 or enable display (En in) pin- It enable the 7 segment display to display the numeric
value. It should be kept high for enabling the display. Mean output goes high when only when
display enable is high.

4. Pin 4 or enable out- It Enables the carry out pin. In our circuit we have left this pin
unconnected.

5. Pin 5 or divide by 10 outputs- It is used to complete one cycle for every 10 clock input cycle
and it also used to cascade more IC's.

6. Pin 6, pin7 and Pin9 to pin 13 - These are 7 decoded output from a to g used to illuminates the
corresponding segment of 7 segment display to display the digit from 0 to 9.

7. Pin 14 or not 2 output (UNGATED "C" SEGMENT) signals- They are not gated by the
Display clock and therefore are available continuously. This feature is a requirement in
implementation of certain divider function such a as divide by 60 and divide by 12.

8. Pin 15 or Reset pin- It is used to reset the counter. When it receives high it clears the counter
and counting again starts from zero. One important thing reset pin should again made low to start
the counter once again.

9. Pin 8 or ground pin and Pin 16 known or Vdd it should be connected to power supply.

In our circuit we had used two 4026 ICs to display the two digit 7-sigment display.

We may use more IC to represent the greater than two digits by cascading.

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6. 7-SEGMENT DISPLAY:
The 7-segment display is used to display the number of objects that it
had counted we had use two 7-sigment display to count up to 99.

The fig shows 7-segment display and its pin configuration. In our
circuit we had used common cathode 7-seg display. The pin3 and 8 are
shorted and grounded while the rest are connected with corresponding
pins of IC 4026.

CIRCUIT THAT I HAD STUDIED DURING THIS PROJECT

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To understand the concept of astable mode of 555 tmer
Astable mode of 555 timer

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 Monostable mode of 555 timer

Transmitter circuit that produce 38 KHz frequency By using 555 timers in astable mode. It
was really hard for me to adjust the frequency of the circuit for me.

Receiver circuit that receives the signals of 38 KHz.

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Page 11 of 13
Simple visitor counter circuit using L.D.R. as receiver and led as transmitter

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REFERANCES:
http://www.madlab.org/electrnx/lesson7.html

http://www.circuitsgallery.com/2015/11/visitor-counter-circuit.html

http://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/555-timer-seven-segment-counter-circuit

http://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/object-counter-circuit-diagram

http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/anjali/counter-using-ic-4026

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