ECSS-E-ST-32C Rev.

1
15 November 2008

Space engineering
Structural general requirements

ECSS Secretariat
ESA-ESTEC
Requirements & Standards Division
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
 ECSSEST32CRev.1
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Foreword
This Standard is one of the series of ECSS Standards intended to be applied together for the
management, engineering and product assurance in space projects and applications. ECSS is a
cooperative effort of the European Space Agency, national space agencies and European industry
associationsforthepurposeofdevelopingandmaintainingcommonstandards.Requirementsinthis
Standardaredefinedintermsofwhatshallbeaccomplished,ratherthanintermsofhowtoorganize
and perform the necessary work. This allows existing organizational structures and methods to be
appliedwheretheyareeffective,andforthestructuresandmethodstoevolveasnecessarywithout
rewritingthestandards.
This Standard has been prepared by the ECSSEST32C Working Group, reviewed by the ECSS
ExecutiveSecretariatandapprovedbytheECSSTechnicalAuthority.

Disclaimer
ECSSdoesnotprovideanywarrantywhatsoever,whetherexpressed,implied,orstatutory,including,
butnotlimitedto,anywarrantyofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurposeoranywarranty
that the contents of the item are errorfree. In no respect shall ECSS incur any liability for any
damages,including,butnotlimitedto,direct,indirect,special,orconsequentialdamagesarisingout
of, resulting from, or in any way connected to the use of this Standard, whether or not based upon
warranty,businessagreement,tort,orotherwise;whetherornotinjurywassustainedbypersonsor
propertyorotherwise;andwhetherornotlosswassustainedfrom,oraroseoutof,theresultsof,the
item,oranyservicesthatmaybeprovidedbyECSS.

Publishedby: ESARequirementsandStandardsDivision
ESTEC, P.O. Box 299,
2200 AG Noordwijk
The Netherlands
Copyright: 2008 by the European Space Agency for the members of ECSS

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Change log

ECSSE30Part2A Firstissue
25April2000
ECSSE30Part2B Neverissued
ECSSEST32C Secondissue
31July2008 Themainchangesarerelatedtodefinitions,mainbodytestandannexes,
andcanbesummarizedasfollowing.

1. DEFINITIONS
a) Importantchangeisrelatedtodesignlimitloadandrelated
terms(designyield/ultimateload)
b) Coherencewithotherstructuralstandardshasbeenchecked.

2. MAINBODYTEXT
a) Coherencewithotherstructuralstandardshasbeenchecked
(e.g.ECSSEST3202,ECSSEST3210,ECSSEST3201)and
overlappingremoved
b) Requirementapplicabilitytothestructurehasbeenre
examined:sometimestherequirementhasbeenremoved(e.g.
ablationandpyrolysis),sometimestherequirementhasbeen
movedinmorepropersection(e.g.massandinertia
properties)
c) Someparagrapharesignificantlyimprovedbyreorganization
andrevisionofrequirements(e.g.marginsofsafety,load
combinationandinteraction,factorsofsafety,scatterfactors)
d) TheVerificationchapterhasbeencompletelyreviewed,re
arrangedintwoclausesdedicatedtoverificationbyanalysis
andverificationbytest;verificationofcompositestructurehas
beenemphasized.
e) Clauseondeliverabledocumentshasbeenclarified.

3. ANNEXES
a) Annexesonfactorsofsafetyareremoved,becauseadedicated
standardhasbeenprepared
b) Atotalof17annexesareadded,relatedtoDRDdirectly
controlledbyE32.
c) AsaresultofremovingrequirementsfromDRDs,anew
standardECSSEST3203onMathmodelrequirementshas
beenestablished.

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ECSSEST32CRev.1 Secondissuerevision1
15November2008 ChangeswithrespecttoversionC(31July2008)areidentifiedwith
revisiontracking.
Mainchangesare:
ThedefinitionsofMEOPandMDPhavebeenchangedtobe
harmonizedwithECSSEST35Propulsiongeneral
requirements
Thetermanddefinitionofmissionlifehavebeenadded.

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Table of contents

Change log .................................................................................................................3

1 Scope.......................................................................................................................9

2 Normative references ...........................................................................................10

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms..........................................................11

3.1 Terms from other standards ..................................................................................... 11
3.2 Terms specific to the present standard .................................................................... 11
3.3 Abbreviated terms .................................................................................................... 17

4 Requirements........................................................................................................19
4.1 Overview .................................................................................................................. 19
4.2 Mission ..................................................................................................................... 19
4.2.1 Lifetime ....................................................................................................... 19
4.2.2 Natural and induced environment............................................................... 20
4.2.3 Mechanical environment............................................................................. 20
4.2.4 Microgravity, audible noise and human induced vibration.......................... 21
4.2.5 Load events ................................................................................................ 21
4.2.6 Combined loads.......................................................................................... 22
4.2.7 Limit loads .................................................................................................. 23
4.2.8 Design limit loads ....................................................................................... 23
4.3 Functionality ............................................................................................................. 23
4.3.1 Overview..................................................................................................... 23
4.3.2 Strength ...................................................................................................... 23
4.3.3 Local yielding.............................................................................................. 24
4.3.4 Buckling ...................................................................................................... 24
4.3.5 Stiffness...................................................................................................... 24
4.3.6 Dynamic behaviour..................................................................................... 24
4.3.7 Thermal ...................................................................................................... 24
4.3.8 Damage tolerance ...................................................................................... 25
4.3.9 Tolerances and alignments ........................................................................ 25
4.3.10 Electrical conductivity ................................................................................. 25

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4.3.11 Lightning protection .................................................................................... 25
4.3.12 Electromagnetic compatibility ..................................................................... 25
4.3.13 Dimensional stability................................................................................... 26
4.4 Interface ................................................................................................................... 26
4.5 Design ...................................................................................................................... 27
4.5.1 Inspectability............................................................................................... 27
4.5.2 Interchangeability ....................................................................................... 27
4.5.3 Maintainability............................................................................................. 27
4.5.4 Dismountability ........................................................................................... 28
4.5.5 Mass and inertia properties ........................................................................ 28
4.5.6 Material selection........................................................................................ 29
4.5.7 Mechanical parts selection ......................................................................... 29
4.5.8 Material design allowables ......................................................................... 29
4.5.9 Metals ......................................................................................................... 30
4.5.10 Non-metallic materials ................................................................................ 31
4.5.11 Composite materials................................................................................... 31
4.5.12 Adhesive materials in bonded joints ........................................................... 32
4.5.13 Ablation and pyrolysis................................................................................. 32
4.5.14 Micrometeoroid and debris collision ........................................................... 32
4.5.15 Venting ....................................................................................................... 32
4.5.16 Margin of safety (MOS) .............................................................................. 33
4.5.17 Factors of safety (FOS) .............................................................................. 33
4.5.18 Scatter factors ............................................................................................ 34
4.6 Verification................................................................................................................ 34
4.6.1 Overview..................................................................................................... 34
4.6.2 Verification by analysis ............................................................................... 35
4.6.3 Verification by test ...................................................................................... 40
4.6.4 Verification of composite structures............................................................ 45
4.7 Production and manufacturing ................................................................................. 46
4.7.1 General....................................................................................................... 46
4.7.2 Manufacturing process ............................................................................... 46
4.7.3 Manufacturing drawings ............................................................................. 46
4.7.4 Tooling........................................................................................................ 46
4.7.5 Assembly .................................................................................................... 47
4.7.6 Storage ....................................................................................................... 47
4.7.7 Cleanliness ................................................................................................. 48
4.7.8 Health and safety........................................................................................ 48

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4.8 In-service.................................................................................................................. 48
4.8.1 Ground inspection ...................................................................................... 48
4.8.2 In-orbit inspection ....................................................................................... 48
4.8.3 Evaluation of damage................................................................................. 49
4.8.4 Maintenance ............................................................................................... 49
4.8.5 Repair ......................................................................................................... 50
4.9 Data exchange ......................................................................................................... 51
4.9.1 General....................................................................................................... 51
4.9.2 System configuration data .......................................................................... 52
4.9.3 Data exchange between design and structural analysis ............................ 52
4.9.4 Data exchange between structural design and manufacturing................... 52
4.9.5 Data exchange with other subsystems....................................................... 52
4.9.6 Tests and structural analysis ...................................................................... 53
4.9.7 Structural mathematical models ................................................................. 53
4.9.8 Data traceability.......................................................................................... 53
4.10 Deliverables.............................................................................................................. 53

Annex A (normative) Computer aided design model description and

delivery (CADMDD) - DRD...................................................................................55

Annex B (normative) Design loads (DL) - DRD .....................................................61

Annex C (normative) Dimensional stability analysis (DSA) - DRD......................65

Annex D (normative) Fatigue analysis (FA) - DRD................................................69

Annex E (normative) Fracture control analysis (FCA) - DRD...............................72

Annex F (normative) Fracture control plan - DRD ................................................76

Annex G (normative) Fracture control items lists (PFCIL, FCIL and FLLIL) -
DRD ......................................................................................................................79

Annex H (normative) Material and mechanical part allowables (MMPA) -

DRD ......................................................................................................................81

Annex I (normative) Mathematical model description and delivery (MMDD)

- DRD ....................................................................................................................84

Annex J (normative) Modal and dynamic response analysis (MDRA) - DRD .....92

Annex K (normative) Stress and strength analysis (SSA) - DRD ........................96

Annex L (normative) Structure alignment budget (SAB) - DRD ........................104

Annex M (normative) Structure buckling (SB) - DRD .........................................108

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Annex N (normative) Structure mass summary (SMS) - DRD............................111

Annex O (normative) Test-analysis correlation (TAC) - DRD.............................114

Annex P (normative) Test evaluation (TE) - DRD................................................117

Annex Q (normative) Test prediction (TP) - DRD................................................121

Annex R (informative) Document description list ..............................................125

R.1 Computer aided design model description and delivery......................................... 125
R.2 Configuration item data list (document controlled by ECSS-M-ST-40) .................. 125
R.3 Design definition file (document controlled by ECSS-E-ST-10) ............................. 125
R.4 Design development plan (included in the System engineering plan controlled
by ECSS-E-ST-10) ................................................................................................. 125
R.5 Design justification file (document controlled by ECSS-E-ST-10) .......................... 125
R.6 Drawings (document controlled by ISO 128).......................................................... 126
R.7 Design loads........................................................................................................... 126
R.8 Dimensional stability analysis................................................................................. 126
R.9 Fatigue analysis ..................................................................................................... 126
R.10 Fracture control analysis ........................................................................................ 126
R.11 Fracture control plan .............................................................................................. 126
R.12 Fracture control items lists ..................................................................................... 126
R.13 Material and mechanical part allowables................................................................ 127
R.14 Mathematical model description and delivery ........................................................ 127
R.15 Modal and dynamic response analysis .................................................................. 127
R.16 Stress and strength analysis .................................................................................. 127
R.17 Structure alignment budget .................................................................................... 127
R.18 Structure buckling................................................................................................... 127
R.19 Structure mass summary ....................................................................................... 127
R.20 Test-analysis correlation ........................................................................................ 127
R.21 Test evaluation ....................................................................................................... 128
R.22 Test prediction........................................................................................................ 128
R.23 Test procedure (document controlled by ECSS-E-ST-10-03) ............................... 128
R.24 Test report (document controlled by ECSS-E-ST-10-03) ...................................... 128
R.25 Test specification (document controlled by ECSS-E-ST-10-03)............................ 128
R.26 Verification plan (document controlled by ECSS-E-ST-10-02).............................. 128

Annex S (informative) Effective mass definition ................................................129

Annex T (informative) E-32 discipline documents delivery per review.............132

Bibliography...........................................................................................................134

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1
Scope

ECSSEST32C (Space engineering Structural) defines the mechanical

engineeringrequirementsforstructuralengineering.
This Standard specifies the requirements to be considered in all engineering
aspects of structures: requirement definition and specification, design,
development,verification,production,inserviceandeventualdisposal.
The Standard applies to all general structural subsystem aspects of space
products including: launch vehicles, transfer vehicles, reentry vehicles,
spacecraft, landing probes and rovers, sounding rockets, payloads and
instruments,andstructuralpartsofallsubsystems.
ThisStandardmaybetailoredforthespecificcharacteristicsandconstraintsof
aspaceprojectinconformancewithECSSSST00.

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2
Normative references

The following normative documents contain provisions which, through

reference in this text, constitute provisions of this ECSS Standard. For dated
references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of any of these
publications,donotapply.However,partiestoagreementsbasedonthisECSS
Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most
recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated
referencesthelatesteditionofthepublicationreferredtoapplies.

ECSSSST0001 ECSSsystemGlossaryofterms
ECSSEST3201 SpaceengineeringFracturecontrol
ECSSEST3202 SpaceengineeringStructuraldesignandverificationof
pressurizedhardware
ECSSEST3210 SpaceengineeringReliabilitybasedmechanicalfactors
ofsafety
ECSSQST7036 SpaceproductassuranceMaterialselectionfor
controllingstresscorrosioncracking
ECSSQST7037 SpaceproductassuranceDeterminationofthe
susceptibilityofmetalstostresscorrosioncracking

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3
Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

3.1 Terms from other standards

For the purpose of this Standard, the terms and definitions from
ECSSSST0001apply.

3.2 Terms specific to the present standard

3.2.1 A-basis design allowable (A-value)
mechanical property value above which at least 99% of the population of
valuesisexpectedtofall,withaconfidencelevelof95%

3.2.2 B-basis design allowable (B-value)

mechanical property value above which at least 90% of the population of
valuesisexpectedtofall,withaconfidencelevelof95%

3.2.3 buckling
not stable equilibrium of a structure under loads applied statically or
dynamically
NOTE Buckling include snapping of slender beams,
buckling of flat plates, buckling of cylindrical
panels, three dimensionally curved shells, rib
crippling,andskinbucklingofasandwich.

3.2.4 composite material

combinationofmaterialsdifferentincompositionorformonamacroscale
NOTE1 Composite materials provide improved
characteristicsnotobtainablebyanyoftheoriginal
componentsactingalone
NOTE2 The constituents retain their identities in the
composite.
NOTE3 Normally the constituents can be physically
identified,andthereisaninterfacebetweenthem.
NOTE4 Compositesinclude
fibrous (composed of fibres, usually in a
matrix),

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laminar(layersofmaterials),and
hybrid(combinationsofanyoftheabove).
NOTE5 Composites material can be metallic, nonmetallic
oracombinationthereof.

3.2.5 composite structure

structurefullyorpartiallymadeofcompositematerials

3.2.6 contributing loads

loadswhichdecreasethemarginofsafety.

3.2.7 damage tolerance

capabilityofastructuretoresistfailureduetothepresenceofflaws,cracks,or
otherdamageforaspecifiedperiodofusagewithoutinspectionorrepair.

3.2.8 design allowable

statisticallybasedstrengthcapabilitywithrespecttoafailuremode
NOTE For example in terms of load resistance, stress
resistance, or strain limit with respect to rupture,
collapse,detrimentaldeformation.

3.2.9 design factor

factorusedinthedeterminationofDLLtoaccountforuncertainties
NOTE Design factor accounts for uncertainties related to
loads, models and project programmatic aspects
(i.e. protoflight approach, uncertainty in launcher
environment,maturityofdesign,growthpotential
andotherdesignconsiderations).

3.2.10 design limit load (DLL)

limitloadmultipliedbyadesignfactor
NOTE DesignfactorsaredefinedinECSSEST3210.

3.2.11 design load (DL)

designlimitloadordesignyieldloadordesignultimateload

3.2.12 design parameters

physicalfeatureswhichinfluencethedesignperformances
NOTE According to the nature of the design variables,
different design problems can be identified such
as:
structuralsizingforthedimensioningofbeams,
shells;
shapeoptimization;
materialselection;
structuraltopology.

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3.2.13 design ultimate load (DUL)
designlimitloadmultipliedbytheultimatesafetyfactor

3.2.14 design ultimate stress

stresscausedbythedesignultimateload
NOTE Withthisdefinitionnorelationexistswithultimate
strength.

3.2.15 design yield load (DYL)

designlimitloadmultipliedbytheyieldsafetyfactor

3.2.16 design yield stress

stresscausedbythedesignyieldload
NOTE With this definition no relation exists with yield
strength.

3.2.17 detrimental deformation

structuraldeformation,deflectionordisplacementthatpreventsanyportionof
the structure or other system from performing its intended function or that
reducestheprobabilityofsuccessfulcompletionofthemission

3.2.18 dynamic load

timevaryingloadwithdeterministicorstochasticdistribution

3.2.19 effective mass

measure of the mass portion associated to the mode shape with respect to a
referencesupportpoint

3.2.20 factor of safety (FOS)

factor by which design limit loads are multiplied in order to account for
uncertainties of the verification methods, and uncertainties in manufacturing
processandmaterialproperties
NOTE1 Factorofsafetyissynonymofsafetyfactor.
NOTE2 FS and SF are also recognized abbreviations used
forfactorofsafety
NOTE3 The factor of safety is a combination of factors
according to various sources of uncertainties. Its
magnitude is based on proven processes and
verification methods for analyses, tests and
manufacturing. To account for uncertainties of
analysis, higher values of factor of safety are
normally used for verification by analysis only.
Higher values of factors of safety are also used if
higher reliability is desired than was taken in the
limitloaddetermination.

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3.2.21 failure
rupture, collapse, degradation, excessive wear or any other phenomenon
resultinginaninabilitytosustaindesignlimitloads,pressures(e.g.MDP)and
environments

3.2.22 fail-safe structure

structuredesignedwithsufficientredundancytoensurethatthefailureofone
structuralelementdoesnotcausefailureoftheentirestructure
NOTE Nofactorofsafetyisappliedtodesignlimitloads
inthefailureanalysis.

3.2.23 flaw
localdiscontinuityinastructuralmaterial
NOTE Forexample:scratch,notch,crack,voidorporesin
case of metallic and homogenous non metallic
material; delamination or porosity in case of
compositematerial.

3.2.24 generalized mass

mass transformed by the mode shapes into the modal space (i.e. modal
coordinates)

3.2.25 limited service life items

hardwareitemthatrequiresperiodicreinspectionorreplacement

3.2.26 limit load (LL)

maximum load(s), which a structure is expected to experience with a given
probability, during the performance of specified missions in specified
environments

3.2.27 maximum design pressure (MDP)

pressureequaltoMEOP*Km*Kp
NOTE1 MDPcorrespondtodesignlimitloads
NOTE2 MDPisequalorlargerthanMEOP.
NOTE3 Km is a factor which takes into account the
representativity of the mathematical models
predicting MEOP and it is defined by the entity
defining MEOP (for definition of Km see ECSSE
ST3210Factorsofsafety).
NOTE4 Kp is the project factor (for definition of Kp see
ECSSEST3210Factorsofsafety)

3.2.28 maximum expected operating pressure (MEOP)

highestpressurethatasystemorcomponentisexpectedtoexperienceduring
itsmissionlifeinassociationwithitsapplicableenvironment
NOTE1 Formissionlifeseedefinitionin3.2.29.
NOTE2 MEOPcorrespondstolimitloads.

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NOTE3 MEOP includes effects of temperature and
accelerationonpressure,maximumreliefpressure,
maximumregulatorpressureandeffectsoffailures
withinthesystemoritscomponents.Theeffectof
pressure transient is assessed for each component
ofthesystemandusedtodefineitsMEOP.
NOTE4 MEOP includes effects of failures of an external
system (e.g. spacecraft), as specified by the
customer ,on systems (e.g. propulsion ) or
components.
NOTE5 MEOP does not include testing factors, which are
included in ECSSEST3202 Structural design
and verification of pressurized hardware and
ECSSEST1003Verification.

3.2.29 mission life

lifecyclefromdeliverytodisposal

3.2.30 primary structure

part of the structure that carries the main flight loads and defines the overall
stiffness

3.2.31 proof load

loadappliedduringaprooftest

3.2.32 proof test

test of flight hardware under the proof load or pressure, to give evidence of
satisfactory workmanship and material quality or to establish the initial crack
sizesinthehardware

3.2.33 random load

vibration load whose instantaneous magnitudes are specified only by
probabilitydistributionfunctionsgivingtheprobablefractionofthetotaltime
thattheinstantaneousmagnitudelieswithinaspecifiedrange
NOTE Random load contains no periodic or
quasiperiodicconstituents.

3.2.34 relieving loads

loadswhichincreasethemarginofsafety

3.2.35 residual stress

stressthatremainsinastructureafterprocessing,fabrication,assembly,testing
oroperation

3.2.36 safe life

fracture control design principle, for which the largest undetected defect that
canexistinthepartdoesnotgrowtofailurewhensubjectedtothecyclicand
sustainedloadsandenvironmentsencounteredintheservicelife

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3.2.37 safe life structure
structuredesignedaccordingtothesafelifedesignprinciple

3.2.38 scatter factor

factor by which the number of cycles or life time is multiplied in fatigue
analysis,fractureanalysis,thermalcyclinganalysisandtestinordertoaccount
foruncertaintiesinthestatisticaldistributionofloadsandcycles

3.2.39 service life

interval beginning with the last item inspection or flaw screening proof test
aftermanufacturing,andendingwithcompletionofitsspecifiedlife

3.2.40 secondary structure

structureattachedtotheprimarystructurewithnegligibleparticipationinthe
mainloadtransferandoverallstiffness

3.2.41 shock load

special type of transient load, where the load shows significantpeaksand the
durationoftheloadiswellbelowthetypicalresponsetimeofthestructure

3.2.42 (quasi) static loads

loadsindependentoftimeorwhichvaryslowly,sothatthedynamicresponse
ofthestructureisnotsignificant

3.2.43 stiffness
ratio between an applied force and the resulting displacement or between an
appliedmomentandthecorrespondingrotation

3.2.44 structural design

setofinformationdefiningthestructure,ortheprocessusedtogenerateit
NOTE Structural design is an iterative process. The
process starts with the conceptual design of
possible alternatives which can be considered to
satisfy the general performance requirements and
arelikelytomeetthemainmissionconstraints(e.g.
mass, interfaces, operation and cost). The various
concepts are then evaluated according to a set of
prioritisedcriteriainordertoselectthedesignsto
developinfurtherdetail.Themainpurposeofthe
evaluation is to identify the main mission
requirementsandtoestablishwhethertheselected
concepts meet the requirements. The selected
conceptsareevolvedandevaluatedinmoredetail
against a comprehensive set of mechanical
requirements and interface constraints which are
flowed down from the main mission and
functionalrequirements.

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3.2.45 structure
set of mechanical components or assemblies designed to sustain loads or
pressures,providestiffnessorstability,orprovidesupportorcontainment
NOTE The structure is usually split into primary and
secondarystructures.

3.2.46 transient load

deterministic load whose magnitude or direction varies with time and for
whichthedynamicresponseofthestructureissignificant

3.2.47 ultimate strength

themaximumloadorstressthatastructureormaterialcanwithstandwithout
incurringruptureorcollapse
NOTE Itisimpliedthattheconditionofstressrepresents
uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression, or pure
shear.

3.2.48 yield strength

maximum load or stress that a structure or material can withstand without
incurringaspecifiedpermanentdeformationoryield
NOTE Theyieldisusuallydeterminedbymeasuringthe
departure of the actual stressstrain diagram from
anextensionoftheinitialstraightproportion.The
specified value is often taken as a unit strain of
0,002.

3.3 Abbreviated terms

Forthepurposeofthisstandard,theabbreviatedtermsofECSSSST0001and
thefollowingapply:

Abbreviation Meaning
AIT assembly,integrationandtests
AOCS attitudeandorbitcontrolsystem
BIT builtintesting
CAD computeraideddesign
CAE computeraidedengineering
CAM computeraidedmanufacturing
COG centreofgravity
DDF designdefinitionfile
DJF designjustificationfile
DL designload
DLL designlimitload

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DOF degreeoffreedom
DRD documentrequirementdefinition
DUL designultimateload
DYL designyieldload
ECLS environmentcontrolandlifesupport
EMC electromagneticcompatibility
FCI fracturecriticalitem
FEA finiteelementanalysis
FE finiteelement
FM flightmodel
FMECA failuremode,effectsandcriticalityanalysis
FOS factor(s)ofsafety
FOSU factor(s)ofsafetyatultimate
FOSY factor(s)ofsafetyatyield
FSI fluidstructureinteraction
LCDA launchercoupleddynamicanalysis
LL limitload
MDP maximumdesignpressure
MEOP maximumexpectedoperatingpressure
MOS marginofsafety
NDT nondestructivetest
NDI nondestructiveinspection
OTM OutputTransformationMatrix
PFCI potentialfracturecriticalitem
PFO particlefallout
POGO propulsiongeneratedoscillations
r.m.s. rootmeansquare
SEP systemengineeringplan

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4
Requirements

4.1 Overview
Thestructuralengineeringproducesastructuralproductwhichconformstoits
functionalandperformancerequirementsby:
aimingforsimpleloadpaths,
maximizingtheuseofconventionalmaterials,
simplifyinginterfaces,and
providingeasyintegration.

4.2 Mission

4.2.1 Lifetime
a. Structural assemblies and components shall be designed to withstand
applied loads due to the mechanical environments to which they are
exposedduringtheservicelife.
b. Structural assemblies and components shall fulfil, in operation, the
missionobjectivesforthespecifiedduration.
c. Theservicelifeshallincludetheexpectedevents,withatleast:
1. transportation,handling,testingandstorage,and
2. allphasesofprelaunch,launch,operationanddescent.
NOTE Usually handling tools are provided such that
manufacturing,transportation,assembling,testing
and storage are not dimensioning cases of the
structure.
d. Thephases,applicableloadsanddurationshallbedeterminedusing:
1. the requirements of the structure (i.e. single mission, expendable,
reusableorlongtermdeployment),
2. the effect of all degradation mechanisms upon materials used in
the construction (i.e. both terrestrial and space environments and
allexpectedloadingregimes),and

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3. experiencewithsimilarstructures(e.g.qualificationandproblems
identifiedinservice).
e. Servicelifeevaluationsshalldetermine:
1. theinspectionandmaintenancerequirements,
2. theitemreplacementprocedure(preventivemaintenance),and
3. the inspection and repair procedures and intervals (corrective
maintenance).

4.2.2 Natural and induced environment

a. Components and assemblies for space applications shall be compatible
withthenaturalandinducedenvironments,including:
1. theonground,launchandoperationalenvironmentconditions,
2. the atmospheric conditions on earth in which they are
manufactured,storedandtested,includingcorrosioneffects,
3. theeffectsofgravitation,and
4. the exposure of sensitive materials to manufacturing and
atmosphericenvironments.
b. Provisions (e.g. gravitational compensation and purging) shall be made
fortheprotectionofequipmentorcomponents.
NOTE1 Thesensitivityofmaterialstotheenvironmenton
earth can determine the requirements for quality
controlprocedures.
NOTE2 The natural environment generally covers the
climatic, thermal, chemical and vacuum
conditions, cleanliness, levels of radiation and the
meteoroidandspacedebrisenvironment.
NOTE3 The induced environments cover the mechanical
loadsinducedbygroundhandlingandprelaunch
operations, launch, manoeuvres and disturbances,
reentry,descentandlanding.Additionalinduced
environments include static pressure within the
payload volume, temperature and thermal flux
variations and the electromagnetic and humidity
environments.

4.2.3 Mechanical environment

a. The mechanical environment shall be defined by static, thermal and
dynamicenvironmentloads.
b. The static and dynamic environment loads shall be defined in terms of
constant acceleration, transient, sinusoidal and random vibration,
acousticnoiseandshockloads.
c. Loadsshallbeusedintheworstcombinationsinwhichtheycanoccur.

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NOTE Theseverestloadsareexperiencedduringlaunch,
ascentandseparation,and,whererelevantduring
reentry,descentandlanding.
d. Definition of the mechanical environment shall include the loads which
canaffectstructuralintegrityandfunctionalperformance.

4.2.4 Microgravity, audible noise and human

induced vibration
a. Structural requirements derived from microgravity, audible noise and
humaninducedvibrationsystemlevelrequirementsshallbeidentified.

4.2.5 Load events

a. The relevant mechanical and thermal load events expected throughout
theservicelifeofthestructureshallbeidentified.
b. Loads shall be definedaccording to their nature,(i.e. static or dynamic)
andtheirlevel,occurrencetimeandduration.
c. Asaminimumthefollowingloadeventsshallbeused:
1. Groundandtestloads:
(a) handling,transportationandstorageloads,
(b) assemblyandintegrationloads,and
(c) groundtestloads.
2. Launch loads as defined by the launch services supplier and
including:
(a) launchpreparation,
(b) operationalpressures,
(c) engineignition,
(d) thrustbuiltup,
(e) abortedlaunch
(f) liftoff,
(g) thrust(constantorvaryingslowly),
(h) aerodynamicloads,
(i) heatfluxfromengineandaerodynamics,
(j) windandgust,
(k) dynamic interaction between the structure and propulsion
system,
(l) thrustdecay,
(m) acousticnoise,
(n) manoeuvres,

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(o) pyrotechnics,
(p) separationofparts(e.g.stage,fairingandspacecraft),and
(q) depressurization.
3. Inorbitloads:
(a) operationalpressures,
(b) staticanddynamicloadsinducedbythrusters,
(c) shocks due to pyrotechnical operation and deployment of
appendages,
(d) thermoelasticloadsinducedbytemperaturevariations,
(e) hygroscopicinduced load due to variations in moisture
content,
(f) microvibrations induced by moving elements (e.g.
momentumwheels)andthrusters,
(g) micrometeoroidsanddebris,
(h) docking,
(i) berthing,and
(j) crew induced loads (e.g. on handles, rails and by
movements).
4. Reentry,descentandlanding:
(a) aerodynamicloadsandthermalfluxes,
(b) parachuteejectionanddeploymentshocks,
(c) operationalpressures,
(d) landingloads,and
(e) impactloads.

4.2.6 Combined loads

a. Load combination rules shall be defined according to specified load
events by establishing the loads to be combined, their level and
mathematicalcombinationprocedures
NOTE For example mathematical combination
procedureslikelinearsuperpositionorrootofthe
sumofthesquares.
b. Loadapplicationsequenceshallbedefined.
NOTE For example to account for any nonlinear effect
dependingonloadapplicationsequence.
c. Factors of safety for combined loads shall be defined at yield and
ultimatelevel,andforthetests.

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d. Relievingloadswhichareindependentfromcontributingloadsshallbe
combined at their minimum operating value without any design factor
norFOS.
NOTE This requirement aims at avoiding overestimation
ofrelievingeffectsduetocombinationofloads.

4.2.7 Limit loads

a. Thelimitloadsarederivedasfollows:
1. Forcaseswherearepresentativestatisticaldistributionoftheloads
isknown,thelimitloadshallbedefinedastheloadlevelnotbeing
exceededwithaprobabilityof99%andaconfidencelevelof90%
duringtheservicelife.
2. Forcaseswhereastatisticaldistributionoftheloadsisnotknown
thelimitloadsshallbeagreedwiththecostumer.
NOTE It is good practice to determine the loads using
conservativeassumptions.
3. For pressurised systems, the maximum expected operating
pressure(MEOP)shallbepartofthelimitloads.
b. ForGaussiandistributedrandomloadsforverification,withazeromean
value,thelimitloadcontributionshallbederivedasstandarddeviation
multipliedbythree,i.e.3rootmeansquare(r.m.s.).

4.2.8 Design limit loads

a. The design limit loads shall be derived by multiplication of the limit
loadsbythedesignfactors.
b. Designfactorsshallbesystemdefined.
c. For pressurised systems, the maximum design pressure (MDP) shall be
partofthedesignlimitloads.

4.3 Functionality

4.3.1 Overview
For the design, manufacturing, verification, operation and maintenance of
metallic and nonmetallic pressurized hardware see the requirements of
ECSSEST3202.ForfracturecontrolprogrammeseeECSSEST3201.

4.3.2 Strength
a. The structure shall withstand the design limit loads without failing or
exhibiting permanent deformations that can endanger the mission
objectives.

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4.3.3 Local yielding

a. For metal structures or metal structure components local yielding may
exist, provided it does not cause overall permanent set, instability or
fatiguefailureofthestructure

4.3.4 Buckling
a. The stability (i.e. no buckling) of the structure shall be verified for the
designloads.
b. Localbucklingshallbepreventedunless:
1. thebucklingisreversible,and
2. the resulting stiffness and deformations still conform to the
structuralandfunctionalrequirements,and
3. a postbuckling investigation (by analysis or test) demonstrates
positivemarginsagainstfailure.

4.3.5 Stiffness
a. Stiffnessrequirementsunderthespecifiedloadandboundaryconditions
shallbeidentified.
NOTE Stiffnessisoftenexpressedintermsofaminimum
naturalfrequencyrequirement.
b. The stiffness of subassemblies and components and interfaces shall be
suchthatthestructuralandfunctionalperformancerequirementsaremet
NOTE For example avoiding deformations leading to
violationsofspecifiedenvelopes,gappingatjoints,
the creationof inefficient load pathsand dynamic
coupling with other subsystems e.g. Attitude and
OrbitalControlSystem.

4.3.6 Dynamic behaviour

a. The natural frequencies of a structure shall be within specified
bandwidths preventing dynamic coupling with major excitation
frequencies
NOTE For example launch vehicle fundamental
frequencies.

4.3.7 Thermal
a. Constraints imposed by the thermal designand impacting the structure
shallbeidentified.
b. The temperatures and temperature variations and gradients during all
phasesofamission,includingmanufacturingandstorage,shallbeused,

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both in the material selection and in the design in order to achieve the
specifiedfunctionalandstructuralperformance.

4.3.8 Damage tolerance

a. Damagetolerancedesignprinciplesshallbeapplied.
NOTE Design principles can include failsafe design
(redundancy) of attachment points, and damage
tolerantmaterials.
b. The resistance of the structure against manufacturing defects and the
result of accidental damage (e.g. low energy impact) shall be taken into
accountinthedesign.
NOTE Astructureisconsideredtoleranttodamageifthe
amount of general degradation or the size and
distribution of local defects expected during
operation does not lead to structural degradation
belowspecifiedperformance.

4.3.9 Tolerances and alignments

a. The accuracy of the tolerances applied to the mechanical design shall
guaranteeconformancetogeometricalinterfacerequirements.
b. The impacts of the assembly alignment and pointing accuracy
requirementsontheangularandpositiontolerancesshallbeidentified.
c. In cases where alignment adjustability is specified, either at assembly
level or at spacecraft level, these provisions shall be included in the
mechanical design together with the devices (e.g. alignment cubes) for
measurementorcheckingofthealignment.

4.3.10 Electrical conductivity

a. Structural requirements derived from electrical conductivity
requirementsshallbeidentified.

4.3.11 Lightning protection

a. Thestructureshallbedesignedto
1. dissipatestaticelectricalcharges,
2. provideelectromagneticprotection,and
3. providemeansofdivertingelectricalcurrentarisingfromlightning
strikesoasnottoendangerthevehicle.

4.3.12 Electromagnetic compatibility

a. Structural requirements derived from electromagnetic compatibility
requirementsshallbeidentified.

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4.3.13 Dimensional stability

a. Impact of system requirements on dimensional stability of the structure
shallbeidentified.
NOTE Dimensional stability requirements address the
short, medium and long term alignment stability
of a space structure under the operational
environment.
b. The mechanical design of a structure shall ensure that no loss of
alignmentcausedbytheactionofappliedloadsandmaterialstabilitycan
jeopardiseordegradethemissionobjectives.
NOTE Structure stability can be affected for example by
launch loads, deployment loads, thermal and
moisturerelease.

4.4 Interface
a. Thedesignofstructuralassembliesshallbecompatiblewithinternaland
external interfaces, which can affect or be affected by adjacent systems,
subsystemsorassemblies.
b. Mechanicalsubsysteminternalinterfacesshallinclude:
1. thermalcontrol,
2. mechanisms,
3. ECLS,
4. propulsion,
5. pyrotechnics,
6. mechanicalparts,and
7. materials.
c. Externalinterfacesshallinclude:
1. spacecraftlauncherinterface,
2. humanfactorsandergonomics
3. interfaceswithequipment,opticsandavionics,
4. rendezvousanddocking,robotics,
5. ground support equipment for preflight and postflight
operations,and
6. supportequipmentforinorbitoperations.
d. Interfacesshallbeexplicitlydefinedwithrespecttothefollowing:
1. Designrequirements.
NOTE These include areas, volumes, alignments, surface
finishing and properties, tolerances, geometry,
flatness, fixations, conductibility, constraints

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imposedbythelauncher(e.g.geometric,staticand
dynamic envelopes) and by design concepts (e.g.
thermal and optical design), mass and inertia
properties.
2. External loads applied to the interfaces, including temperature
effectsandoverfluxescausedbyadjacentstructures.
3. Globalandlocalstiffness.
4. Electrical,magneticandradiofrequencyaspects,whereapplicable

4.5 Design

4.5.1 Inspectability
a. To ensure structural integrity, the requirement to inspect a component,
assemblyorstructureshallbemetduringthefollowing:
1. atvariousstagesthroughoutmanufacture,
2. atvariousstagesduringassembly,
3. aftertesting,and
4. inservice.
b. AnNDIpolicyshallbedefinedandincorporatedintothedesignprocess
usingtheinspectabilityofpartsandaccessforinspectionequipmentand
personnel.
c. For structures subject to fracture control the NDI policy shall be
consistentwiththeassumptionmadeforthefracturecontrolverification,
andasspecifiedinECSSEST3201.

4.5.2 Interchangeability
a. All parts or subassemblies identified by an item number shall be
functionally and dimensionally interchangeable with items which are
identicallynumbered.
NOTE It is not guaranteed that parts or subassemblies
which are match drilled during assembly are
interchangeable.

4.5.3 Maintainability
a. Themechanicaldesignshallbeperformedinsuchawaythatassembly,
integrationandrepairandmaintenanceactivitiescanbecarriedoutwith
toolsandtestequipmentagreedwiththecustomer.
NOTE It is good practice to minimize the number of
specialtoolsandequipmenttominimizecost.

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b. The maintenance activity during storage and ground life should be
avoided.
c. Themaintenanceprogrammeshall
1. includeamaintenanceprotocol,and
2. define measurable parameters for all operations, and during all
projectphases,includingatleastthefollowing:
(a) meantimetorepair,
(b) limitedlife,
(c) faultdetectionandisolationcapability,
(d) sparesrequirements,and
(e) groundstoragerequirements.
d. Theresultsofthemaintenanceprogrammeevaluationshall
1. avoidalterationsandreplacementofparts,
2. form the criteria with which various concept designs are
evaluated.
e. Structures that are not accessible shall be maintenance free during
servicelife.

4.5.4 Dismountability
a. Themechanicaldesignshallenableremovalandreplacementof:
1. secondarystructures,
2. equipment,and
3. payload.

4.5.5 Mass and inertia properties

a. Mass and inertia properties of the structure shall be determined during
allphasesofthedesign
NOTE Mass and inertia properties can be estimated,
calculatedormeasured.
b. Mass and inertia properties shall be compliant with the mass budget
allocation.
NOTE The mass and inertia properties of a structure
comprise its mass, the location of its centre of
gravity, its moments and products of inertia,and,
whereapplicable,itsbalancingmasses.

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4.5.6 Material selection

4.5.6.1 Overview
Forrequirementsonmaterialselection,seeECSSQST70andECSSEST3208.

4.5.6.2 Corrosion effects

a. Thematerialselectedforcorrosionresistanceshallbecompatiblewith:
1. thespecificenvironment,
2. interactionwithcontainedfluid,
3. design, fabrication, storage of individual and assembled
components,
4. interactionswithdissimilarmaterials,and
5. susceptibilitytofrettingandcrackinitiation.
NOTE Corrosioncanberegardedasanydeteriorationin
thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofamaterial
duetotheenvironmenttowhichtheyareexposed.
b. In cases where the behaviour of a material in a specific environment is
not known, corrosion tests of representative materials (composition and
condition)shall be performed, either under the service conditions, or in
moresevereconditions(acceleratedtesting).
c. Foralloys,andtheirweldments,notincludedintableAlloyswithhigh
resistance to stresscorrosion cracking of ECSSQST7036, their
characteristics on susceptibility to stresscorrosion cracking shall be
demonstratedbytestinconformancewithECSSQST7037.
NOTE1 These materials have been tested and
demonstrated to have a high resistance to stress
corrosion cracking and therefore can be used for
thispurpose.
NOTE2 Metals,alloys and weldments not present in table
Alloys with high resistance to stresscorrosion
crackingofECSSQST7036canbeapprovedfor
structural applications by means of the stress
corrosion evaluation form specified in the
AnnexAofECSSQST7036.

4.5.7 Mechanical parts selection

Forrequirementsonselectionofmechanicalparts,seeECSSQST70.

4.5.8 Material design allowables

a. For structural material, design allowables shall be statistically derived
coveringalloperationalenvironments.

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b. The scatter bands of the data shall be derived and design allowables
definedintermsoffractionsoftheirstatisticaldistributionwithAbasis
orBbasisspecifiedlevelsofreliabilityandconfidence.
c. Foreachtypeoftesttheminimumnumberoftestspecimensshallbe:
1. ten(10)toestablishAvalues,and
2. five(5)toestablishBvalues.
d. Ifthematerialisdeliveredinseveralbatches,thedesignallowablestest
programme shall evaluate the variations from batch to batch by
performing sample tests at regular intervals during the production
sequence.
e. Inthecasesspecifiedind)above,preliminarydesignallowablesmaybe
basedontheinitiallysmallsamplesize,andupgradedasthesamplesize
increasesbytestsofnewlyarrivingbatches.
NOTE1 For material testing requirements, see ECSSEST
3208andECSSEHB3220.
NOTE2 Probabilistic descriptions of the strength
distribution of materials are usually based on the
normal, lognormal or the Weibull distribution.
Regardlessofthekindofdistribution,distribution
curves and fractiles cannot be uniquely identified
duetothedatascatter.Thevaluesareassumedto
liewithinanintervalboundedbyupperandlower
confidence limits. When design allowables are
deduced from a regression line based on a small
number of test specimens the confidence in such
allowables is low. Larger numbers of test
specimens generally do not change the shape of
the regression line, but the confidence in the
statisticalevaluationincreases.
NOTE3 The test database can be broadened by the
inclusion of compatible data from acceptance and
developmenttests.

4.5.9 Metals
a. AlldesignallowablesformetalsshallbedefinedbytheirAvalues.
b. Forunpressurizedmetalstructures,Bvaluesmaybeusedinredundant
structure in which the failure of a component can result in a safe
redistributionofappliedloadstootherloadcarryingstructures.
c. Allothermetalmaterialpropertiesshallbedefinedbyaveragevalues.

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4.5.10 Non-metallic materials

4.5.10.1 Glass and ceramics

a. Design allowables for glass and ceramics shall be derived through a
probabilisticapproach,coveringallsizeeffects.
NOTE Forbrittlematerialssuchasglassandceramicsthe
lackofductilityresultsinverylowfailurestrains.
Thelargescatterobservedincomponenttestingis
primarily caused by the variable severity of flaws
distributed within the material (volume flaws) or
flaws extrinsic to the material volume (surface
flaws). The different physical nature of the flaws
result in dissimilar failure response to identical
external loading conditions. Due to the random
distribution of flaws the failure of a complex
structuralpartcanbeinitiatednotonlyatthepoint
ofhigheststress.

4.5.10.2 Non-metallics other than glass and ceramics

a. Designallowablesforothernonmetals,(stressorstrain)shallbedefined
bytheirAvalues.
b. For unpressurized nonmetallic structures, Bvalues may be used in
redundant structurein which the failure ofa component can result ina
saferedistributionofappliedloadstootherloadcarryingstructures.
c. The material properties other than those specified in 4.5.10.2a and
4.5.10.2bshallbedefinedbyaveragevalues.

4.5.11 Composite materials

a. All design allowables for composite materials (stress or strain) shall be
definedbytheirAvalues.
b. For unpressurized structures in composite materials, Bvalues may be
used in redundant structure in which the failure of a component can
result in a safe redistribution of applied loads to other loadcarrying
structures.
NOTE For structures made in composite materials, a
progressive failure analysis methodology can be
used to demonstrate that the material is
intrinsically redundant, i.e. it maintains the
required load carrying capability after initial
damage or failure of one component (e.g. after
failureofthemostcriticallamina).
c. All the material properties other than those specified in 4.5.11a and
4.5.11bshallbedefinedbytheiraveragevalues.
NOTE The strength and stiffness of composite fibre
reinforced materials are functions of fibre

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properties, matrix properties, fibre content and
orientation of fibres. The properties of composites
are determined by both fibres and matrix. By
placing fibres in different directions, the material
properties can range from highly anisotropic to
quasiisotropic.

4.5.12 Adhesive materials in bonded joints

a. All design allowables for adhesive materials in bonded joints (stress or
strain)shallbedefinedaccordingtostandardsagreedwiththecustomer.

4.5.13 Ablation and pyrolysis

a. Impact of material changes due to ablation and pyrolysis shall be
identified.
b. In cases where the behaviour of a material in a specific environment is
not known, ablation and pyrolysis tests of representative materials
(compositionandcondition)shallbeperformed,eitherundertheservice
conditions,orinmoresevereconditions(acceleratedtesting).

4.5.14 Micrometeoroid and debris collision

a. Pressurised structures, tanks, battery cells, pipes, electronic boxes and
other specified equipment shall be protected from micrometeoroid and
debrisimpactinordertopreventlossoffunctionalities.
b. Theselectionanddesignofmaterialanddebrisprotectionsystemsshall
bebasedonaspecifiedprobabilityofsurvival.
NOTE For a given hardware design and configuration,
the probability of survival is influenced by the
probability of impact, critical debris size, material
response to hypervelocity impacts, impact face;
back face (spalling), mission duration, spacecraft
orientationandmultipleimpacts.

4.5.15 Venting
a. Provisionshallbemadeinthedesignofthestructureforventing.
NOTE In order to prevent a buildup of excess pressure
andtoreducethetimetoevacuatethestructure,a
minimumratioofventingareatoenclosedvolume
isusuallyneededforventing.
b. Incasethatprovisiona.isnotmade,thestructureshallwithstandbuild
uppressure(includingsafetyfactors).
c. The openings for venting shall be compatible with the purging system
gassupplypressureandflowrate.

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NOTE The openings for venting can be used to prevent
contaminationorriskofexplosion.

4.5.16 Margin of safety (MOS)

a. Marginsofsafety(MOS)shallbecalculatedbythefollowingformula:

design allowable load

MOS = 1
design limit load FOS
NOTE Loadscanbereplacedbystressesiftheloadstress
relationshipislinear.
b. Allmarginsofsafetyshallbepositive.
c. The margins of safety for combined loads shall be computed by the
followingprocedure:
1. definetheloadcombinationappliedatacertaindesignlevel(limit,
yield or ultimate), according to the specified FOS for combined
loads;
2. calculatethemarginofsafetyas:
MOS=1
where , called reserve factor, is the ratio between design
allowableanddesignload.
d. MOSshallbecomputedbyaccountingforinteractionsofdifferenttypes
offailures(e.g.failureofaboltduetoshearandtension)
NOTE The following interaction equation is normally
usedtocomputeforinteractingfailuretypes:

R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 ... = 1
where , , , and are experimental exponents
and Ri are the ratios between the ith DLL x FOS
andtheallowableload(whichcausesthefailureif
theithloadisappliedalone)

4.5.17 Factors of safety (FOS)

4.5.17.1 Overview
The selection of appropriate factors of safety for a specific structural element
depends on parameters, which are related to loads, design, structural
verification approach, model philosophy and manufacturing aspects. Such
aspectsincludethefollowing:
pressurizedstructures,
humanpresence,
flighthardwareorgroundsupportequipment,
materialtype,

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joints,bearings,welds,
verificationbytest,
verificationbyanalysisonly,
thermalloads,
ageingeffects,
emergencyloads,
failsafestructureverification,and
dimensionalstability.

4.5.17.2 FOS requirements

a. Factors of safety shall be determined considering the uncertainty of
loads,design,material,manufacturingandverificationparameters
b. FactorsofsafetylistedinECSSEST3210andECSSEST3202shallbe
applied.

4.5.18 Scatter factors

a. Ascatterfactoroffour(4)shallbeusedinfatigueanalysis.
NOTE1 The scatter factor is applied to the number of
cycles of a certain load level in order to cover the
uncertainties of loads and material properties.
Usuallyformetallicmaterialsascatterfactorof4is
applied. However, for specific applications (e.g.
pressure vessels and low cycle fatigue) higher
values are commonly used (e.g. 5 for pressure
vessels).
NOTE2 For composite materials in some cases a factor on
the stress (e.g. 1.15) is defined instead of a scatter
factorontheloadcycles
NOTE3 Thenumberofcyclescanbebasedonthenumber
of possible repetitions of tests (e.g. 1 qualification
vibration plus 3 possible repetitions) specified by
theproject.

4.6 Verification

4.6.1 Overview
For general requirements on verification, verification programme and
verificationmethods,seeECSSEST1002.

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4.6.2 Verification by analysis

4.6.2.1 General
a. Analysismethodsshallbeagreedbetweencustomerandsupplier.
NOTE Different state of the art analysis methods are
available, such as handbooks, standards or
validatednumericalsolutions.
b. Amathematicalmodel(e.g.finiteelementmodel)shallbedevelopedfor
primaryandsecondarystructure.
c. A mathematical model shall be developed and delivered for launcher
coupleddynamicanalysis(LCDA).
d. Itshallbedemonstratedthattheanalysistoolsusedareadequateforthe
intendedpurpose.
e. Ajustificationofassumptionsmadeintools,methods,modelsandinput
datashallbeprovided.
f. Theinfluenceoftolerances(includingoveralldimensionsandthickness)
shallbeassessedwheneverpotentiallycritical.
g. Allanalysisdatashallbetraceable,andtheorganizationresponsiblefor
the analysis shall provide procedures to ensure data traceability during
thelifeoftheproduct.

4.6.2.2 Modelling aspects

a. It shall be demonstrated that the mathematical models is adequate to
performtheforeseenanalysis.
NOTE1 Finite element mathematical models meet the
requirementsdetailedinECSSEST3203.
NOTE2 Analysis is based on mathematical models which
are representative of the structural behaviour.
Thesemodelshelpthedesignertoassesshowthe
designfulfilsstructuralrequirementsandgivesan
insightonhowtoimprovethedesign.
NOTE3 The mathematical models enable preparation of
experimental testing and verification of
requirements not demonstrable by tests, e.g.
throughcoupledanalysis.
NOTE4 The mathematical models help in defining load
casesorcombinationofloadcases.
NOTE5 The mathematical models can also give designers
insightonsensitivityofthedesignwithrespectto
uncertainties.
b. Mathematical models shall be validated by correlation with test results
forspecificneeds.

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4.6.2.3 Static analysis
a. Staticanalysisshallbeperformedtoverifythatthestructuralresponses
(e.g. displacements, forces, stresses and internal loads) to (quasi) static
loadsconformtothestructuralrequirements.
b. The static analysis shall use representative load introduction, load
distributionandboundaryconditions.
c. Provisionsshallbemadetoincludetheeffectsofresidualstressesdueto
themanufacturingprocess(e.g.welding).
d. Staticanalysisshalltakeintoaccountstressconcentrations.
NOTE Stressconcentrationsessentiallytakeplaceinareas
with steeply varying shape or section and with
notches (macro and micro stress raisers). For
metals stress concentrations are known to have a
detrimental effect on fatigue lifetime. For fibre
reinforced plastics stress concentrations have a
detrimentaleffectonstaticstrength.

4.6.2.4 Modal analysis

a. Modalanalysisshallbeperformedto
1. verify that the structure conforms to the natural frequency
requirements,and
2. determine associated modal characteristics (e.g. natural
frequencies,modeshapes,generalizedandeffectivemasses).
b. Pretensionandspineffectsshallbeincluded.
c. Forlargelightweightstructures(e.g.solararrays,antennareflectors),the
effectofthesurroundingairshallbeincludedintheanalysis.

4.6.2.5 Dynamic response analysis

a. Dynamicresponseanalysisshallbeusedtoverifythestructuralresponse
duetoexcitations(e.g.forceormotioninputsviamechanicalinterfaces,
thermalinputsuchaseclipsetransitions,spinnercentrifugalforces,and
possible combination thereof) either in the frequency domain (e.g. sine
and random) or time domain (transient) according to the definition of
loads.
b. Coupledloadsanalysesareperformedtoverifytheloadsresultingfrom
dynamicbehaviourofstructuralassembliesasfollows:
1. The mathematical models applied in coupled analyses shall
represent the structural assemblies by characterization of the
dynamic parameters, namely natural frequencies, mode shapes,
associatedgeneralizedandeffectivemasses,anddamping.
2. The characterization of natural frequencies with small effective
masses(e.g.multilayerinsulation)neednotbeperformedifitcan
be shown that these modes do not participate to the overall
dynamicbehaviour.

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4.6.2.6 Acoustics analysis
a. Acoustic analysis shall be used to calculate the characteristics of the
pressurefieldduetoacousticsources.
b. Response analysis shall be performed to verify structural response to
acousticfieldsincludingacousticfatigue.

4.6.2.7 Fluid structure interaction (FSI)

a. The structure shall be verifiedagainst the effects of the interaction with
fluids(e.g.sloshing,POGO,cavitationeffectsandpressurefields).

4.6.2.8 Fatigue analysis

a. Fatigueanalysisshallbeperformedtoverifythatfatiguedefect(crackor
delamination) initiation or propagation resulting in structural failure or
functional degradation cannot occur throughout the service life of the
structure.
b. Effectsofstressconcentrationsshallbeincludedintheanalysis.
c. The life of the structure shall be verified for the specified service life
multiplied by the specified scatter factor considering the most
unfavourableloadsequencewithineachevent.
d. Design limit loads (multiplied by factors of safety specified by the
customerforfatigue)shallbeusedforfatigueanalysis.
e. Alternate, permanent, and acoustic loads and their combination and
sequenceshallbeusedtoperformthefatigueanalysis.
NOTE1 Fatigue analysis normally uses a cumulative
damage approach which estimates fatigue life
fromstressspectraandfatiguematerialallowables
(SNorWhlercurves).
NOTE2 Thefollowingsafetyfactorsareusuallyappliedfor
fatigueanalysis:1,0formetallicmaterials,and1,15
forcompositematerials.

4.6.2.9 Fracture control analysis

Forfracturecontrolanalysisrequirements,seeECSSEST3201.

4.6.2.10 Buckling analysis

a. Bucklinganalysisshallbeusedtopredicttheloadsatwhichtheonsetof
structuralinstabilityoccurs.
b. For cases where elastic fully reversible buckling is accepted,
postbucklingbehaviourshallbeanalysed.
c. Effects on stability of boundary conditions, defects and geometrical
imperfectionsinthestructureshallbeincludedinthebucklinganalysis.
NOTE Geometrical imperfections refer to any deviation
from the nominal shape including effect due to
assemblytolerances.

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d. Minimumgaugeshallbeusedforbucklinganalysis.

4.6.2.11 Thermo-elastic and Hygro-thermal analysis

a. Thermoelastic analysis shall be performed to compute stresses and
deformationsduetooccurringtemperatures.
NOTE To perform thermoelastic analysis temperature
distributions defined by thermal analysis are
usuallymappedonthestructuralmodel.
b. Hygrothermalanalysisshallbeperformedtocomputedeformationsdue
tooccurringmoisturereleaseorabsorbtion.

4.6.2.12 Bonded joints

a. The analysis of bonded joints shall be performed in accordance with
standardsorproceduresagreedwiththecustomer.
NOTE1 For the mechanical characteristics of the bonded
jointsthefollowingisusuallytakenintoaccount:
the influence of the characteristics of the
adhesive,
thematerialoftheadherents
anysurfacetreatments,
thedimensionsofthebondedareas,and
therelativestiffnessoftheparts.
NOTE2 Forbondedjoints,seeECSSEHB3221.

4.6.2.13 Bolted joints

a. Bolted joints shall be analysed according to standards or procedures
agreedwiththecustomer.
NOTE Forboltedjoints,seeECSSEHB3223.

4.6.2.14 Welded joints

a. Welded joints shall be analysed according to standards or procedures
agreedwiththecustomer.
NOTE Theanalyticalverificationofweldedjointsusually
takesintoaccountthefollowing:
stressconcentrations,
typeandqualityoftheweld,
local maximum allowable geometrical defects
(e.g.mismatchandpeaking),and
residual stresses and material characteristics
changesduetolocalheatingandcooling.

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4.6.2.15 Riveted joints
a. Riveted joints shall be analysed according to standards or procedures
agreedwiththecustomer.

4.6.2.16 Inserts
a. Inserts shall be analysed according to standards or procedures agreed
withthecustomer.
NOTE1 Inserts are generally used in sandwich
constructionswithcoresoflowstrength.
NOTE2 Forinserts,seeECSSEHB3222.

4.6.2.17 Aeroelastic analysis

a. Aeroelastic analysis shall be used to assess the interaction between the
aerodynamicflowandthestructure.

4.6.2.18 Mass and inertia properties

a. The inertia properties shall be computed according to the specified
accuracyusingtheinertiamatrixofindividualcomponents.
b. Theinertiapropertiesshallbemonitoredandpresentedinamassbudget
reportissuedonaregularbasisagreedwiththecustomer.
c. A breakdown of mass to component level shall be given together with
masscontingencyestimatesbasedonthedesignmaturity.
d. Themassandinertiadatashallincludethefollowing:
1. mass,
2. coordinates of the centre of mass with respect to specified co
ordinatesystem,
3. moments of inertia with respect to specified coordinate system,
and
4. theprincipalmomentsofinertiaandtheirorientationwithrespect
tospecifiedcoordinatesystem.

4.6.2.19 Alignments
a. Itshallbedemonstratedbyanalysisthatalignmentrequirementscanbe
metwiththechosendesigntolerances.

4.6.2.20 Dimensional stability

a. Short,mediumandlongtermeffectsshallbeincludedintheanalysisto
determinethedimensionalstabilityofthestructure.
b. A stability budget shall be established and the contributors shall be
identified,analysedandallocated.
NOTE Examples of contributors affecting dimensional
stability are: thermoelastic effects, moisture

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release, inorbit loads, zerogravity environment,
microvibrations, material ageing (material
property changes), material dimensional
instability,settingeffectandspineffect.

4.6.2.21 Micro-vibrations, microgravity, audible noise and

human induced vibration analysis
a. The structural responses at the locations of sensitive receivers due to
disturbancesourcesshallbeanalysed.
NOTE Disturbance sources are e.g. reaction wheels,
humaninducedvibrations,microcracking.

4.6.3 Verification by test

4.6.3.1 Overview
Forgeneralrequirementsanddefinitionsonverificationbytest,seeECSSEST
1002andECSSEST1003.

4.6.3.2 General
a. Thetestobjectivesandsuccesscriteriashallbespecified.
b. Theadequacyofthetestprocedurewithregardtothetestobjectivesshall
beverifiedbeforethetest.
c. Checkingofthetestconformancewithregardtothetestprocedureshall
beperformedafterthetest.
d. Theimpactofdeviationsontheadequacyofthetestwithrespecttothe
testobjectivesshallbeevaluated.
e. Differences between test conditions and expected operating conditions
(e.g.boundaryconditions,gravityandatmosphere)shallbeidentified.
f. Correction factors shall be applied to test loads to correct the effects of
thedifferencesidentifiedinclausee.ontheoperatingconditions.
g. Thetestresultsshallbeevaluatedwithrespecttotherequirementstobe
verified.
h. Test data shall be used to validate mathematical models for specific
needs.

4.6.3.3 Model philosophy

a. Oneofthefollowingtestmodelphilosophiesshallbeapplied:
1. prototypeapproach,
2. protoflightapproach,or
3. hybridapproach

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4.6.3.4 Development tests
a. For materials, design concepts and expected critical parts not
documented in previous applications, development tests shall be
performedto:
1. evaluatethedesignchoices,
2. supportandcheckanalysismethods,
3. determinethefailuremodes,
4. supportqualificationandacceptancetestdefinition.
NOTE1 Developmenttestscanbeperformedon:
specimens(e.g.totestmaterialproperties),
structuralpartsorcomponents,or
thewholestructure.
NOTE2 Development tests can include static tests and
other tests (e.g. fracture mechanics test, thermal
distortiontest).

4.6.3.5 Qualification tests

a. Qualificationtestsshallbeperformedtoverifythatthestructuredesign
andmanufacturingtechniquefulfilspecificationrequirements.
NOTE Qualificationtestscanincludestatictests,dynamic
and acoustic tests, and other tests (e.g. thermal
stresstest).
b. Qualification test shall account for the worst hardware characteristics
whichcanbepresentinaflightunitbutarenotpresentinthetestunit
(e.g.bymeansofdedicatedcorrectionfactors).

4.6.3.6 Acceptance tests

a. Acceptancetestsshallbeperformedontheflighthardware.
NOTE1 Acceptance tests are performed to demonstrate
that no workmanship defect prevents a structure
itemtofulfilspecificationrequirements.
NOTE2 Acceptancetestscanincludestatictests(including
proof pressure tests), dynamic and acoustic tests,
andothertests(e.g.dimensionalstabilitytests)
NOTE3 Acceptancetestscanincludethefollowingtypesof
tests:
proofpressuretestsofpressurizedhardware;
testsofcompositestructures(seeclause4.6.4);
prooftestsonsandwichinserts;
structure related functional tests (e.g.
mechanismorleakagetests);
dynamictestsonequippedsubassemblies.

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4.6.3.7 Static test
a. Statictestshallbeperformedto:
1. demonstratethatthestructureisabletocarryaspecifiedloadtype
andlevel(e.g.qualificationload)withoutfailure;
2. verifythestructuralstiffness;
3. verifythestaticmathematicalmodel(ataspecifiedloadlevel).
b. Failuretest(e.g.byruptureorbuckling)shallbeperformedtodetermine
the loadcarrying capability of the structure and to confirm type of the
realfailuremode.
c. Thefollowingrequirementsapplytostatictestconditions:
1. boundaryconditionsshallbedemonstratedtoberepresentativeof
flightboundaryconstraintsoralternativelytestforcesonboundary
constraintsshallbemeasured;
2. dummy structure used in the test shall be demonstrated to be
representative as regard the stiffness and the constraints of the
replacedflightcomponent.

4.6.3.8 Modal survey test

a. Modalsurveytestshallbeperformedtoverifythemodalcharacteristics.
NOTE SeeECSSEST3211.

4.6.3.9 Dynamic tests: sine, random, shock

a. Dynamictests(sine,random,shock)shallbeperformedtoverify:
1. the dynamic behaviour, in terms of accelerations and interface
forces(includingunitsandappendages)
2. thecompliancetothestiffnessrequirements,and
3. thestrengthandalignmentstabilityunderdynamicloads.

4.6.3.10 Acoustic test

a. Acoustictestsshallbeperformedtoverify:
1. the ability of the structure and its equipment to withstand the
vibrationsinducedbythespecifiedacousticfield.
2. the random dynamic design environment for subsystems and
equipment.

4.6.3.11 Fatigue and fracture test

a. Fatigue and fracture tests shall verify that the structure can survive,
without degradation, at least the predicted service life cycles with the
specifiedscatterfactor.

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b. Fatigue tests shall verify that the cyclic loads do not cause cracks or
cracklike defects that endanger integrity of the structure or change the
behaviourinanunacceptablemanner.
c. Fracture tests shall verify that initial cracks or cracklike defects which
canbepresentinthestructureafterapplicationofNDIdonotpropagate,
due to cyclic or constant loading, up to a critical value, which causes
structuralfailure.

4.6.3.12 Micro-vibrations, microgravity, audible noise and

human induced vibration tests
a. The conformance to requirements on microvibrations and microgravity
disturbancesoriginatingfromthestructureshallbeverifiedbytest.
b. Structural and acoustic to structural transmissibilities shall be validated
bytest.

4.6.3.13 Non- destructive inspection and test

a. Anondestructiveinspectionandtestshallbeperformedonthestructure
to verify that no defect (e.g. crack, delamination, porosity, impact
damage,scratches)largerthanthesizespecifiedbyrequirements(e.g.life
orleak)arepresent.
NOTE Nondestructive tests evaluate or quantitatively
measurepropertiesordetectdefectsinmaterialsor
structural components or whole structures which
do not cause a permanent change to the item
under test, e.g. visual inspection, ultrasonics,
holography,eddycurrentandleaktest.

4.6.3.14 Thermo-elastic test

a. The adequacy of the structure to withstand thermal loads shall be
verifiedbytest.
b. Conformance of thermoelastic distortion to requirements shall be
verifiedbytest.

4.6.3.15 Thermal cycling test

a. Thermal cycling tests shall be performed in order to verify that the
structure is capable to survive without failure all of the thermal cycling
loadsexpectedduringitsservicelife.
b. Thermal cycling temperature range shall be increased to account for
uncertaintiesinthethermalanalysis.
c. Thefollowingscatterfactorshallbeappliedonthenumberofcyclesfor
thethermalcyclingtests:
1. for launchers, reentry vehicles and spacecraft subject to a low
numberofoperationalthermalcycles:

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(a) a scatter factor of 4, for cycling within flight temperature
ranges;
(b) a scatter factor of 2 for cycling within the qualification
temperatureranges;
2. for other spacecraft subjected to a large number of operational
thermalcyclesascatterfactorof1,5.
NOTE Thermal cycles for year range from 100 for
geostationaryorbitsto6000forlowEarthorbits.

4.6.3.16 Ageing test

a. Ageing tests shall be performed to identify variations of the material
propertiesasafunctionoftimeandenvironment.
b. Variations identified in clause a. shall be used to assess the structural
design.

4.6.3.17 Contamination test

a. Contamination tests shall determine the particle fallout (PFO) on
specifiedspacecraftsystems.

4.6.3.18 Mass and Inertia properties measurement

a. Themassandinertiapropertiesofthestructureshallbemeasuredtothe
specifiedaccuracy.

4.6.3.19 Alignment checks

a. Alignment checks shall be performed in order to verify the relative
positionandmovementsbetweenpartsduringmanufacturing,assembly
andverification.

4.6.3.20 Dimensional stability tests

a. The dimensional stability of the structure in the environment of the
operationalconditionsshallbeverifiedbytest.
b. The conformance of long term changes of material properties to
specification(e.g.moisturerelease,ageingandcreep)shallbeverifiedby
test.

4.6.3.21 Geometrical control

a. Dimensions and tolerances shall be controlled during and after
manufacturingtoconformtothefunctionalrequirements.

4.6.3.22 Interface verification

a. Interfaceverificationshallbeperformedby:
1. inspection (including geometrical control) of the manufacturing
drawingsandpartswithrespecttotheinterfacerequirements,and

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2. withtheaidoffitchecksofinterfacingstructuralcomponents.

4.6.3.23 Aerothermodynamic test

a. Aerodynamicandaerothermodynamictestsshallbeperformedtoverify
the behaviour of the vehicle or a part of it during flight in the
atmosphere.
b. Tests performed with subscale models shall be verified for their
representativitywithrespecttotheflightitem.

4.6.3.24 Aeroelastic test

a. Aeroelastic tests shall be performed to verify the analytically predicted
behaviour for each flight configuration and to determine application
limits.
NOTE Aeroelasticitytestsareperformedonsubscaleand
fullscalemodelsandonflightvehiclesonground
andinflight.

4.6.3.25 Lightning protection verification

a. Testandinspectionaccordingtoagreedproceduresshallbeperformedto
ensurethefunctioningofthelightningprotectionsystem.

4.6.4 Verification of composite structures

a. In addition to requirements from 4.6.1 to 4.6.3, the requirements 4.6.4b
until4.6.4eshallbeappliedtocompositestructures.
b. For all composite structures, acceptance tests shall be performed at 1,0
timesthelimitload.
c. Exceptinthecasespecifiedin4.6.4d,compositestructureacceptancetests
shallbeperformedatcomponentleveloronfullyassembledstructure.
d. If tests are performed at assembly level, measurements shall be
performedtoverifytheloadpathsinthetestedcompositecomponent.
e. Compositestructuremaybeexemptedfromacceptancetestingifagreed
withthecustomer.
NOTE Theacceptancetestsarenotperformedifitcanbe
shown that the manufacturer of the composite
componenthas:
extensiveexperienceandasuccessfulhistoryof
manufacturingsimilardesign,
provenapplicationoftheprocessspecifications
andtrainedpersonnel,
proven nondestructive techniques to validate
thequalityandintegrityofthefinishedarticle.
f. Acceptancetestsshallbeperformedincaseoftransferofmanufacturing
ofcompositestructuretoanewmanufacturer.

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4.7 Production and manufacturing

4.7.1 General
a. The production engineering of space structures shall ensure that the
structure, and all its component parts, can be manufactured in the way
intended to conform to the quality, reliability and reproducibility
requirements.
NOTE The production of space structures includes the
following:
procurement,whichcovers
materials,
components,and
parts,
manufacturingandfabricationofcomponents,
assemblyofcomponents,and
the assembly ofsubstructures to formthe final
structure, either within the factory or at the
launchsite.

4.7.2 Manufacturing process

a. The selected manufacturing processes shall be qualified before
manufacturingofflightorflightrepresentativehardware.
b. For new and unproven manufacturing technology a development and
qualificationprogramshallbeperformed.

4.7.3 Manufacturing drawings

a. Manufacturing drawings shall be established in conformity to the
functionalrequirementsanddesigndrawings.
b. Quality requirements, manufacturing process, and manufacturing steps
shallbeinputformanufacturingdrawings.
NOTE For requirements on drawings, see the ISO 128
seriesofstandards.

4.7.4 Tooling
a. Requirements for tooling, including assembly jigs and fixtures, shall
includethefollowing
1. materialsusedinmanufacture,
2. geometryoftheparts,
3. numberofparts,and
4. productionrate.

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b. Tooling design shall cover the acceptability of the finished components
quality,size,shapeandsurfacefinish.

4.7.5 Assembly

4.7.5.1 Overview
Theassemblycoversbothcomponentassemblyandmajorassembly.
Component assembly is the activity of joining together of individual parts to
formassembliesorsubstructures.
Major assembly is the connection of either large substructures, e.g. launcher
stageassembly,orfinalconstructionofthelaunchvehicleanditspayloads,and
thepreparationforlaunch.

4.7.5.2 Assembly procedures

a. Componentassemblyproceduresshallincludeatleast:
1. specificationsofpartsandmaterials,
2. inspectionandtest,and
3. assemblyinstructionsincluding:
(a) preparation,
(b) equipment,
(c) partsandmaterials,
(d) method,and
(e) cleaning.
b. Majorassemblyoperationsshallbeaccompaniedbyinspectionandtests.

4.7.6 Storage
a. Storageconditionsshallpreventthedegradationsofthestructure.
b. To avoid all hazards to personnel or equipment, items that contain
hazardousmaterialsorthosewithspecificstoragerequirementsshallbe
markedaccordingtoadhocprocedures.
c. For parts or components, which cannot be inspected prior to flight and
for which the structural degradation during storage is uncertain,
representative specimens (witness specimens) shall be stored together
withtheflighthardware.
d. Priortoacceptanceforflight,thesamplesshallbeinspectedortestedfor
anystructuraldegradation.

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4.7.7 Cleanliness
a. Conformance to cleanliness requirements shall be controlled during all
productionphases.
NOTE Production phases include manufacture, storage
andtransportation.

4.7.8 Health and safety

a. Health and safety aspects of all processes and materials shall be
evaluated to ensure that they conform to standards and policies agreed
withthecustomer,andtoapplicablelaw.

4.8 In-service

4.8.1 Ground inspection

a. Ground inspection of integrated structures shall be performed prior to
launch.
b. Ground inspection shall be performed after the return of a recoverable
structure.
NOTE Ground inspection techniques can generally be
thosewhichareappliedduringsystemintegration
orduringassemblymanufacturingstages.

4.8.2 In-orbit inspection

4.8.2.1 Overview
Theroleofinorbitinspectionistoinspectduringusethatastructurehasnot
deterioratedsuchthatfurtheroperationwouldrenderitunsafe.
Inorbitinspectionequipmentisdesignedinsuchawaythat:
itiscapabletodetectdamageinareliableandcosteffectiveway,
itiseasytouse,and
itisusedwithouttheuseofspecialistpersonnel,extensiveresourcesand
expertinterpretation.
Inorbitinspectionsystemcanbeeitherportableorbuiltin.

4.8.2.2 Provisions
a. Builtintesting(BIT)systemsshall:
1. be developed for continuous monitoring of longterm deployed
structures, where access is limited or the area is critical to the
integrityandsafetyofthestructure.

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2. identifydamagedareasastheyoccur
b. In case damage is identified, other agreed techniques shall be used to
investigatelocaldamagesites.
NOTE BITsystemsmonitortheconditionofstructures.

4.8.3 Evaluation of damage

a. Whenadefectiveordamagedareaislocated,itscriticalitywithregardto
theoperationsandsafetyshallbeassessed.
b. Thefollowingfactorsshallbedetermined:
1. defectsize,
2. location,and
3. propagationrate.
c. Thefactorsdeterminedin4.8.3bshallbeusedtoassessthecriticalityof
thedamagewithrespectto:
1. operationalconditions(loadingandenvironment),
2. maintenanceschedules,
3. structuralrequirementsandrobustnessoftheactualdesign,and
4. servicelifeofthestructure.
d. Depending on the outcome of the evaluation of the damage, a decision
shallbemadeandjustifiedtorepair,replaceoruseasistheaffectedparts
ofthestructure.

4.8.4 Maintenance

4.8.4.1 General maintenance requirements

a. Allmaintenanceactionsshallbedocumented,including:
1. thespecificationofinspectionmethods,
2. recordingofresults,
3. categoryofdamage,
4. repairmethods,and
5. compilationofservicehistorydocuments.
b. The maintenance schedules shall be determined during the design
process,andproceduresshallbefollowed.

4.8.4.2 Preventive maintenance

a. Preventivemaintenanceshallbeperformedonpartswhichare:
1. criticaltothesafetyandfunctionofthestructure,

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2. exposed to temperature which can affect their mechanical
properties,
3. movingpartsexperiencingwear,
4. accesspointsofstructures(doorsandhatches),
5. surfacesexperiencinggeneralwearandtear,and
NOTE Wear and tear refers to the gradual
deterioration of an asset which results naturally
fromuserageorboth.
6. limitedservicelifeitems.
NOTE Preventive maintenance includes the replacement
of parts approaching the end of their stated lives,
repainting and adequately lubricating moving
parts,whererelevant.

4.8.4.3 Corrective maintenance

a. Corrective maintenance shall be performed on parts incurring damage
andthoseundergoinghigherthanexpectedratesofdeterioration.
NOTE Expected rates of deterioration are a result of the
design.
b. Depending on the criticality of the damage or deterioration, procedures
shall be specified for what actions are to be taken for both inorbit or
onEarthcases.
NOTE Corrective maintenance includes replacing or
repairing parts and assemblies which have been
damaged, either by accident or as a result of a
higherthanexpectedrateofdeterioration.
c. Since corrective maintenance involves the repair or replacement of
damagedparts,thedecisiontorepairorreplaceshallbejustifiedusingat
least:
1. evaluationofdamageperformedinaccordancewithclause4.8.3,
2. possibilitytorepair(i.e.torestoretheasdesignedmechanicaland
environmental performance for the remaining designed
servicelife,byknownandproventechniques),
3. capabilitytoreplace,and
4. remainingservicelife.

4.8.5 Repair
a. OnEarthandinorbitrepairproceduresshallbespecified.
b. Thefollowingshallbeinputtorepairprocedures:
1. structuralclassification,
2. damagecategory,

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3. accessibilitytodamagedparts(e.g.oneorbothsides),and
4. availability of equipment (e.g. repair material and services, and
qualifiedpersonal).
c. Thefollowingshallbeinputtoinorbitrepairprocedures:
1. requirementsforextravehicularactivity,
2. transportabilityofmaterialstospace(e.g.stabilityandoutgassing
properties of adhesives, hazardous cleaning and preparation
chemicals),
3. preparation of surfaces or damage removal (e.g. availability of
appropriate handtools, control of dust, vapours and
contamination,andavoidanceofspacedebrisgeneration),and
4. repairmanufacturedifficulties.
d. All repair procedures shall be qualified (i.e. w.r.t. their expected
applicationmodeandenvironment)

4.9 Data exchange

4.9.1 General

4.9.1.1 Introduction
Forrequirementsonexchangeofproductdata,seeECSSETM1020.

4.9.1.2 Dataset requirements

a. Thedatashallincludethedeliveryofdatasetsboth:
1. inthenativedataformatofthesoftwareorfacilityusedtoproduce
thedata,and
2. in neutral data format complying with an open international
standard.
NOTE RefertoECSSETM1026.
b. All data, regardless of the format, shall be accompanied by
documentationcontainingdetaileddescriptionsofthedata,includingthe
following:
1. nativedataformat,andopeninternationaldataformat(nameand
version);
2. dateandtimestampwhenthedatawasproduced;
3. statusofdata;
4. responsibleorganisationandpersonwhoproducedthedata;
5. name and version of the software or facility used to produce the
data,
6. formatofmedia(e.g.tape,backup,andoperatingsystem)

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NOTE Duringthedevelopmentprocessitisimportantto
exchange data safely and quickly within the
project. This includes data exchange between all
engineering disciplines and subdisciplines
includingdesign,analysis,manufacturingandtest,
as well as geographically distributed teams and
betweendifferentsubsystems.Formanagementof
project information and documentation see
ECSSMST40.

4.9.2 System configuration data

a. Data for the system configuration should be exchanged in a computer
sensible format through interfaces complying with open international
standardsorthroughdirectinterfacesagreedwiththecustomer.

4.9.3 Data exchange between design and

structural analysis
a. Geometrical data shall be exchanged between CAD and CAE software
toolsthroughinterfacescomplyingwithopeninternationalstandardsor
throughdirectinterfacesagreedwiththecustomer.
b. Other data for design and structural analysis (e.g. material definitions
andtheirproperties)shouldbeexchangedinacomputersensibleformat
through interfaces complying with open international standards or
throughdirectinterfacesagreedwiththecustomer..

4.9.4 Data exchange between structural design

and manufacturing
a. Dataforstructuraldesignandmanufacturingshouldbeexchangedina
computer sensible format through interfaces complying with open
international standards or through direct interfaces agreed with the
customer.

4.9.5 Data exchange with other subsystems

a. The transfer of data and interfacing software between structural and
other subsystems (e.g. thermal control and optical) can be achieved by
meansofstandardbasedordirectelectronicinterfaceswhereavailableor
byusingapplicabledocuments.
NOTE The exchange of data with other subsystems can
implyamappingofentriesorresultsbetweenthe
different models and the use of extrapolation
methods.

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4.9.6 Tests and structural analysis

a. Test and structural analysis data shall be exchanged with electronic
formatagreedwiththecustomer.

4.9.7 Structural mathematical models

a. Exchange of structural mathematical model data shall be made at the
followingthreelevels:
1. physical models (e.g. finite element models and finite difference
models),
2. massandstiffnessmatrices,and
3. modecomponents.
NOTE SeeECSSEST3203.
b. When exchanging structural mathematical model data, for physical
models,thesamesoftwareshallbeused.
c. When exchanging structural mathematical model data, for physical
models,thesameversionofthesoftwareshouldbeused.
d. When exchanging structural mathematical model data, for physical
models transfer between different codes, translation problems and
differencesincapabilitiesofdifferentsoftwareshallbeconsidered.
e. When exchanging structural mathematical model data, for physical
models,accompanyingdocumentsshalldescribethemodel,thesoftware,
theversionorrelease,anyparametersbeingusedandtheresultsofthe
performedmodelchecks.
f. When exchanging structural mathematical model data, for mass and
stiffness matrices, the model shall be reduced in size and restitution
matricesshallbeused.
g. When exchanging structural mathematical model data, for mode
components, the definition may depend upon the method used (e.g.
clampedorfree).
h. Detailed numbering (nodes and elements) and modelling requirements
shallbespecifiedinafiniteelementmodelrequirementsdocument.

4.9.8 Data traceability

a. Traceabilityofdesigndataandrelationshipbetweeneachothershallbe
providedincludingCAD,CAE,CAMmodels,structuralanalysisandtest
documentation.

4.10 Deliverables
a. The supplier shall provide Computer aided design model description
anddeliveryinconformancewithAnnexA.

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b. ThesuppliershallprovideDesignloadsinconformancewithAnnexB.
c. ThesuppliershallprovideDimensionalstabilityanalysisinconformance
withAnnexC.
d. The supplier shall provide Fatigue analysis in conformance with Annex
D.
e. ThesuppliershallprovideFracturecontrolanalysisinconformancewith
AnnexE.
f. The supplier shall provide Fracture control plan in conformance with
AnnexF.
g. The supplier shall provide Fracture control items lists in conformance
withAnnexG.
h. The supplier shall provide Material and mechanical part allowables in
conformancewithAnnexH.
i. ThesuppliershallprovideMathematicalmodeldescriptionanddelivery
inconformancewithAnnexI.
j. The supplier shall provide Modal and dynamic response analysis in
conformancewithAnnexJ.
k. The supplier shall provide Stress and strength analysis in conformance
withAnnexK.
l. The supplier shall provide Structure alignment budget in conformance
withAnnexL.
m. The supplier shall provide Structure buckling in conformance with
AnnexM.
n. ThesuppliershallprovideStructuremasssummaryinconformancewith
AnnexN.
o. ThesuppliershallprovideTestanalysiscorrelationinconformancewith
AnnexO.
p. ThesuppliershallprovideTestevaluationinconformancewithAnnexP.
q. ThesuppliershallprovideTestpredictioninconformancewithAnnexQ.
NOTE1 AdescriptionofeachdocumentisgiveninAnnexR.
NOTE2 Thedocumentsarerelatedorinputtothefollowing
systemdocumentsasdefinedinECSSEST10:
DesignDefinitionFile(DDF)
DesignJustificationFile(DJF)
SystemEngineeringPlan(SEP)
NOTE3 Information on the expected delivery of the
documentsisprovidedinAnnexT.

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Annex A (normative)
Computer aided design model description
and delivery (CADMDD) - DRD

A.1 DRD identification

A.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10a.

A.1.2 Purpose and objective

Acomputeraideddesign(CAD)model(namedbelowCADmodelorsimply
model) is associated with its CAD model description & delivery document
(simplyreferredasCADMDDinthisDRD),whichisusedtocorrectlyusethe
model and to understand its use and limitations. This CADMDD is
fundamentalforthetraceabilityoftheCADmodelsandindicatesandlistsall
thechangesofthedeliveredmodelw.r.t.thereferenceorpreviousmodel.

A.2 Expected response

A.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The CADMDD shall contain a description of the purpose, objective,
applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. The CADMDD shall list the applicable and reference documents in
supporttothegenerationofthedocument.

<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. The CADMDD shall include the terms and definitions, abbreviated
terms,andsymbolsused.

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<4> CADmodeloutline

<4.1> Generaldescriptionoftheproduct
a. The CADMDD shall describe the product and introduce to the
terminologyformajorproductcomponents.
b. Alevelofmaturityshallbeincludedforthecomponentsidentifiedina.
above.
c. Referenceshallbemadetotheavailabledrawings.
d. IfthedeliveredCADmodelincludesthe2Ddrawingsformanufacturing
or assembly, their identification shall be listed and present the latest
issues.

<4.2> Assumption,idealizationsandlimitations
a. The CADMDD shall summarize and include a justification of the
modellingassumptionsandmethodology.
b. TheCADMDDshouldincludethefollowingtopics:
1. Justifications for used geometry types, e.g. solids, surfaces and
mechanismdefinitions.
2. Model adequacy to study specific design issues (e.g. volumetric
accommodations,mechanismsverificationandCOGanalysis)
3. Significantmodeloutput:CAMdata,2Dmanufacturingdrawings,
andassemblydata.
4. Specificlimitationsofapplicabilityofthemodels,iftheyexist.

<4.3> Numberingandlabelling
a. Ifanyruleisappliedformodelnumberingornamelabelling,itshallbe
reportedinTheCADMDD,withreferenceto
1. parts,
2. subassemblies
3. assemblies,and
4. mechanismsetsandsubsets.

<4.4> CADmodelsummary
a. TheCADMDDshallincludetheCADmodelsummaryofthemodeldata,
andprovidingthetotalnumberofeachtypeofdata.

<4.5> Unitsystemofmeasures
a. TheCADMDDshallindicatetheconsistentunitsystemofmeasures,and
relatedunitsymbols.
b. Theunitsformass,force,lengthandtimeandtemperatureusedshallbe
explicitlyreported.

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<4.6> Coordinatesystems
a. The CADMDD shall describe the reference coordinate system and its
definition.
b. Localcoordinatesystemsusedinthemodelshallbedescribedbygiving,
foreachcoordinatesystem,thefollowinginformation:
1. thelabelnumber;
2. thetype(e.g.rectangular,cylindricalorspherical);
3. thedefinition(positionoforiginandorientationofaxis);
4. abriefdescriptiontoexplaintheuseofthecoordinatesystem(e.g.
bylistingthemodelitemsusingthecoordinatesystem).

<4.7> CADcodecompatibility
a. The CADMDD shall indicate with which CAD code the model is
compatible(e.g.CATIA,ProEngineerandUniGraphics).
b. ThecompleteversionoftheCADsystemusedtocreatethemodelshall
bedescribed.
c. If the modelcan be usedwith more thanaspecificcodeand orversion
thereof,thisshallbeindicated.
d. Itshallalsobereportedwhetherallpartsandassemblymodelsarenative
totheoriginatingcode,orthattheywereimportedfromanothersource
(e.g.throughIGESorSTEP).

<4.8> Recommendedmodelparameters
a. TheCADMDDshallincludearecommendationofthespecialparameters
tobeusedtocorrectlyusethemodelwithaspecificcode,ifany.

<4.9> Importexportutilitiescompatibility
a. TheCADMDDshallindicatetheutilitiesforimportingandactivatingthe
deliveredCADmodel.

<4.10> Compliancewithmodelrequirements
a. The CADMDD shall resume the requirements, if any, that the model is
compliantwith.

<5> CADmodelling

<5.1> General
a. TheCADMDDshallprovideadetaileddescriptionoftheCADmodel.
b. Thedescriptionin<5.1>aaboveshalldescribeindependentlyeachofthe
majorstructuralitemsintowhichtheproductcanbesplit(refertoCAD
modeloutline).
c. Eachdescriptionofthemajorstructuralitemsintowhichtheproductcan
besplitshallincludethefollowing:

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1. abriefdescriptionoftheitem,withreferencetotheclauseCAD
modeloutlineandavailabledocuments(see<4>).
2. Afigureordrawingshowingthephysicalstructuralitem.

<5.2> Modellingassumption
a. The CADMDD shall underline if some assumptions of relevant
significancehavebeenintroduced.
b. Ifnosignificantassumptionsareusedinthemodellingoftheitem,this
shallbeexplicitlystated.
1. Idealization
c. The CAD model of an structural item shall be described in detail,
indicating
1. thetypeoftheusedelements,
2. Thelevelofdetailusedinpartsandassemblies,
3. theinterfaceswithotheritems,
4. Themechanismsdefinitionsused,ifany,and
5. thenextlevelofassembly.

<5.3> Model:solids,surfacesandwireframes
a. The CADMDD shall indicate the use of specific features related to the
CADmodel.
b. AlistofCADcodefeaturesrelatedtothemodelshallbereported.

<5.4> Model:propertiesandmaterial
a. TheCADMDDshallindicatethepropertiesandmaterialsrelatedtothe
item.
b. Materialorequivalentdensityusedshallbereproducedinthissubclause
(withthecorrespondingexplanation).

<5.5> Criticalparameters
a. The CADMDD shall report any critical parameters for the
implementationanduseoftheCADmodel.

<5.6> Interfaceswithotheritems
a. The CADMDD shall describe the interfaces between the item and other
items, in terms of common interface planes, surfaces, and relative
coordinates plus coordinate system (e.g. launcher interface and
instrumenttosatelliteprimarystructure).

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<6> Masses

<6.1> Densityofparts
a. Whendesignpartsarerepresentedbyanidealizedmodelandtheirmass
represented with the physical value, the assumed density shall be
reportedintheCADMDD.
b. The CADMDD shall also report mass which is distributed among other
partsforthosepartsnotphysicallyrepresentedinthemodel.

<6.2> Balancemasses
a. If balance masses are present in the model, a description shall be
providedintheCADMDD.
b. Thepositionofthesesmassesshallbeindicatedbyplotsandbylabels.

<6.3> Globalinertiaproperties
a. Centreofgravity(COG)position,totalmassandotherinertiaproperties
resultingfromtheCADcodew.r.t.areportedcoordinatesystemshallbe
reportedintheCADMDD.

<6.4> Sourcedocumentsofmassdistribution
a. TheCADMDDshallprovidereferencetothedocumentsusedtoestablish
themassdistributionoftheCADmodel.

<6.5> Miscellaneousmodeltopics
a. TheCADMDDshallcollectanyothertopicofinterest.

<7> Modelchecks

<7.1> Partsandassembliesgeometrychecks
a. TheCADMDDshallreporttheresultsofdedicatedchecksperformedto
assessthemodelgeometrycorrectnessandcompleteness.

<7.2> Elementstopologychecks
a. The CADMDD shall report the results of dedicated checks performed to
assesstheelementstopologycorrectness.
b. Datatransfer
c. The media used for data transfer shall be marked with project
identificationandconfigurationcontroldata.

<8> Conclusion

<8.1> CADmodeluseformassinertiaandstructuralanalysis
a. Onthebasisofthemodelcheckoutsthatarereferredordescribedinthe
previous clauses, it shall be described in the CADMDD if and how the

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model can satisfy the purposes that this model is created for, by
indicatingthegoalsthemodelisadequatetofulfil.

<8.2> CADmodellimitations
a. Aconcludingremarkonthelimitsofthemodelshallbeincludedinthe
CADMDD,covering
1. modelglobalaccuracy,
2. identifiedanalysesthatcannotbeachieved,
3. identified3Dverificationsthatcannotbeachieved,
4. manufacturingdatathatcannotberetrieved,and
5. 2Ddrawingsthatcannotbederived.

<8.3> Suggestedfutureimplementation
a. SuggestionsmaybeincludedintheCADMDDabouthowtoimprovethe
responsesofthemodel,suchas:
1. howtomodifythemodeltoimproveitsuse(CAM,2Ddrawings);
2. partsforlaterinclusion(e.g.formechanismanalysis).

A.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex B (normative)
Design loads (DL) - DRD

B.1 DRD identification

B.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10b.

B.1.2 Purpose and objective

A design loads (DL) document is associated with a design justification file,
which contributes to ensure the validity of the corresponding mechanical
designandjustificationprocess.
The design loads (DL) document provides the detailed description and the
traceabilityofthedesignloadcasesanddesignlifecyclestobeusedtojustify
themechanicaldesignofastructure.Italsoexplicitlyprovidesthejustification
of these design load cases and life cycles w.r.t. applicable specification and
requirementdocuments.
A DL document is issued at major milestones in the development of a space
structuralitem(e.g.designreview).
The DL document is an input to the mechanical design and qualification
processofthestructureandtothepreparationoftherelatedprojectdocuments
(e.g.stressandstrengthanalysisreports,testspecifications).

B.2 Expected response

B.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The DL document shall contain a description of the purpose, objective,
applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

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<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. The DL document shall list the applicable and reference documents in
supporttothegenerationofthedocument.

<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. The DL document shall include the terms and definitions, abbreviated
terms,andsymbolsused.

<4> Structure(orstructurecomponent)description

<4.1> Unitsystem
a. The DL document shall indicate the consistent unit system and the
relatedunitsymbolsusedbythedesigner.
b. Theunitsformass,force,length,timeandtemperatureshallbeexplicitly
reported.

<4.2> Generaldescription
a. The DL document shall describe the structure and introduce to the
terminologyformajorstructurecomponents.
b. Referenceshallbemadetotheavailablesetofdrawings,includingtheir
revision status, to explain the actual status of the design and to clearly
definethestructuretobeanalyzed.

<4.3> Coordinatesystems
a. The DL document shall describe the coordinate systems used for the
structuraldesign.

<5> Limitloads,failuremodes,loadcombinationsandlife
cycles

<5.1> Limitloads,environmentandlifetime
a. TheDLdocumentshallstateandreportalltheexpectedloadeventsand
induced thermal, mechanical (static and dynamic) and acoustical
environmentofthestructure,asspecifiedbytheauthority,aswellasthe
correspondinglifetimerequirements(duration,numberofcycles).
b. These shall be reported in terms of statistically based upper and lower
limitloads(LL).
c. Reference shall be made to the corresponding source documents,
accordingto<2>.

<5.2> Failuremodes
a. TheDLdocumentshallreportallthefearedmechanicalfailuremodesof
the structure, or structure components, associated with the above load,

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environment and lifetime conditions, as identified through a
comprehensiveFMECA.
b. Reference shall be made to the corresponding source documents,
accordingto<2>.

<5.3> Combinedlimitloads
c. The DL document shall select and report the dimensioning combined
load cases resulting from the most unfavourable and exhaustive time
consistent combinations of upper and lower limit loads, pressures,
thermal gradients, temperatures and residual stresses w.r.t. the related
andpreviouslyidentifiedfailuremodes(see<5.2>above).
d. These shall be reported in terms of statistically based combined limit
loads

<5.4> Envelopelifecycles
a. The DL document shall identify and report the dimensioning envelope
life cycles resulting from the most unfavourable expected sequences of
theabovecombineddimensioningloadevents.

<6> Designloads,lifecyclesandfactorsofsafety(FOS)

<6.1> Designlimitloads
a. TheDLdocumentshallreportthedesignlimitloads(DLL)derivingfrom
thelimitloadcases(see<5.2>),afterpossiblemultiplicationbydedicated
design(orproject)factors,ifspecifiedbythecustomer.
b. Inthiscase,thecorrespondingspecificationshallbereferencedaccording
to<2>.

<6.2> Designfactorsofsafety(FOS)
a. TheDLdocumentshallreporttheapplicabledesignFOS,asspecifiedby
the customer, which are to be selectively applied to the above DLL in
ordertoobtaintheyieldandultimatedesignloads.
b. Reference shall be made to the corresponding applicable document(s),
accordingto<2>.

<6.3> Yieldandultimatedesignloads
a. The DL document shall report the yield and ultimate design loads
resulting from the worst time consistent combinations of the above
design limit loads, pressures, thermal gradients, temperatures and
residual stresses after selective multiplication by the above applicable
yieldorultimatedesignFOS.

<6.4> Designlifecycles
a. The DL document shall report the design life cycles deriving from the
dimensioning envelope life cycles (see <5.4>, after multiplication by the
applicablelifefactors(e.g.scatterfactors)),asspecifiedbythecustomer.

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b. Inthiscase,thecorrespondingspecificationshallbereferencedaccording
to<2>.

<7> Conclusion
a. The DL document shall contain any useful additional information, e.g.
recommendations to use correctly the data included in the DLS,
suggestionsforfutureworkandfurtherinvestigationsorimprovements.

B.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex C (normative)
Dimensional stability analysis (DSA) - DRD

C.1 DRD identification

C.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10c.

C.1.2 Purpose and objective

The dimensional stability analysis document (simply referred as DSA in this
DRD) aims at determining the effect of the environment on the stability
behaviourofthestructure(e.g.thermoelasticdeformation,1g0geffect,micro
slipping due to launch loads), providing the stability figures for each
configurationthatcanbeencounteredforthestudiedstructuralitem.
TheDSAreportincludesdatalinkedtotransientorpermanentdeformationsof
the structure and uncertainties on these figures. It also includes a brief
descriptionofthefinaluseofthedata(e.g.pointingbudget).Theseproperties
canbecomputed,measuredorestimatedbasedonpreviousexperience.
The DSA is used for the understanding of the performance status within the
projectdevelopmentandtoidentifyintimeanypotentialcriticalitywithrespect
to stability requirements, and it constitutes an input for the final stability
budget.
ADSAisprovidedforeachprojectconcernedwithgeometricalstability,andis
deliveredforeachmajormilestoneinthedevelopmentofthestructuralitem.

C.2 Expected response

C.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The DSA shall contain a description of the purpose, objective,
applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

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<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheDSAshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupportto
thegenerationofthedocument.

<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. TheDSAshallincludethetermsanddefinitions,abbreviatedterms,and
symbolsused.

<4> Structureorstructurecomponentdescription

<4.1> Generaldescriptionofthestructuralitem
a. The DSA shall describe the structural item and introduce to the
terminologyforitsmajorcomponents.
b. Reference should be made to the available drawings, including the
revisionstatus.

<4.2> Environmentalconditions
a. The DSA shall describe all the environmental conditions taken into
account to perform the stability analysis (e.g. thermal fluxes, unit
dissipations,testconditions).

<4.3> Structurepropertieschanges
a. TheDSAshalldescribeallthechangesofthestructurepropertiesandof
the environmental conditions w.r.t. the referenced previous DSA report
issues.
b. Ifnochangeshavebeenmadew.r.t.previousDSAreportissues,itshall
beexplicitlystated.
c. Ifthestructurepropertiesortheenvironmentalconditionshavechanged,
thesubclausesaffectedbythechangesshallbeindicatedandthechanges
shallbedescribed.
d. The unchanged clauses and subclauses shall be explicitly declared as
such.

<4.4> Assumptionsandidealizations
a. TheDSAshallsummarizeandincludeajustificationofthedimensional
stabilityperformancescomputationormeasurementmethodology.
b. TheDSAshouldincludethefollowingtopics:
1. description of the design maturity or manufacturing status of the
structure;
2. descriptionofthedifferentconfigurationstobesummarizedinthe
DSAreport.
NOTE Typically, this includes the test configuration, the
launch configuration, and the onorbit
configuration;

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c. Brief description of the rationale, of the software (e.g. FEM) and of the
model used to compute the stability performances and the related
uncertainties.
d. ListanddescriptionofeachstabilityfiguredescribedintheDSAreport
(e.g. elements of the structure which are considered, type of
performances which are reported such as relative positioning of two
points,contributorswhicharetakenintoaccountsuchasmicrosliding
of junctions, thermoelastic deformation, and moisture induced
deformation).
e. List of each loading case taken into account and estimation of the
adequacyoftheapproach(e.g.levelofaccuracy).

<4.5> Unitsystemofmeasures
a. TheUnitsystemofmeasures,andrelatedsymbols,shallbeindicated.
b. Theunitsformass,force,length,temperatureandtimeshallbeexplicitly
reported.

<4.6> Coordinatesystems
a. TheDSAshalldescribeallthecoordinatesystemsusedintheDSARby
giving,foreachcoordinatesystem,thefollowinginformation:
1. Thecoordinatesystemidentifier;
2. Thetype(rectangular);
3. The coordinate system definition (origin and orientation of the
axes);
4. Abriefdescriptiontoexplainitsuse.

<5> Dimensionalstabilitydetails
a. The DSA shall present for each required dimensional stability
performancethefollowinginformation:
1. identification of the reported dimensional stability performance
figure;
2. associatedrequirement;
3. loading case (setting, microsliding when submitted to launch or
testenvironment;thermoelasticorhygroelasticloadcase);
4. reference frame used for the dimensional stability performance
description;
5. dimensionalstabilityperformancefigure;
6. origin of the figure: computed, measured (with associated test
conditions),estimatedbasedonpastexperience.

<6> Structuredimensionalstabilitysummary
a. For each configuration and combination of load cases presented, the
DSAshallcontainasubclauseincludingthefollowinginformation:

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1. identification of the reported dimensional stability performance
figure;
2. combinationrule,(stochasticanalysisrationaleifapplicable);
3. reference frame used for the dimensional stability performance
description;
4. dimensionalstabilityperformancefigure;
5. a table presenting the results of the sensitivity analysis on the
dimensional stability uncertainties w.r.t. the dimensional stability
performancefigure;
b. Foreachsetofdatapresented,theDSAshallprovideadescriptionofthe
mediaformatwhichisusedtodeliverit(e.g.MS/Excelfile).

<7> Finalutilizationofthedata
a. The DSA shall contain a description of the final utilization of the data
containedintheDSAreport.

<8> Conclusion
a. TheDSAshouldcontainlimitationsoftheperformedwork.
b. The DSA should contain comparison between the current dimensional
stabilityfiguresofthestructureandspecifiedfigures.
c. The DSA should contain suggestions for future work and additional
investigationsorimprovements.

C.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex D (normative)
Fatigue analysis (FA) - DRD

D.1 DRD identification

D.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10d.

D.1.2 Purpose and objective

Thefatigueanalysisdocument(simplyreferredasFAinthisDRD)reportsthe
verificationofthefatiguelifeofthestructure.
NOTE Fatigue analysis performed as a part of fracture
control verification (e.g. fail safe analysis) is
described in the separate fracture control analysis
DRD(seeAnnexE).
ThefollowingDRDsrelatetoandaccountforfractureanalysis:
fracturecontrolplananditemslists;
fractureanalysis

D.2 Expected response

D.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. TheDLshallcontainadescriptionofthepurpose,objective,applicability,
contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. The DL shall list the applicable and reference documents in support to
thegenerationofthedocument.

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<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. The DL shall include the terms and definitions, abbreviated terms, and
symbolsused.

<4> Structuredescription

<4.1> General
a. TheFAshalldescribethestructureandintroducetotheterminologyfor
majorstructurecomponents.
b. Referenceshallbemadetotheavailabledrawings.

<4.2> Unitsystemofmeasure
a. Theunitsystemofmeasuresandrelatedunitsymbols,shallbeindicated.

<4.3> Coordinatesystem
a. The FA shall describe the reference coordinate systems used in the
analysis,bygivingthefollowinginformation:
1. theidentificationnumberorname;
2. thetype(rectangular,cylindricalspherical);
3. reference,ifany,tomathematicalmodelcoordinatesystems.

<5> Servicelifeloadspectra
a. The FA shall state all the cyclic and sustained load events encountered
duringthelifeoftheitem,including
1. theservicelifeprofile,
2. allthemechanicalrelevantevents,
3. theapplicablelimitloads,
4. thenumberofeventsforeachmission,includingthefollowing:
(a) manufacturing,assemblyandacceptancetesting;
(b) storage(e.g.timeandcondition);
(c) handling(e.g.dolly,hoisting,forklifting,mateordemate);
(d) transportation(e.g.ground,air,sea);
(e) liftoffandascent;
(f) descent and landing or deorbiting and Disposal (e.g.
transfertothegraveyardorbit);
(g) onorbitlife(e.g.berthing,berthed,thermalinduced).
5. thetotalnumberofmissionsforeseen.

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<6> Materialdata
a. Relevant fatigue data for the actual material and geometry (i.e. alloy,
productionform,heattreatmentandstressconcentrationfactor)shallbe
reportedorreferenced.

<7> Fatigueanalysisresults
a. Thefatigueanalysisresultsofrelevantitemsshallbereported,indicating
theareaanalysed,theworstcaseused,andthefatiguelife(e.g.interms
ofdamagecumulativeoranalyticallifetime.

<8> Conclusions
a. TheFAshalldescribeindetailthemainresultsoftheanalysis,thestatus
ofthematurityoftheproject.
b. TheFAshallincludeanymajorrecommendations(ifany).

D.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex E (normative)
Fracture control analysis (FCA) - DRD

E.1 DRD identification

E.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10e.

E.1.2 Purpose and objective

The facture control analysis document (simply referred as FCA in this DRD)
reportstheverificationresultsfortheitemsdefinedinthePFCIL(seeAnnexG),
FCIL (see Annex G) and FLLIL (see Annex G), according to the applicable
fracturecontrolrequirementandrelatedsystemspecification.
ThefollowingECSSDRDsrelatetoandaccountforfractureanalysis:
fracturecontrolplan,
fractureitemlists,and
fatigueanalysis.

E.2 Expected response

E.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The FCA shall contain a description of the purpose, objective,
applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheFCAshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupportto
thegenerationofthedocument.

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<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. TheFCAshallincludethetermsanddefinitions,abbreviatedterms,and
symbolsused.

<4> Structuredescription

<4.1> General
a. TheFCAshalldescribethestructureandintroducetotheterminologyfor
majorstructurecomponents.
b. Referenceshallbemadetotheavailabledrawings.

<4.2> Unitsystemofmeasure
a. TheUnitsystemofmeasuresandrelatedunitsymbols,shallbeindicated.

<4.3> Coordinatesystem
a. The FCA shall describe the reference coordinate systems used in the
analysis,bygivingthefollowinginformation:
1. theidentificationnumberorname;
2. thetype(e.g.rectangular,cylindricalspherical);
3. reference,ifany,tomathematicalmodelcoordinatesystems.

<5> Servicelifeloadspectrum
a. TheFCAshallstateanddescribeallthecyclicandsustainedloadevents
encounteredduringthelifeoftheitem.
b. TheFCAshallreporttheservicelifeprofile,including
1. all the mechanical relevant mechanical loading events (including
environment),
2. theapplicablelimitloads,
3. thenumberofeventforeachmission,including:
(a) manufacturing,assemblyandacceptancetesting;
(b) storage(e.g.timeandcondition);
(c) handling (e.g. dolly, hoisting, forklifting, mate and de
mate);
(d) transportation(e.g.ground,airandsea);
(e) liftoffandascent;
(f) descent and landing or deorbiting and disposal (e.g.
transfertograveyardorbit);
(g) onorbitlife(e.g.berthing,berthed,thermalinduced).
4. thetotalnumberofmissionsforeseen.

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<6> Materialdata

<6.1> General
a. Materialdatausedforsafelifeandfailsafeanalysisshallbereportedas
indicatedin<6.2>and<6.3>below.
b. For other material data, reference shall be made to the related material
andmechanicalpartallowable.

<6.2> Materialdataforsafelifeanalysis
a. Fracture toughness (K1c, Kc, K1e) values applicable for the actual
materialsandenvironmentshallbelisted.
b. Fatiguecrackgrowthdata(da/dNv/sKatdifferentstressratioR)shall
bereportedforeachmaterialandenvironmentapplicable.
c. Stress corrosion cracking threshold (K1scc) for the actual material and
environmentshallbereported.
d. Applicablesustainedloadforglass(da/dtv/sK)shallbereported.

<6.3> Materialdataforfailsafeanalysis
a. Fatigueandstrengthdatafortheactualmaterialandgeometry(i.e.alloy,
productionform,heattreatmentandstressconcentrationfactor)shallbe
reported.

<7> NondestructiveInspectionandinitialcracksizes
a. The types of nondestructive inspection performed on the structural
items and the related initial crack sizes adopted shall be reported or
referenced.

<8> Analysisresults

<8.1> General
a. TheidentificationsystemadoptedinthePFCIL(seeAnnexG)shouldbe
referenced in the FCA, to ensure traceability and completeness of
verification

<8.2> Safelifeanalysisresults
a. Thesafelifeanalysisresultsofrelevantitemsshallbereported.
b. It shall be clearly reported the assumptions made in terms of crack
model, initial crack size, location and orientation, material data, unitary
stresses or loads, scatter factor and the results obtained like final crack
size,analyticallifetimeandcriticalcracksize.
c. Inspecificcaseswherethesoftwareusedisnottheoneagreedwiththe
customer,adetaileddescriptionandjustificationofthemethodshallbe
given.

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NOTE Example of standard software normally agreed
withthecustomerisESACRACKandNASGRO.

<8.3> Failsafeanalysisresults
a. Thefailsafeanalysisresultsofrelevantitemsshallbereportedindicating
theareaanalyzed,theworstcaseusedforverifyingthefailsafedesign,
thestrengthmarginofsafetyobtainedandthefatiguelife(e.g.intermsof
cumulativedamageoranalyticallife).

<8.4> Containmentanalysisresults
a. The containment analysis of relevant item shall be reported and the
significant results summarized, including the derivation of the velocity
andenergyoftheprojectileasitstrikesthecontainerandallmaximum
forces and stresses in attachments, brackets and other relevant items
occurringduringimpact.

<8.5> Stresscorrosioncrackinganalysisresults
a. Verification against stress corrosion cracking shall be shown for items
whichexperiencesustainedloads.
b. Justification for using materials not classified high stress corrosion
crackingresistantshallbeincludedorreferenced.

<8.6> Damagetolerancetestresults
a. Foritemswhichareverifiedorsupportedbytest,relevantresultsshallbe
includedorreferenced.

<8.7> Leakbeforeburst(LBB)analysisresults
a. ForpressurizedsystemrequiredtobeLBB,relevantanalysisresultsshall
bereported.

<9> Conclusions
a. TheFCAshallincludethemainresultsoftheanalysis,andthestatusof
thematurityoftheproject.
b. TheFCAshallgivemajorrecommendations(ifany).

E.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex F (normative)
Fracture control plan - DRD

F.1 DRD identification

F.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10f.

F.1.2 Purpose and objective

The fracture control plan document (simply referred as FCP in this DRD)
describes the foreseen implementation of the applicable fracture control
requirementfortheconcernedstructuralcomponent.
ThefollowingECSSDRDsrelatetoandaccountforfracturecontrolplan:
hazardreport(seeECSSQST40);
fractureanalysis;
fatigueanalysis.

F.2 Expected response

F.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The FCP shall contain a description of the purpose, objective,
applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheFCPshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupportto
thegenerationofthedocument.

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<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. TheFCPshallincludethetermsanddefinitions,abbreviatedterms,and
symbolsused.

<4> Fracturecontrolprogram
a. TheFCPshalldescribethefracturecontrolprogram.
b. TheFCPshalldescribetheimplementationandverificationofeachofthe
activitiesinthefracturecontrolprogram.

<5> Structuredescription
a. TheFCPshalldescribethestructureandintroducetotheterminologyfor
majorstructurecomponents.
b. Referenceshallbemadetotheavailabledrawings.

<6> Fracturecontrolorganization
a. TheFCPshall
1. describes the organization and responsibilities for implementing
thefracturecontrolactivitiesand
2. list the documents to be presented at the various project
milestones.
b. Linkswithhigherandlower(assembly)levelplansshallbeestablished.
c. Itshallalsoaddressspecifichazarddefinitionanddedicatedapproaches
(e.g.reducedfracturecontrolprogram).

<7> Fracturecontrolidentificationandclassification
a. TheFCPshallincludetherequirementstoidentifyandclassifytheitems
(e.g.safelife,failsafe).

<8> Fracturecontrolanalysisandtest
a. The FCP shall include procedures for fatigue load spectrum definition,
analysisandtestsofPFCIs(SafeLife,FailSafe,Containment,LBB).
b. Nonstandardapproachesshallbesummarizedandjustified.

<9> Materialdata
a. The FCP shall describe the material data to be used for the foreseen
analysis whether they are available from reliable resources or how they
areintendedtobegenerated.

<10> Specialrequirements
a. TheFCPshallincludetherequirementsforadditionalactivities(analysis
andtests)tobeperformed,e.g.nonmetallicandcompositesstructures,

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pressurized systems, weld, glass, rotating machinery and fasteners as
foreseenfortheactualhardware.

<11> Nondestructiveinspection
a. TheFCPshallincludethetypeofnondestructiveinspection(NDI)tobe
performed on the PFCIs and the corresponding initial flaw size to be
usedintheanalysis.

<12> Qualityassurance
a. The FCP shall include detailed procedures for material and processes,
personnelcertification,traceabilityandqualitycontrolofthePFCIs.

<13> Conclusions
a. TheFCPshalldescribethemostcriticalaspectsoftheproject.
b. TheFCPshallgivemajorrecommendations(ifany).

F.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex G (normative)
Fracture control items lists (PFCIL, FCIL
and FLLIL) - DRD

G.1 DRD identification

G.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10g.

G.1.2 Purpose and objective

The potential fracture critical items list (PFCIL) describes the classification of
structuralitemsforthefracturecontrolrequirements.Thefracturecriticalitems
list(FCIL)andfracturelimitedlifeitemslist(FLLIL)aresubsetsofthePFCIL.
ThefollowingECSSDRDrelatestoandaccountsforfracturecontrolitemslists:
hazardreport(seeECSSQST40);
fractureanalysis;
fatigueanalysis.

G.2 Expected response

G.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The PFCIL, FCIL and FLLIL shall contain a description of the purpose,
objective,applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. The PFCIL, FCIL and FLLIL shall list the applicable and reference
documentsinsupporttothegenerationofthedocument.

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<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. The PFCIL, FCIL and FLLIL shall include the terms and definitions,
abbreviatedterms,andsymbolsused.

<4> Structuredescription
a. ThePFCIL,FCILandFLLILshalldescribethestructureandintroduceto
theterminologyformajorstructurecomponents.
b. Referenceshallbemadetotheavailabledrawings.

<5> Itemlist
a. The PFCIL shall include a compilation which identifies the item name,
drawing number, material, design principle and required NDI method
foreachitem.
b. TheFCILshall
1. includethesameinformationasthePFCIL;
2. reference the document which shows for each item the fracture
analysisandtestresultsandtheanalyticallife.
c. TheFLLILshall
1. includethesameinformationastheFCIL;
2. describetheinspectionmethodandperiod,and
3. referencethemaintenancemanualinwhichinspectionprocedures
aredefined.
d. ThePFCIL,FCILandFLLILshouldincludeaclearidentificationsystem
forthePFCIwhichensurestraceabilitythroughouttheFCIL,FLLILand
fracturecontrolanalysisreport.

<6> Conclusions
a. The PFCIL, FCIL and FLLIL shall describe the main results and the
maturityoftheproject.
b. ThePFCIL,FCILandFLLILshallgivemajorrecommendations(ifany).

G.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex H (normative)
Material and mechanical part allowables
(MMPA) - DRD

H.1 DRD identification

H.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10h.

H.1.2 Purpose and objective

A material and mechanical part allowables document (simply referred as
MMPA in this DRD) is associated with a design justification file, which
contributestoensurethevalidityofthecorrespondingmechanicaldesignand
justificationprocess.
The MMPA collects the mechanical allowables and other applicable physical,
thermal and mechanical properties of the applied structural materials and
mechanicalparts.
The MMPA provides inputs for the mechanical design justification process,
ensurestheirtraceability,andisissuedatmajormilestonesinthedevelopment
ofaspacestructuralitem(e.g.designreviews).

H.2 Expected response

H.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The MMPA shall contain a description of the purpose, objective,
applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheMMPAshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupport
tothegenerationofthedocument.

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<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. The MMPA shall include the terms and definitions, abbreviated terms,
andsymbolsused.

<4> Structure(orstructurecomponent)description

<4.1> Unitsystem
a. TheMMPAshallindicatetheconsistentunitsystemandtherelatedunit
symbolsusedbythedesigner.
b. Theunitsformass,force,length,timeandtemperatureshallbeexplicitly
reported.

<4.2> Generaldescription
a. TheMMPAshalldescribethestructureandintroducetotheterminology
formajorstructurecomponents.
b. Referenceshallbemadetotheavailablesetofdrawings,includingtheir
revision status, to explain the actual status of the design and to clearly
definethestructuretobeanalyzed.

<4.3> Generaldescriptionoftheoperatingconditions
a. The MMPA shall remind the operating conditions of the structure, and
mainlythethermal,chemicalandmechanicalenvironmentconstraints.
b. Reference shall be made to the governing specifications and other
applicabledocuments,accordingto<2>.

<5> Appliedmaterialsandmechanicalparts
a. TheMMPAshallreportthelistoftheappliedmaterialsandmechanical
parts, with indication of the type of product, heat treatment and
environmentconditionsoftheconcernedstructuralpartsorcomponents.
b. Reference shall be made to the declared materialsand mechanical parts
lists,accordingto<2>.

<6> Materialproperties
a. TheMMPAshallreporttheapplicablephysical,thermalandmechanical
properties of the applied structural materials and processes, taking into
accounttheactualoperatingconditionsasdescribedatsection<4.3>.
b. Reference shall be made to the corresponding source documents (e.g.
recognizedorinhousematerialdatabases,standardsorspecificmaterials
testreports),accordingto<2>.

<7> Materialallowables
a. The MMPA shall report the applicable mechanical A or B allowables of
the applied structural materials and processes, as stemming from the
abovecollectedmechanicalmaterialproperties.

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<8> Mechanicalpartsallowables
a. The MMPA shall report the applicable mechanical allowables of the
appliedmechanicalparts.
b. Reference shall be made to the corresponding source documents (e.g.
recognizedorinhousemechanicalpartstandardsorspecifictestreports),
accordingto<2>.

<9> Conclusion
a. The MMPA shall include any useful additional information, e.g.
recommendationstousecorrectlythedataincludedintheMMPAreport,
suggestionsforfutureworkandfurtherinvestigationsorimprovements.

H.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex I (normative)
Mathematical model description and
delivery (MMDD) - DRD

I.1 DRD identification

I.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10i.

I.1.2 Purpose and objective

A mathematical model is associated with its mathematical model description
and delivery document (simply referred as MMDD in this DRD), which
contributestoacorrectuseofthemodelandtotheunderstandingofitsresults.
The MMDD is fundamental for traceability of the mathematical models and
indicatesandlistsallthechangesofthedeliveredmodel.
The MMDD provides a description of the structural mathematical model
(namedbelowmathematicalmodelorsimplymodel)andoftheperformed
qualitychecks.

I.2 Expected response

I.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The MMDD shall contain a description of the purpose, objective,
applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheMMDDshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupport
tothegenerationofthedocument.

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<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. The MMDD shall include the terms and definitions, abbreviated terms,
andsymbolsused.

<4> Structure(orstructurecomponent)description

<4.1> Unitsystem
a. TheMMDDshallindicatetheconsistentunitsystemofmeasuresused.
b. The units for mass, force, length, time, temperature and angles shall be
explicitlydocumented.

<4.2> Generaldescription,drawings
a. TheMMDDshalldescribethestructureandintroducetotheterminology
formajorstructurecomponents.
b. Referenceshallbemadetotheavailabledrawings.
c. The MMDD shall reference the set of the applied drawings in order to
explain the actual status of the design and to define the structure
componentstobeanalyzed.

<5> Coordinatesystem
a. TheMMDDshalldescribeallthecoordinatesystemsusedinthemodel,
bygiving,foreachcoordinatesystem,thefollowinginformation:
1. thelabelnumber;
2. thetype(rectangular,cylindrical,spherical);
3. originpositionandaxesorientation;
4. datacardusedtodefineit.
b. The MMDD shall include a brief description to explain the use of the
coordinate system (e.g. by listing the model items using the coordinate
system).

<6> Mathematicalmodeloutline

<6.1> Assumption,idealizationsandlimitations
a. TheMMDDshallsummarizeandincludeajustificationofthemodelling
assumptionsandmethodology.
b. TheMMDDshouldincludethefollowingtopics:
1. justification of used element types, spring and rigid connections,
rigidbodyandrelationships;
2. model adequacy to study specific structure behaviour (e.g. non
linearphenomena,localglobalbuckling,andcontact);
3. model limitations (e.g. limitation on type of analyses can be
performedoronoutputcanbefound);

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4. significantmodeloutput:stress,frequencies.

<6.2> Numbering
a. If any special rule is applied for model numbering, it shall be reported,
withreferenceto:
1. nodes;
2. elements;
3. elementproperties;
4. materials;
5. constraints;
6. forces;
7. analysiscases.

<6.3> Mathematicalmodelsummary
a. TheMMDDshallincludeamathematicalmodelsummaryasatablethat
summarizesmodeldata,showingthetotalnumberofeachtypeofdata.

<6.4> Analysiscodecompatibility
a. TheMMDDshallindicatetheanalysiscode,(e.g.NASTRAN,SAMCEF,
ABAQUS.),whichthemodelisdesignedfor.
b. If the model can be used with more than a specific code, these shall be
indicated.

<6.5> Recommendedanalysisparameters
a. If special parameters are required to correctly use the model with a
specificcode,thentheseparametersshallbespecified.

<6.6> Preandpostprocessorscompatibility
a. TheMMDDshallindicatethepreandpostprocessorusedformodelling,
by underlying software limitations and recommendations to properly
handlethemodel.

<6.7> Compliancewithmodelrequirements
a. TheMMDDshallsummarizetherequirements,ifany,thatthemodelis
compliantwith,e.g.maximumnumberofnodes,numberingranges,and
recommendationsinusingspecificelements.

<7> Finiteelementmodelling

<7.1> Generalandinformationforeachmajorstructuralitem
a. The MMDD shall give the detailed description of the mathematical
model.
b. Each of the major structural items into which the product can be split
shallbedescribedindependently.

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c. The description of each of the major structural items into which the
productcanbesplitshallincludetheinformationin<7.2>until<7.7>.
d. TheMMDDshallgiveabriefdescriptionoftheeachitem,withreference
to the previous clause General description of the structure and to
availableprojectdocuments.
e. A figure or drawing shall be included, showing the physical structural
item.

<7.2> Modellingassumption
a. The MMDD shall underline if any assumptions of relevant significance
havebeenintroduced.
b. If no significant assumptions have been used in the modelling of the
item, this shall be explicitly written, by introducing the following
sentence:Nospecialassumptionsaretobeunderlined.

<7.3> Idealization
a. The mathematical model of each structural item shall be described in
detail,indicatingthe:
1. typeoftheusedelements;
2. numberofnodesandelements;
3. rigidconnections;
4. interfaceswithotheritems.
b. Afigurereproducingtheeachidealizeditemshallbeincluded,inorder
todirectcomparetheidealizedandthephysicalstructuralitem.

<7.4> Model:nodesandelements
a. Thissubclauseshallindicatelabelrangesofnodesandelementsofeach
itemmodel.
b. Logicappliedfornodeandelementlabelling,ifany,shallbedeclared.
c. Plots of each element k model shall be produced, showing node and
elementlabels.

<7.5> Model:propertiesandmaterial
a. Propertiesandmaterialsrelatedtotheitemkshallbeindicated.
b. Codeinputcard(e.g.propertyandmaterialinput)shallbereproduced,
includingrelevantcomments.

<7.6> Criticalparameters
a. Any data parameter specific of each item k shall be highlighted and
commentedifdeemedcriticalformodelperformanceandreliability(e.g.
damping coefficient in the frequency response analysis, large mass in
transientanalysis.).

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<7.7> Interfaceswithotheritems
a. TheMMDDshalldescribetheinterfacesbetweeneachitemkandother
items,intermsofcommonnodesandconnectingelements.

<8> Masses

<8.1> Densityofstructuralmasses
a. Structuralmassesincludedinthemodelandrelatedmassdensityvalues
shallbeindicated.
NOTE Some plots can be used to show the parts of the
structurewiththesamemassdensity.
b. If no structural mass is included in the model, this shall be explicitly
declared.

<8.2> Lumpedmasses
a. Lumped masses shall be described and related input data shall be
reproduced.
b. Thepositionofthemassesshallbeindicatedalsobyplottingthemodel
andlabellingthemasses.
c. If lumped masses are not included in the model, this shall be explicitly
declared.

<8.3> Distributednonstructuralmasses
a. If distributed nonstructural masses are present in the model, a
descriptionshallbeprovided.
b. Thevalueofthedistributedmassshallbereported.
c. Model plots shall be used to indicate where the distributed non
structuralmassesaresmeared.
d. If distributed non structural masses are not included in the model, this
shallbeexplicitlydeclared.

<8.4> Globalinertiaproperties
a. CentreofGravity(COG.)position,totalmassandotherinertiaproperties
computedbytheanalysiscodeshallbereported.

<8.5> Sourcedocumentsofmassdistribution
a. The MMDD shall provide reference to the documents used to establish
themassdistributionofthemathematicalmodel.

<9> Loads

<9.1> General
a. TheMMDDshalldescribethemodelloadsets.

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a. Each load set shall be independently described, including the following
information:
1. Typesofloadincludedineachloadsetkshallbelisted(e.g.forces,
linedistributedloads,pressure,gravity)andrelatedvaluesshallbe
indicated.
2. Totalresultantforcesandmoment(w.r.t.aspecifiedpoint)shallbe
given,incodeoutputformat.

<10> Multipointconstraintsandsinglepointconstraints

<10.1> General
a. TheMMDDshalldescribethesetofpointconstraintsandrelationships.
b. Each set shall be described independently, including the information in
<10.2>below.

<10.2> Setinformation
a. Multipointconstraint(relationshipsbetweenDOFs)
1. Each multipoint constraint set shall be described in terms of
connectednodesanddegreesoffreedom.
2. The model shall be compared to the physical structure and
modellingassumptionsshallbeexplained.
3. Model plots and comparison with structure drawings, should be
usedasameanofpresentation.
b. Singlepointconstraint
1. Each singlepoint constraint set shall be described in terms of
constrainednodesanddegreesoffreedom.
2. The model shall be compared to the physical structure and
modellingassumptionsshallbeexplained.
3. Model plots and comparison with structure drawings, should be
usedasameanofpresentation.

<11> Analysiscases
a. TheMMDDshalldescribetheanalysiscases.
NOTE An analysis case is defined by associating a
constraintsettoananalysisset.

<12> Miscellaneousmodeltopics
a. TheMMDDshallalsocollectanyothertopicofinterest.

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<13> Modelchecks

<13.1> Modelgeometrychecks
a. The MMDD shall report the results of dedicated checks performed to
assessthegeometrycorrectness.

<13.2> Elementstopologychecks
a. The MMDD shall report the results of dedicated checks performed to
assesstheelementstopologycorrectness.

<13.3> Rigidbodymotionstrainenergycheck
a. The MMDD shall report the results of dedicated checks performed in
ordertoensurethatneitherstrainenergynornodalresidualforcesarise
duetorigidbodymotionsofthemodel.
b. Value of strain energy and residual forces due to rigid body motions
shallbereportedatdifferentsetofDOFs:
1. AtthesetincludingallmodelDOFs.
2. AtthesetobtainedbyremovingalldependentDOFsinthemulti
pointconstraints.
3. AtthesetobtainedbyremovingalsoDOFsconstrainedbysingle
pointconstraints.

<13.4> Staticanalysischeck
a. The MMDD shall report the results of dedicated checks performed to
assessmodeladequacytoperformstaticanalysis.

<13.5> Thermalelasticanalysischeck
a. The MMDD shall report the results of dedicated checks performed to
assessadequacytoperformthermalstressanalysis.

<13.6> Normalmodeanalysischeck
a. The MMDD shall report the results of dedicated checks performed to
assess the adequacy of the model to perform normal mode related
dynamicanalyses.

<14> Mathematicalmodelchanges
a. Ifamodelchanges,thechangesshallbedescribed.
b. Theclausesaffectedbymodelchangesshallbeindicatedandupdated.
c. Ifadditionalmodelcheckshavebeenperformedonthedeliveredmodel,
thenthecheckresultsshallbedocumented,numberedandaddressed.

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<15> Conclusion

<15.1> Mathematicalmodeluseinstructuralanalysis
a. Onthebasisofthemodelchecksthathavebeenperformed,theMMDD
shallincludeaclarificationifthemodelsatisfiesthepurposesforwhichit
hasbeencreated,byindicatingtheanalysistypesthemodeliscapableof
performing.

<15.2> Mathematicalmodellimitations
a. Aconcludingremarkonthelimitsofthemodelshallunderlinedthe:
1. analysesthatcannotbeperformed;
2. behaviourofthestructurethatcannotbestudied;
3. responsesthatcannotbegiven.

<15.3> Suggestedfutureimplementation
a. Suggestionsshouldbeprovidedtoimprovetheresponsesofthemodel,
including:
1. howtomodifythemodeltostudyothereffects;
2. how to increase the accuracy of the analysis modifying particular
areas.

I.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex J (normative)
Modal and dynamic response analysis
(MDRA) - DRD

J.1 DRD identification

J.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10j.

J.1.2 Purpose and objective

The modal and dynamic response analysis document (simply referred as
MDRAinthisDRD)providesadetaileddescriptionofthemethodsandresults
of the structure modal analysis (free vibrations) and structure response under
dynamic loads (transient, sinusoidal, random.). The MDRA is one of the key
documents in understanding the structure response to the dynamic
environments, in terms of accelerations, displacements, interface forces and
stresses, and to check its compliance with the applicable input specifications
and output requirements. Typical input to the MDRA are the specifications
defining the mechanical environment and the structure requirement. Finite
elementmodelsarenormallydevelopedasthemainMDRAtools.Testsarealso
normally performed and the results included among MDRA reference and
applicabledocuments.
AMDRAdocumentisissuedatmajormilestonesinthedevelopmentofaspace
structuralitem(e.g.designreviews).Itispreparedonthebasisoftheapplicable
specificationandrequirementdocuments.
The MDRA document has significant relationship with other documents e.g.
mathematical model description, design loads summary, material and
mechanicalpartsallowables.
If the purpose of the MDRA document is a test prediction (e.g. modal survey
testprediction,sinevibrationtestprediction.),theMDRAisusedinconjunction
withthetestpredictiondocument(seeAnnexQ).

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J.2 Expected response

J.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The MDRA shall contain a description of the purpose, objective,
applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheMDRAshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupport
tothegenerationofthedocument.

<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. The MDRA shall include the terms and definitions, abbreviated terms,
andsymbolsused.

<4> Inputdataandassumptions

<4.1> Structuredescription
a. TheMDRAshalldescribethestructureandintroducetotheterminology
formajorstructurecomponents.

<4.2> Unitsystem
a. TheMDRAshallindicatetheconsistentunitsystemofmeasuresusedin
MDRA.
b. The units for mass, force, length, time, temperature and angles shall be
explicitlyreported.

<4.3> Coordinatesystems
a. ThisMDRAshalldescribeallthecoordinatesystemsused.

<4.4> Drawings
b. The MDRA shall reference the set of the available drawings, including
therevisionstatus,toexplaintheactualstatusofthedesignandtodefine
thestructuretobeanalysed.

<4.5> Inputloads(forcingfunctions,loadspectra)
a. Load cases shall be listed and described with reference to relevant
applicabledocuments.

<4.6> Dynamicvariabilityfactor
a. The MDRA shall include the applicable dynamic variability factors,
indicatingtheapplicabledocument(i.e.thespecifiedfactortoprovidea

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marginforloadincreasesduetovariabilityanduncertaintyindefinition
of dynamic models and forcing functions, to multiply by the dynamic
responsecalculatedintheanalysis).

<4.7> Damping
a. The MDRA shall report the assumed structure damping values and
provide their justification (e.g. by referring to prior experiences on
similarstructures).

<4.8> Materialproperties
a. This MDRA shall report the applied material properties and provide
theirjustification.

<5> Analysismethodsandtools

<5.1> General
a. TheMDRAshallincludepresentationoftheanalysismethodsandtools.

<5.2> Mathematicalmodels
a. TheMDRAshall
1. provideaguidetothemathematicalmodelsusedforanalysis,by
referring to the related mathematical model description and
deliverydocuments.
2. summarizethereasonsandlimitationsofthemodels
3. indicatethedeliveryofthemodel.

<5.3> Calculationmethodsandtools
a. The MDRA shall indicate the analysis methods systematically applied
andgeneraltoolsavailableorspecificallydeveloped,byincluding:
1. commercialanalysiscodesandpreandpostprocessors;
2. inhousedevelopedandqualifiedsoftware;
3. usedmanualsandhandbooks;
4. applicablestandardsandprocedures.
b. For new developed software or applied calculation methods, rationale
shallbeprovidedandtestcasesshallbeincluded.

<5.4> Testresults
a. Test results used in analysis shall be summarized and reference test
documentationshallbeindicated.
b. Anexplanationoftheuseoftestresultsinanalysisshallbeincluded(e.g.
mathematicalmodelspreviouslyvalidatedbymodalsurveytests).

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<6> Modalanalysisresults
a. The MDRA shall include the results of the modal analysis and the
detaileddescriptionoftheperformedcalculations,byincluding:
1. listofeigenvaluesandnaturalfrequencies;
2. list of modal effective masses including percentage w.r.t. rigid
mass;
3. plotsanddescriptionsofthesignificantmodeshapes.
b. Referencepointfortherotationaleffectivemassesshallbereported(e.g.
structureinterfacepointorCOG).
c. Criteria used to select the significant modes shall be reported and the
justificationincluded.

<7> Dynamicresponseanalysisresults
a. The MDRA shall contain the response analysis results, including the
tabulated loads, displacements, stresses, margin of safety, or other
agreeduponoutputsoftheloadsanalysis.

<8> Conclusions
a. The MDRA shall describe the main outcome of the analysis performed,
reportingallkeyconclusions.
b. The MDRA shall indicate if the results demonstrate that the structure
requirementsareverified.
c. TheMDRAshalladdressthefollowingpoints:
1. completenessoftheprovidedoutput;
2. dotheloadsmeettheprogramscriteriaforuseindesign?;
3. rationaleforacceptinganydiscrepanciesfromtheplanorcriteria;
4. descriptionofanyfollowupanalysis;
5. finalrecommendations.

J.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex K (normative)
Stress and strength analysis (SSA) - DRD

K.1 DRD identification

K.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10k.

K.1.2 Purpose and objective

Thestressandstrengthanalysisdocument(simplyreferredasSSAinthisDRD)
isthekeydocumenttounderstandthestructureresponsetoitsenvironment,in
terms of displacements, load paths, interface forces, stresses and strains. The
SSA provides a detailed description of methods and results of the structure
analysis under static or quasistatic loads. Applied strength analysis formulae
are outlined. Thermomechanical models are usually developed among the
main stress and strength analysis tools. Tests results are also included among
SSAreferenceandapplicabledocuments.
InputtotheSSAare
thestructurerequirements,
themechanicalenvironment,and
designallowables(e.g.materialandmechanicalpartallowables).
SSAdataandinformationareinputtofracturemechanicsandfatigueanalysis.

K.2 Expected response

K.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The SSA shall contain a description of the purpose, objective,
applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

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<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheSSAshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupportto
thegenerationofthedocument.

<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. TheSSAshallincludethetermsanddefinitions,abbreviatedterms,and
symbolsused.

<4> Structure(orstructurecomponent)description

<4.1> Unitsystem
a. The SSA shall indicate the consistent unit system of measures used in
SSA.
b. The units for mass, force, length, time, temperature and angles shall be
explicitlydocumented.

<4.2> Generaldescription,drawings
a. TheSSAshalldescribethestructureandintroducetotheterminologyfor
majorstructurecomponents.
b. Referenceshallbemadetotheavailabledrawings.
c. The SSA shall reference the set of the applied drawings in order to
explain the actual status of the design and to describe the structure
componentstobeanalyzed.

<4.3> Coordinatesystem
a. The SSA shall describe the reference coordinate systems used in the
analysis,bygivingthefollowinginformation:
1. theidentificationnumberorname;
2. thetype(rectangular,cylindricalspherical);
3. reference,ifany,tomathematicalmodelcoordinatesystems.

<5> Stressanalysisinputdataandassumptions

<5.1> Designloadssummary
a. TheSSAshallrefertotheapplicabledesignloads(DL).
NOTE Data summary from this document can be
reproduced and collected in this subclause if
appropriateforanyreason(e.g.becauseadditional
elaborationororganizationofdatahavebeendone
foranalysis).

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<5.2> Factorsofsafety(FOS)
a. TheSSAshallincludeatableoftherequireddesignFOS,indicatingthe
source document, clearly indicating the relation to the applicable
verification method (i.e. by analysis only, by test and analysis, or by
similarity.).
b. TheSSAshouldalsorefertotheclause4.5.17(FOS).

<6> Failuremodes

<6.1> General
a. The SSA shall list the (quasi)static failure modes (such as deformation
exceedingallowedlimits,bucklingandrupture)ofthestructureandthe
associateddesignloadlevels.

<6.2> Materialpropertiesanddesignallowables
a. The SSA shall refer to the material and mechanical part allowables
document and summarize in a table all the material properties and
designallowablesusedintheanalysis.
b. The table indicated in <6.2>a. above shall indicate for each design
allowable the basis (e.g. if A or Bvalues are given or typical values
mean, nominal) and the source, if different from the material and
mechanicalpartallowablesdocument.
c. Fornonlinearanalysesthestressstraincurveappliedshallbepresented,
clearlyindicatingwhetheritisameancurve(mappingthemeanofthe
set of test curves) or a minimum curve through the material design
allowables.
d. TheSSAshallalsocollectotherdesignallowablesdifferentfrommaterial
allowable (e.g. buckling design allowables and joint design allowables)
byindicatingthereferencedocumentation.
e. The SSA shall include also other relevant data not included in the
previous subclauses (e.g. manufacturing residual stresses in the
structure),i.e.miscellaneousdataandrequirements.

<7> Analysisbasicmethodsandtools

<7.1> General
a. The SSA shall include a general presentation of analysis methods and
tools,includingannexestodocumentthespecificmethodsappliedinthe
analysisofanystructuralitem.

<7.2> Mathematicalmodels
a. The SSA shall describe the mathematical models used for analysis, by
explaining the mathematical model philosophy and referring to the
relatedMMDD(seeAnnexI).

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b. Reasonsforthechoiceandlimitationsofthemodelsshallbesummarized
here.
c. Deliveryofthemodelshallbeindicated.

<7.3> Calculationmethodsandtools
a. The SSA shall indicate the analysis methods systematically applied and
generaltoolsavailableorspecificallydeveloped,byincluding:
1. usedstressmanualsandhandbooks;
2. applicablestandardsandprocedures;
3. commercialanalysiscodesandpre/postprocessors;
4. inhousedevelopedandqualifiedsoftware.
b. For new developed software or applied calculation methods, rationale
shallbeprovidedandtestcasesshallbeincluded.

<7.4> Testresults
a. Test results used in analysis shall be summarized and reference test
documentationshallbeindicated.
b. Theuseoftestresultsinanalysisshallbeexplained.

<7.5> Marginsofsafetyformulae
a. Formulaeusedtocomputethemarginsofsafetyshallbedocumentedin
thissubclause.

<8> Integrityanalysis

<8.1> General
a. The SSA shall contain the results of the stress analysis and describe in
detail the performed calculations, independently for each major
structuralitemsofthestructure(referto<4>).
b. The description of each major structural item shall include the
informationlistedin<8.2>.

<8.2> Descriptionofeachmajorstructuralitem
a. TheSSAshallgiveabriefdescriptionofeachitem,withreferencetothe
<4>andthedocumentsapplied.
b. Figures or drawings shall be included, showing the physical structural
item.
c. The SSA shall underline if some assumptions of relevant significance
havebeenintroduced.
d. If no significant assumptions have been used in the modelling of the
item,thisshallbeexplicitlyindicated.
e. Thefollowingoutputsofthestressanalysisshallbeincluded:

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1. stresses for static and quasistatic structural integrity at design
yieldandultimatelevel;
2. stresses for structural durability (fatigue, fracture and creep) at
designlimitlevel.
f. For usual strength analysis, Von Mises equivalent stress shall be
indicated.
g. If any other yield and failure criterion is applied, proper stress index
valuesshallbedocumented(e.g.failureindexforcomposites).
h. For fatigue and fracture mechanics analysis, principal stresses shall be
indicated.
i. The characterization of the differences of the results of linear and non
linearanalysesshallbeincluded.
NOTE They are used before taken into account in the
strengthanalysis.
j. All the margins of safety computed for the each item k shall be
documented,togetherwiththedesignallowablesused.
k. Adetaileddescriptionofeachanalysisperformedshallbeincluded.

<9> Inputtofatigueandfracturemechanics

<9.1> General
TheSSAneednotincludetheinformationinthissectioniffractureanalysisis
notperformed.

<9.2> Descriptionofinputdatatofatigueandfractureanalysis
a. The SSA shall describe the stress analysis input to perform fatigue and
fracturemechanics,bygivingthefollowingindications:
1. Descriptionofthedatatobeproducedbystressanalysis(e.g.load
casesandstresses);
2. Methods to choose critical locations from fatigue and fracture
mechanicspointofview.

<9.3> Sourceofinputdatatofatigueandfractureanalysis
a. The SSA shall indicate the source of stress input to fatigue and fracture
mechanics and specify if other tools as those used for general stress
analysishavebeenappliedorifspecificmodelsandmethodshavebeen
developed.

<9.4> Datatransferformat
a. The SSA shall define the format to transfer stress data to fracture and
fracturemechanics.

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<9.5> Minimummarginsofsafetysummary
a. Minimum margins of safety shall be documented into a Minimum
MarginsofSafetySummaryTable,tocollecttogetherminimummargins
foundforeachanalyzeditem.

<10> Conclusions

<10.1> General
a. TheSSAshallincludeacorrespondencebetweenanalysesdocumentedin
previous clauses and higher level entries of drawing family tree that
demonstrates the performed analysis are exhaustive w.r.t. structures
majoritems.
b. Details of correspondence between analysis and lower level part
numbersshouldbeprovidedinsidetheanalysespresentation.
c. Conclusive evaluation of analysis results shall be included, indicating if
performed analysis demonstrate that structure requirements and
integrityareverified.
d. Recommendation and to additional verification to be performed shall
alsobeincluded.

<10.2> Analyses:genericrequirements
a. The SSA shall be include exhaustive information w.r.t. all the analysis
relatedtotheeachitem,byincludingoraddressingalltheanalysisdata
andresults,andtheusedproceduresandmethods.

<10.3> Analyses:specificrequirements
a. All symbols and acronyms used shall be defined and shall show their
dimensionalunits.
b. Anabstractofeachanalysisshould:
1. beincludedtopresentthemajorpointsintheanalysis.
2. contain comments on the reason for the work, on anything unusual
about the methods used, and contain a clear recapitulation of the
principalfindings,results,conclusions,andrecommendations.

c. The abstract shall not contain historical background descriptions of

routineprocedures,oradiscussionoftheresultsisappropriate.
d. Theabstractshallbelimitedtothefacts,beingsuretoincludeanything
thatisnewandsignificant.
e. Each analysis shall include introductive material, briefly describing the
following:
1. Purposeoftheanalysis
2. Historicalbackground
3. Designspecificationsandanalysisinput(requirements,loads,etc.)
4. Statementsoffindings,results,conclusionsandrecommendations.

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f. The SSA shall report the stress analysis performed for each structural
part.
g. Asummaryofallpartnumbersandtheircriticalloadswhicharebeing
coveredbysimilarityshallbeincluded.
h. Parts whichhave been deemed as nonstructuralby the analyst, shall
beidentifiedassuchandlisted,withthejustificationoftheirdesignation
asnonstructural.
i. The SSA shall refer to the complete file of unsubmitted backup or
notebookanalysis.
j. TheSSAshallintroducethemajorcalculationmethods.
k. All numbers shown shall be supported by their corresponding
calculationsor(incaseofe.g.computerresults,computedallowables)by
thesource.
l. If software output is included it shall be completely explained, e.g.,
symbols, acronyms, abbreviations, and methods used, assumptions
made.
m. Sketches of the analyzed structure should be included to clarify the
followingaspects:
1. Whatthepartisandwhatitislookinglike.
2. Wherethepartislocatedintheassemblyorinstallation.
3. Where the reaction loads are located; a free body sketch showing
appliedloadsandbalancedreactionsshouldbeincluded.
4. Identify all parts of the sketch with drawing numbers unless the
partisidentifiedinadrawingnumberblockoftheanalysispage.
5. Show the dimensions used in analysis; however, it is sometimes
helpful to the reader to include drawing tolerances to verify
assumptionsusedtoobtaintheanalysisdimensions.
6. Locatesectionsandpointsanalyzedandreferenceaxes.
7. Do not number sketches except to identify them when more than
oneappearsonapage.
n. Every figure, equation, and analysis method should be referenced to its
origin,exceptthefollowing,whichneednotbereferred:
1. Numbers,equations,methods,etc.easilyfoundonthesamepage
2. Common algebraic equations, theorems, trigonometric formulas
etc.
o. TheSSAshallcrossreferanypreviousissueandsummarizethechanges.

K.2.2 Special remarks

a. Thedocumentshallbeproducedinelectronicform.
b. Printedcopiesshouldbefurnishedonrequest.

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c. Locked or not reusable format (e.g. pdffiles) may be accepted for
executablefiles(e.g.spreadsheets).

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Annex L (normative)
Structure alignment budget (SAB) - DRD

L.1 DRD identification

L.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10l.

L.1.2 Purpose and objective

Thestructurealignmentbudgetdocument(simplyreferredasSABinthisDRD)
providesthealignmentfiguresforeachconfigurationthatcanbeencountered
forthestudiedstructuralitem.Itincludesdatameasuredatvariousstepofthe
manufacturingofthestructureanduncertaintiesonthesefigures.
The SAB also includes a brief description of the final use of the data (e.g.
pointingbudget)
The SAB is delivered for each major milestone in the AIT process of the
structuralitemforalignmentbudget.Itisakeydocumentfortheknowledgeof
the alignment performances status within the project development and to
identify in time any potential criticality w.r.t. alignment and stability
requirements.
A structure alignment budget is established for each project concerned by
alignmentanddimensionalstabilityrequirements.

L.2 Expected response

L.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The SAB shall contain a description of the purpose, objective,
applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

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<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheSABshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupportto
thegenerationofthedocument.

<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. TheSABshallincludethetermsanddefinitions,abbreviatedterms,and
symbolsused.

<4> Structuredescription

<4.1> Generaldescriptionofthestructuralitem
a. The SAB shall describe the structural item and introduce to the
terminologyforitsmajorcomponents.
b. Reference should be made to the available drawings, including the
revisionstatus.

<4.2> Structuremodification
a. The SAB shall describe all the modifications brought to the structure
w.r.t.thereferencedpreviousSABdocumentissues.
b. If no structure change arose w.r.t. previous SAB issues, it shall be
explicitlystated.
c. Ifthestructurehasbeenmodified,
1. the subclauses or parts of the document affected by the changes
shallbeindicatedandthechangesshallbedescribed.
2. The subclauses or parts of the document not affected by the
changesshallbeexplicitlyindicated

<4.3> Assumptionsandidealizations
a. The SAB shall summarize and justify the alignment performances
measurementorcomputationmethodology.
b. Itshouldincludethefollowingtopics:
1. descriptionofthemanufacturingstatusofthestructure;
2. descriptionofthedifferentconfigurationstobesummarizedinthe
SAB;
3. description of the different status of the figures included in the
SAB (before test, after test, after transportation, on the launch
pad);
4. brief description of the methodology and rationale used to
measure the alignment performances or to compute them from
measuresandtherelateduncertainties.
5. list and description of each stability figure described in the SAB
(which element of the structure are considered which kind of

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performance is reported, relative orientation of local coordinate
systems).

<4.4> Unitsystemofmeasures
a. Theunitsystemofmeasures,andrelatedsymbols,shallbeindicated.
b. The units for mass, force, length, angle, temperature and time shall be
explicitlyreported.

<4.5> Coordinatesystems
a. The SAB shall describe all the coordinate systems used in the SAB by
giving,foreachcoordinatesystem,thefollowinginformation:
1. thecoordinatesystemidentifier;
2. thetype(e.g.rectangular);
3. the coordinate system definition (origin and orientation of the
axes);
4. abriefdescriptiontoexplainitsuse.

<5> Structurealignmentfiguresdetails
a. The SAB shall present for each desired alignment performance the
followinginformation:
1. identificationofthereportedalignmentperformancefigure;
2. referenceframesusedforthealignmentperformancedescription;
3. alignmentfigurewithitsassociateduncertainties.

<6> Structurealignmentfiguressummary
a. For each configuration presented in the SAB and for the major
performances,thefollowinginformationshallbeincluded:
1. identificationofthereportedalignmentperformancefigure;
2. table presenting the evolution of the figures for the different
measurementsthathavebeenperformed;
3. comparison between the current structure alignment figures and
targetfigures.

<7> Conclusion
a. The SAB shall contain recommendations to use correctly the data
includedinthisdocument.
b. TheSABshallcontainlimitationsoftheperformedwork.
c. The SAB shall contain conclusion about the alignment performances of
thestructurew.r.t.thespecifications.
d. The SAB shall contain conclusion about the alignment stability of the
structure.

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e. TheSABshallcontainconclusionabouttheperformanceofthestructure.
f. The SAB shall contain suggestions for future work and additional
investigationsorimprovements.

L.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex M (normative)
Structure buckling (SB) - DRD

M.1 DRD identification

M.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10m.

M.1.2 Purpose and objective

Thestructurebucklingdocument(simplyreferredasSBinthisDRD)describes
theanalysesandthetestsperformedforbucklingverificationandreportstheir
results. The SB provides a detailed description of structure buckling modes,
indicates if a certain buckling phenomenon is accepted at a specific level of
load, describes the methods applied to define the buckling loads, reports the
values of buckling loads (determined by analysis or by test), and defines the
bucklingdesignallowablestobeusedinstructureverification.
ThefollowingDRDsrelatetoandaccountfortheSB:
stressandstrengthanalysis(seeAnnexK);
mathematicalmodeldescriptionanddelivery(seeAnnexI).

M.2 Expected response

M.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. TheSBshallcontainadescriptionofthepurpose,objective,applicability,
contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheSBshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupporttothe
generationofthedocument.

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<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. The SB shall include the terms and definitions, abbreviated terms, and
symbolsused.

<4> Structureidentificationanddescriptionofexamined
bucklingphenomena

<4.1> Unitsystem
a. TheSBshallindicatetheconsistentunitsystemofmeasuresused.
b. Theunitsformass,force,length,timeandtemperatureshallbeexplicitly
reported.

<4.2> Generaldescription
a. TheSBshalldescribethestructureandintroducetotheterminologyfor
majorstructurecomponents.
b. Referenceshallbemadetotheavailablesetofdrawings,includingtheir
revision status, to explain the actual status of the design and to clearly
definethestructuretobeanalyzed.

<4.3> Coordinatesystems
a. The SB shall describe the coordinate system(s) used for the structural
design.

<5> Bucklingmodesandloadallowables

<5.1> General
a. TheSBshallincludetheexplanationofthephysicsofeachphenomenon
and the applied approach (analytical or experimental) of the buckling
phenomenaofinterest.
b. Categorization of buckling phenomena should be used to better
understandthematterandappliedmethods:i.e.todistinguishbetween
beam,flatpanelandcurvedpanelbuckling,orbetweenlocalandglobal
buckling,orstaticallyanddynamicallyinstablestructures.
c. A list of all the examined buckling phenomena shall be included and
usedasanstructurefortherestofthereport.
d. A general introduction to applied methods shall be included, with
explicitreferencetomethodologylimits,tothestateoftheartandtoany
recommendationforproperuseofresultingdata.
e. The details of the examined buckling phenomena shall be provided, by
reportingbucklingmodesandloadsforeachinterestedstructureitem.
f. Eachstructureitemshallbeidentifiedinthereportbyastructurepartor
componentidentifier,previouslydescribed,andcoveredindependently.
g. The description of each structure item shall include the information
specifiedin<5.2>below.

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<5.2> Bucklingofeachstructureitem
a. Todocumentbucklingphenomenaexaminedforeachstructureitem,the
followinginformationshallbesummarized:
1. loaddefinition;
2. boundaryconditionsdefinition;
3. methodsusedtostudybuckling:analysis,experiment;
4. bucklingmodedescription;
5. value of the design buckling load (to be applied in structure
verification);
6. referencetosourceandapplicabledocuments.
b. A justification of the adequacy of applied buckling analysis methods
shallbeprovided.
c. Ifamathematicalmodelisusedtoperformbucklinganalysis,therelated
MMDDshallbereferenced.
d. Forimperfectionsensitivestructures(e.g.shells),theapproachappliedto
define the buckling loads (e.g. the knockdown factor method) shall be
reported.
e. Itshallbeclearlyindicatedifanyloadstabilizingeffectariseanditshall
bedocumentedthatnoFOSwereappliedtoapotentialstabilizingload.

<6> Conclusion
a. ThisSBshallincluderecommendationstocorrectlyusethedataincluded
inSBdocument.
b. ThisSBshallincludelimitationsoftheperformedwork.
c. This SB shall include suggestions for future work and additional
investigations.

M.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex N (normative)
Structure mass summary (SMS) - DRD

N.1 DRD identification

N.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10n.

N.1.2 Purpose and objective

The structure mass summary document (simplyreferred as SMSin this DRD)
providesthemassproperties(i.e.mass,COGlocationandinertiamatrices)for
eachstructureandsystemconfiguration.Thesepropertiescanbecomputedor
measured.
The SMS is delivered for each major milestone in the development of the
structuralitem.Itisfundamentalfortheknowledgeoftheconfigurationstatus
withintheprojectdevelopmentandtoidentifyintimeanypotentialcriticality
w.r.t.themassrequirements.
TheSMSisaninputforthesystemmassandinertiabudget.

N.2 Expected response

N.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The SMS shall contain a description of the purpose, objective,
applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheSMSshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupportto
thegenerationofthedocument.

<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. TheSMSshallincludethetermsanddefinitions,abbreviatedterms,and
symbolsused.

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<4> Massproperties

<4.1> Generaldescriptionofthestructuralitem
a. The SMS shall describe the structural item and introduce to the
terminologyforitsmajorcomponents.
b. Reference should be made to the available drawings, including the
revisionstatus.

<4.2> MasspropertieschangessincethelastSMSrevision
a. The SMS shall describe all the changes of the mass properties w.r.t. the
referencedpreviousSMSissues.
b. Ifnomasschangearosew.r.t.previousSMSissues,itshallbeexplicitly
stated.
c. Ifthemasspropertieshavechanged,
1. the subclauses affected by the changes shall be indicated and the
changesdescribed;
2. the subclauses not affected by the changes shall be explicitly
identifiedassuch.

<4.3> Assumptionsandidealisations
a. TheSMSshallsummarizeandjustifythemasspropertiescomputationor
measurementmethodology.
b. Itshouldincludethefollowingtopics:
1. description of the design maturity or manufacturing status of the
structure;
2. descriptionofthedifferentconfigurationstobesummarizedinthe
SMS.Typically,thisincludes:thelaunchconfiguration,theendof
flightoronorbitconfiguration;
3. brief description of the rationale and of the software used to
computethemasspropertiesandtherelateduncertainties.

<4.4> Unitsystemofmeasures
a. The SMS shall indicate the consistent unit system of measures and the
relatedunitsymbolsusedbythedesigner.
b. Theunitsformass,force,lengthtimeandtemperatureshallbeexplicitly
reported.

<4.5> Coordinatesystems
a. The SMS shall describe all the coordinate systems used in the SMS by
giving,foreachcoordinatesystem,thefollowinginformation:
1. thecoordinatesystemidentifier;
2. thetype(e.g.rectangular);

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3. the coordinate system definition (origin and orientation of the
axes);
4. abriefdescriptiontoexplainitsuse.

<5> Massdetails
a. The SMS shall present for each component of the structural item the
followinginformation:
1. nominalmassandrelateduncertainties;
2. COG location w.r.t. to its own reference frame and related
uncertainties;
3. inertiaw.r.t.toitsCOGandrelateduncertainties.

<6> Masssummary
a. Each configuration presented in the SMS document shall be described
independently,includingthefollowinginformation:
1. nominal mass and corresponding COG position in the system
referenceframe;
2. inertiamatrixw.r.t.thesystemreferenceframe;
3. inertiamatrixw.r.t.theCOG.;
4. principalinertiaw.r.t.theCOG.;
5. directioncosineofprincipalaxesw.r.t.thereferenceframe;
6. static and dynamic unbalances w.r.t. each of the axes of the
referenceframe;
7. tablepresentingtheresultsofthesensitivityanalysisonthemass
uncertaintiesw.r.t.thenominalmass;
8. tablepresentingtheresultsofthesensitivityanalysisontheother
uncertaintiesw.r.t.themaximalmass.

<7> Conclusion
a. The SMS shall include recommendations to use correctly the data
includedinthisdocument.
b. TheSMSshallincludelimitationsoftheperformedwork.
c. The SMS shall include suggestions for future work and additional
investigationsorimprovements.
d. The SMS shall include comparison between current structure mass and
targetstructuralmass.

N.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex O (normative)
Test-analysis correlation (TAC) - DRD

O.1 DRD identification

O.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10o.

O.1.2 Purpose and objective

The testanalysis correlation document (simply referred as TAC in this DRD)
provides a summary of test predictions, test results and applicable correlation
criteria. It describes the correlation between test and analyticaldata. The TAC
documentcanalsoillustratetheupdatingactivitiesandchangesperformedon
the mathematical model to achieve the correlation criteria (see ECSSEST32
03).
TheTACdocumenthassignificantrelationshipwithotherdocumentssuchas
mathematicalmodeldescriptions,testpredictionsandtestreports.

O.2 Expected response

O.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. The TAC shall contain a description of the purpose, objective,
applicability,contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheTACshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupportto
thegenerationofthedocument.

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<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. TheTACshallincludethetermsanddefinitions,abbreviatedterms,and
symbolsused.

<4> Structureoutline

<4.1> Generaldescriptionofthestructure
a. The TAC shall describe the structure and introduce the terminology for
majorstructurecomponents.
b. Referenceshallbemadetotheavailabledocumentationanddrawings.

<4.2> Unitsystem
a. The TAC shall indicate the consistent unit system of measures used in
TAC.
b. The units for mass, force, length, time, temperature and angles shall be
explicitlyreported.

<4.3> Coordinatesystems
a. TheTACshalldescribeallthecoordinatesystemsused.

<5> Correlationcriteria
a. TheTACshallreportthecorrelationmetricsandcriteria.
b. Referenceshallbemadetoapplicabledocuments,ifavailable.

<6> Testoutline
a. The TAC shall summarize the main aspects of the test performed and
referencetestdocumentationshallbeindicated.
b. TheTACshallreportthetestobjectives.
c. TheTACshalldescribethetestarticleconfiguration.
d. TheTACshalldescribethetestsetup.
e. TheTACshallsummarizethetestresultsusedfortheTAC.

<7> Outlineofthetestpredictions
a. The TAC shall summarize the main aspects of the test predictions and
referencedocumentationshallbeindicated.
b. TheTACshallreporttheobjectivesofthetestpredictions.
c. The TAC shall indicate name and version of the software used for the
analyticalpredictions.
d. TheTACshallrefertotherelevantmathematicalmodeldescriptions.It
shall describe the analysed configuration and shall compare it with the
testarticleconfiguration.

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e. TheTACshallsummarizethetestpredictionresultsusedfortheTAC.

<8> Testanalysisinitialcorrelation

<8.1> General
a. ThisTACshalldescribethecomparisonandreportthecorrelationresults
betweenthetestresultsandthecorrespondinganalyticalresults.

<8.2> Mathematicalmodelchanges(updating)
a. The TAC shall describe the activities and all the changes performed on
themathematicalmodelinordertogetanimprovedandconsistenttest
analysiscorrelationwithrespecttotheapplicablecorrelationmetricsand
criteria.
b. Rationaleforallthechangesshallbereported.

<9> Testanalysisfinalcorrelation
a. TheTACshalldescribetheresultsofthetestanalysisfinalcorrelation.
b. Qualityofthefinalcorrelationandremainingtestanalysisdiscrepancies
shallbecommentedandthejustificationprovided.

<10> Conclusions
a. Onthebasisofthemodelchangesandfinalcorrelationresultsthathave
been described in the previous paragraphs, the TAC shall include a
clarificationofthefollowingsubjects:
1. thevalidationofthemethodsandassumptionsusedtosatisfythe
structuralrequirementsoftheconcernedstructure;
2. adequacyandvalidationofthemathematicalmodelw.r.t.itstasks
(e.g.loadsanalysis,testprediction,andstressanalysis.);
3. limitationsofthemathematicalmodel;
4. consequences and future activities due to the changes performed
onthemathematicalmodel.

O.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex P (normative)
Test evaluation (TE) - DRD

P.1 DRD identification

P.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10p.

P.1.2 Purpose and objective

Thetestevaluationdocument(simplyreferredasTEinthisDRD)providesthe
documentationtoassessthestructureperformancebasedonthetestdata.The
test results are evaluated with respect to the test objectives and the
requirementstobeverified.
The TE document has significant relationship with other documents e.g. test
specifications,testplans,testpredictionsandtestreports.

P.2 Expected response

P.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. TheTEshallcontainadescriptionofthepurpose,objective,applicability,
contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheTEshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupporttothe
generationofthedocument.

<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. The TE shall include the terms and definitions, abbreviated terms, and
symbolsused.

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<4> Structureoutline

<4.1> Generaldescriptionofthestructure
a. TheTEshalldescribethestructureandintroducetotheterminologyfor
majorstructurecomponents.
b. Referenceshallbemadetotheavailabledocumentationanddrawings.

<4.2> Unitsystem
a. TheTEshallindicatetheconsistentunitsystemofmeasuresused.
b. The units for mass, force, length, time, temperature and angles shall be
explicitlyreported.

<4.3> Coordinatesystems
a. TheTEshalldescribeallthecoordinatesystemsused.

<5> Outlineofthetestpredictions
a. If test analytical predictions have been carried out, the TE shall
summarizethemainaspectsofthemandreferencedocumentationshall
beindicated.
b. Theobjectivesoftheanalyticalpredictionsshallbeclearlyreported.

<6> Testpreliminaryelements

<6.1> General
a. TheTEshalldocumentthepreliminaryelementsofthetestperformed.
b. Referencetestdocumentationshallbeindicated.

<6.2> Scopeofthetestandtestobjectives
a. TheTEshallreportthegeneralobjectiveofthetest,thescopeofthetest,
andthespecificobjectives.

<6.3> Testcriteria
a. The TE shall recall the criteria to be satisfy by the test to meet its
objectives.
b. TheTEshallalsorefertotheapplicabledocuments.

<6.4> Successcriteria
a. TheTEshallreport,foreachstatedobjective,howtomeasureitssuccess.

<6.5> Testarticle
a. The TE shall specify the part or assembly number and production unit
thathasbeentested

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b. The TE shall describe any configuration differences compared to the
flightarticle.
c. The TE shall summarize a review of the configuration requirements,
detailinghowwellthetestmetthem.
d. Ifconfigurationdiscrepancieswerepresent,theTEshallincludecopiesof
theformaldiscrepancyreports,includingrationaleforacceptance.

<6.6> Testequipment
a. TheTEshalldescribeanytestfixtures,instruments,loadingdevices,and
specialequipment.
b. The TE shall include a reviewing of the requirements for the main
equipment used to support the test (fixtures, simulators, instruments,
data acquisition systems) and equipment used to introduce loads or
environments.
c. The TE shall include a reviewing of the interface requirements for
strength, stiffness, and interface degrees of freedom for the test articles
supportfixture.
d. TheTEshallsummarizehowwellthetestmettheaboverequirements.

<6.7> Testconfiguration
a. The TE shall describe the test setup, including how the test article has
beensupported,howtestequipmenthasbeenphysicallyattachedtothe
testarticle,andhowenvironmentsorloadshavebeenintroduced.
b. The TE shall include a reviewing of the configuration requirements,
describing any special methods of verifying configuration requirements
(e.g.locationandorientationofloadingdevicesandkeyinstruments).
c. The TE shall report any configuration discrepancies together with a
justification.

<6.8> Testconditions
a. The TE shall report test environments or loads, acceptable tolerances,
loadingsequences,andanyproceduralrequirements(e.g.,whenthetest
articlehasbeeninspected).

<6.9> Dataacquisitions
a. The TE shall explain how the test team acquired, presented, monitored,
andassessedthetestdata.
b. TheTEshalldocumentanyequationsusedtogeneratepredictionsorto
reduce data (the derivations of these equations can be introduced in an
annex).
c. TheTEshalldiscusshowthedatahavebeencheckedduringthetestto
ensurethetestvalidity.

<7> Testdescriptionandtestresults
a. TheTEshallincludeanoverviewoftherequiredtestconditions.

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b. TheTEshalldescribehowwelltherequirementshavebeenmetandhow
theyhavebeenverified(e.g.calibratedinstruments,suchasloadcells).
c. TheTEshallincludeadiscussionofeachtestcaseinsequence,reviewing
objectives and success criteria, reporting on test results, and drawing
conclusions.
d. Topics of discussion specified in c shall include any aspect of the test
pertinenttotestobjectives,successcriteria,orvalidity.
e. Criticaldataplotsofparticularinterestshallbereported.
NOTE For large tests include only summary statements
and conclusions, and include the rest of the data
foranannex.

<8> Lessonslearned
a. The TE shall include any other information that can help planning a
similartest.
b. The TE shall explain any problems encountered, how they have been
resolvedandhowtheycanbeavoided.

<9> Conclusions
a. The TE shall include the main outcome of the test and test evaluation,
reportingallmajorconclusions.

P.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex Q (normative)
Test prediction (TP) - DRD

Q.1 DRD identification

Q.1.1 Requirement identification and source

document
ThisDRDiscalledfromECSSEST32,requirement4.10q.

Q.1.2 Purpose and objective

Thetestpredictiondocument(simplyreferredasTPinthisDRD)providesthe
analysis prediction of response of the tested article to the specified test
environmentandloads.
TheTPisessentialforassessingandinterpretingthetestdata,anddeveloping
teststrategies.Thedefinitionofthespecificparameterstobemonitoredduring
thetestispartofthisdocument.
TheTPdocumenthassignificantrelationshipwithotherdocumentssuchastest
specifications, mathematical model description, design loads summary,
material and mechanical parts allowable, testanalysis correlation. If the TP
deals with a modal and dynamic response analysis (e.g. modal survey test
prediction,sinevibrationtestprediction),theTPDRDcomplementstheMDRA
DRD(seeAnnexJ).

Q.2 Expected response

Q.2.1 Scope and content

<1> Introduction
a. TheTPshallcontainadescriptionofthepurpose,objective,applicability,
contentandthereasonpromptingitspreparation

<2> Applicableandreferencedocuments
a. TheTPshalllisttheapplicableandreferencedocumentsinsupporttothe
generationofthedocument.

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<3> Termsanddefinitions,abbreviatedtermsandsymbols
a. The TP shall include the terms and definitions, abbreviated terms, and
symbolsused.

<4> Testpredictioninputdataandassumptions

<4.1> Structuredescription
a. TheTPshalldescribethestructureandintroducetotheterminologyfor
majorstructurecomponents.

<4.2> Unitsystem
a. TheTPshallindicatetheconsistentunitsystemofmeasuresused.
b. The units for mass, force, length, time, temperature and angles shall be
explicitlyreported

<4.3> Coordinatesystems
a. TheTPshalldescribeallthecoordinatesystemsused.

<4.4> Drawings
a. The TP shall reference the set of the available drawings, including the
revisionstatus,toexplaintheactualstatusofthedesignandtodefinethe
structuretobeanalysed.

<4.5> Nonconformances
a. Nonconformances potentially affecting the test results shall be reported
intheTP,andajustificationincluded.

<4.6> Environmentsandloads
a. Testloadcasesshallbelistedanddescribedwithreferencetoapplicable
documents(e.g.testspecification).

<4.7> Damping
a. TheTPshallreporttheassumedstructuredampingvaluesandprovide
their justification (e.g. by referring to prior experiences on similar
structures).

<4.8> Materialproperties
a. TheTPshallreporttheappliedmaterialpropertiesofthetestarticleand
shallprovidetheirjustification.

<4.9> TestAnalysiscrossreferencetable
a. A crossreference between analysis locations and monitoring locations
shall be included with reference to the test specification and the
measurementplan.

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<5> Analysismethodsandtools

<5.1> Mathematicalmodels
a. TheTPshallreportonthemathematicalmodelsusedintheanalysisfor
the test prediction, by referring to the related mathematical model
descriptionanddeliverydocuments.
b. TheTPshallsummarizethereasonsandlimitationsofthemodels

<5.2> Calculationmethodsandtools
a. The TP shall indicate the analysis methods systematically applied and
generaltoolsavailableorspecificallydeveloped,byincluding:
1. commercialanalysiscodesandpre/postprocessors;
2. inhousedevelopedandqualifiedsoftware;
3. usermanualsandhandbooks,and
4. applicablestandardsandprocedures
b. For newly developed software or applied calculation methods, the TP
shallincludearationaleandverificationtestcases.
c. Crossreference of the analysis locations and the normally different
monitoring locations shall be included, delivering the input for the test
specification.

<5.3> Testresults
a. Test results used in analysis shall be summarized and reference test
documentationshallbeindicated.
b. The use of test results in analysis shall be explained (e.g. substructure
mathematicalmodelspreviouslyvalidatedbymodalsurveytests).

<6> Analysisdescriptionandresults
a. TheTPshallprovideadetaileddescriptionoftheperformedcalculations.
b. The TP shall contain the results of the analytical prediction of the
behaviourofthestructuralpartsundertest,includingthedisplacements,
accelerations, forces, stresses, margins of safety, natural frequencies,
modeshapesorotheragreeduponoutputsoftheanalysis.
c. Theresultsspecifiedin<6>baboveshallinclude:
1. for modal survey test prediction: natural frequencies, mode
shapes,effectivemodalmasses,generalisedmasses,targetmodes,
instrumentationlayout,simplifiedgeometry,reducedmassmatrix.
2. for sinusoidal vibration test prediction: natural frequencies,
effective modal masses, acceleration levels at relevant structure
locations,forcefluxlevelsatthemaininterfaces,notchingprofiles,
instrumentationlayout.

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3. for vibroacoustic noise test prediction: response acceleration
spectral densities, equipment and brackets design accelerations,
stresses,interfaceforces..
4. for static test prediction: displacements, forces, stresses at main
interfaces.

<7> Conclusions
a. The TP shall include the main outcome of the analysis performed,
reportingallmajorconclusions.

Q.2.2 Special remarks

None.

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Annex R (informative)
Document description list

R.1 Computer aided design model description and

delivery
This document provides a detailed description of the computer aided design
modelandoftheperformedqualitychecks.

R.2 Configuration item data list (document controlled by

ECSS-M-ST-40)
This document includes the complete list of structural items and gives the
denomination.

R.3 Design definition file (document controlled by

ECSS-E-ST-10)
The design definition file related to a structural product is a generic title
referring to all of the documentation which establishes the product
characteristics, including specifications, drawings, schematics and mandatory
productionandverificationprocedures.

R.4 Design development plan (included in the System

engineering plan controlled by ECSS-E-ST-10)
Thedescriptionoftheconcept,plan,practiceandproceduresforachievingthe
necessary tasks under design, engineering, manufacturing, assembly,
integration and verification constraints is presented in this document, taking
intoaccountthegeneralsequence.

R.5 Design justification file (document controlled by

ECSS-E-ST-10)
The design justification file related to a structural product is a generic title
referringtoalldocumentation,whichjustifiestheevolutionoftheproductfrom
the requirements to the design and demonstrates that the design conforms to

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the requirements. This can include design notes, analyses, reports and other
descriptivematerial.

R.6 Drawings (document controlled by ISO 128)

DrawingsareproducedinaccordancewiththeISO128seriesofstandards.

R.7 Design loads

This document provides a detailed description of the design limit load cases
and design life cycles to be used to justify the mechanical design of the
structure.

R.8 Dimensional stability analysis

This document provides the stability figures for the understanding of the
stabilityperformancestatusofthestructurewithintheprojectdevelopment.

R.9 Fatigue analysis

This document includes a report of the verification of the fatigue life of the
structure.

R.10 Fracture control analysis

Thisdocumentreportstheverificationresultsfortheitemsdefinedinrelevant
item lists (i.e. potential fracture critical item list, fracture critical item list,
fracturelimitedlifeitemlist.

R.11 Fracture control plan

This plan describes how to implement the applicable fracture control
requirements.

R.12 Fracture control items lists

Criticalitems areidentified in relevant item lists(i.e. potential fracture critical
itemslist,fracturecriticalitemslist,fracturelimitedlifeitemslist).

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R.13 Material and mechanical part allowables

This document collects the mechanical allowables and other applicable
physical,thermalandmechanicalpropertiesoftheappliedstructuralmaterials
andmechanicalparts.

R.14 Mathematical model description and delivery

This document provides a detailed description of the structural mathematical
modelandoftheperformedqualitychecks.

R.15 Modal and dynamic response analysis

Thisdocumentprovidesadetaileddescriptionofthemethodsandresultsofthe
structure modal analysis and structure response under dynamic loads (e.g.
transient,sinusoidal,random).

R.16 Stress and strength analysis

This document provides a detailed description of methods and results of the
structureanalysisunderstaticor(quasi)staticloads.

R.17 Structure alignment budget

This document provides the alignment figures for the knowledge of the
alignmentperformancesstatusofthestructurewithintheprojectdevelopment.

R.18 Structure buckling

This document defines the buckling design allowables to be used in structure
verification, by providing a detailed description of structure buckling
phenomena.

R.19 Structure mass summary

This document provides the mass properties (mass, centre of gravity location
and inertia matrices) for each configuration that can be encountered for the
studiedstructure.

R.20 Test-analysis correlation

This document reports predictions, test results and applicable correlation
criteria. It also describes the updating activities and changes of the
mathematicalmodel,performedtoachievethecorrelationcriteria.

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R.21 Test evaluation

Thisdocumentpresentstheevaluationofaspecifiedstructuraltest(e.g.static,
sine, random, shock, acoustic, fatigue.). The test results are evaluated with
respecttothetestobjectivesandtherequirementstobeverified.

R.22 Test prediction

This document describes the expected structure response under specified test
environments or loads (e.g. static, sinusoidal, random, acoustic), in terms of
accelerations, displacements, interface forces, stresses and strains. The
definitionofthespecificparameterstobemonitoredduringthetestexecutionis
partofthisdocument.

R.23 Test procedure

(document controlled by ECSS-E-ST-10-03)
Thetestproceduredetailsthelogicofthetaskstobefollowedtoperformatest.

R.24 Test report

(document controlled by ECSS-E-ST-10-03)
The test report is a document which records the test data, an analysis of that
dataandtheverificationstatusresultingfromverificationactivitiesperformed
onanitem.

R.25 Test specification

(document controlled by ECSS-E-ST-10-03)
Thetestspecificationdetailsthetestrequirementsforaspecifictestactivity.

R.26 Verification plan

(document controlled by ECSS-E-ST-10-02)
The verification plan describes the approach, methods, procedures,
organization and resources to verify that a product conforms to the intended
objectives.

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Annex S (informative)
Effective mass definition

A flexible structure is idealized with N degrees of freedom (NDOFs). The

interfaceDOFsaredenotedby{qR}(Rset)andtheinternalDOFswith{qI}(Iset).
TheinterfaceDOFscandescribeproperlythesixmotionsasarigidbody.The
interfaceDOFsconstituteadeterminedinterface.
TheundampedlinearequationsofmotionoftheNDOFsdynamicsystemare

where
[M]= massmatrix;
[K]= stiffnessmatrix;

= accelerationvector;
{qI}= displacementvector;
[F]= externalforcevector.
Partitioning the equations of motion into the Rset and the Iset results in the
followingequations:

In case of a base excitation the dynamic responses of the structure are a
superposition of the rigid body motions with respect to the Rset and the
relativemotionsofIset,assuming {q R } = {q
&&R } = {0} ,hence

where
[R]= matrixofrigidbodymodes;
[E]= matrix of elastic modes with relative to the Rset (Rset DOFs are
constrained);
{}= vectorofRsetenforceddisplacements;
{}= vectorofgeneralizedcoordinates(Iset).
Thematrixofrigidbodymodesdenotedwith[R]canbeexpressedasfollows:

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If the Rset DOFs are constrained the following eigenvalue problem can be
achieved:

where

k2 = thektheigenvalue;

{R}= thektheigenvectorassociatedwith k .
2

Thematrixofelasticmodes[E]is:

Theequationofmotionscanbeexpressedin :

in which the matrix L the matrix of modal participation factors is called. The
matrixofmodalparticipationprovideacouplingbetweenthemotionasarigid
bodyandtheelasticmotions.
Themodalparticipationmatrixis[L]T=[R]T[M][E].
Introducingforthegeneralizedcoordinate kinadhocmannermodalviscous
damping,theequationsofmotioncanbewrittenasfollows:

Theequationofmotionasarigidbodycanbewritten:

AfteraFourierTransformationofthelasttwoequationsofmotionresultin:

The generalized coordinate is eliminated now and will be expressed in

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where

Finallyitisfound:

or
..

~ ^
[ ]
^
M
o

2
k k
H ( ) M k

{ ( )} = { f ( )}

~
M k istheexpressionforthemodaleffectivemass:

~ [Lk ] [Lk ]
T

M k = m
k

withthegeneralizedmass .

[M o ] = M k .
~
Itcanbeprovedthat
k
The six (6) interface DOFs constitute a determined interface. The generalized
modal interface (reaction) forces due to elastic vibration modes constrained at
thedeterminedinterfaceare:

or

~
Anotherexpressionforthemodaleffectivemassmatrix
M k becomes:

~ [Lk ] [Lk ] {Pk }{Pk }

T T

M k = m =
k4 mk

k

~
~
Oneelementinthe6x6matrix M k , M k ,ij ,becomes:

~ Pk ,i Pk , j
M k ,ij = , i, j = 1,2,...6
mk k4
A more detailed explanation can be found in J.T. Chen, H. K. Hong and
C.S.Yeh, Modal Reaction method for modal participation factors in support
motion problems, Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering,
Vol9,1995.

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Annex T (informative)
E-32 discipline documents delivery per review

Phase
DocumentTitle DRDRef.
0 AB C D E
MDR PRR SRR PDR CDR QR AR ORR FRR LRR CRR ELR
Computeraideddesignmodel
X X ECSSEST32,AnnexA
descriptionanddelivery

Designloads X X X X ECSSEST32,AnnexB

Dimensionalstabilityanalysis X X X ECSSEST32,AnnexC

Fatigueanalysis X X ECSSEST32,AnnexD

Fracturecontrolanalysis X X ECSSEST32,AnnexE

Fracturecontrolplan X X ECSSEST32,AnnexF

Fracturecontrolitemslists X X X ECSSEST32,AnnexG

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Phase
DocumentTitle DRDRef.
0 AB C D E
MDR PRR SRR PDR CDR QR AR ORR FRR LRR CRR ELR
Materialandmechanicalpart
X X ECSSEST32,AnnexH
allowables
Mathematicalmodeldescription
X X X ECSSEST32,AnnexI
anddelivery
Modalanddynamicresponse
X X X ECSSEST32,AnnexJ
analysis

Stressandstrengthanalysis X X X ECSSEST32,AnnexK

Structurealignmentbudget X X X ECSSEST32,AnnexL

Structurebuckling X X X ECSSEST32,AnnexM

Structuremasssummary X X X X ECSSEST32,AnnexN

Testanalysiscorrelation X X ECSSEST32,AnnexO

Testevaluation X X ECSSEST32,AnnexP

Testprediction X X ECSSEST32,AnnexQ

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Bibliography

ECSSSST00 ECSSsystemDescription,implementationand
generalrequirements
ECSSEST10 SpaceengineeringSystemengineeringgeneral
requirements
ECSSEST1002 SpaceengineeringVerification
ECSSEST1003 SpaceengineeringTesting
ECSSEST3203 SpaceengineeringStructuralfiniteelementmodels
ECSSEST3208 SpaceengineeringMaterials
ECSSEST3211 SpaceengineeringModalsurveyassessment
ECSSEHB3220 SpaceengineeringStructuralmaterialshandbook
ECSSEHB3221 SpaceengineeringAdhesivebondinghandbook
ECSSEHB3222 SpaceengineeringInsertdesignhandbook
ECSSEHB3223 SpaceengineeringThreadedfastenerguidelines
ECSSETM1020 SpaceengineeringProductdataexchange
ECSSETM1026 SpaceengineeringSTEPTAS,NRF,SPE
ECSSMST40 SpaceprojectmanagementConfigurationand
informationmanagement
ECSSQST70 SpaceproductassuranceMaterials,mechanicalparts
andprocesses

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