CHAP.

1: EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATE JAWS

- Serial homologous structures: vertebral jaw and the gill arches

- classical belief: first 2 arches jaw
pharyngeal structures walls arranged as an
interative series
- in sharks: paloquadrate, Meckels cartilage, hyomandibula
- behind the jaw: 5 paired pharyngeal cartilages sustain teeth (1-2
rows) and gills

OBS: the modern sharks have an eixterative set of extrabranchial

cartilages resembling lamprey branchial basket interative cartilages of
the lampreys branchial basket cannot have given rise to the inner
cartilages of the jaws and gill supports because both exist in modern
sharks

- de Beer: showed paired medial structures that were thought to

represent the mandibular and hyoid precursors of the cartilaginous
jaws (development of the vertebrate skull in the lamprey
- in jawed vertebrates, development of the jaw cartilages and the
hyoid precedes that of the pharyngeal arches
- the serial, medial pharyngeal cartilaginous skeleton in a secondary
evolutionary acquisition
- Galeaspida and Osteostraci are dead jawed-vertebrates more
closely related to extant jawed than the lamprey
- Long et all: because sclerotic bones appear in fossil species before
bones of the jaws and arepresentin both the jawless Osteostraci and
in extant jawed forms, they are potential candidates to develop
bone in the lower jaw

CHAP. 2: CLASSIC AND NOVEL THEORIES OF TOOTH EVOLUTION

CHAP. 3: MAJOR TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE VERTEBRATE BREATHING

MECHANISMS

CHAP. 4: EVOLTUION OF THE TURTLE BODY PLAN

CHAP. 5: ANATOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS AND RESPIRATORY INNOVATIONS

OF THE ARCHOSAUR TRUNK

CHAP. 9: RESPIRATORY TURBINATES AND THE EVOLUTION OF

ENDOTHERMY IN MAMMALS AND BIRDS

Respiratory turbinates = temporal counter current exchanger te reduce

heat and water loss in expired air (located in nasal cavity)
Called conchae in birds
 - their loss in some bird species show that they are not necessary in
avian endothermy (if heat and water savings can occur in the
trachea)
- originally, they might have had a role in brain cooling

- endothermy evolved independently:

facilitation of diurnal niche invasion (Crompton)
consequence of body miniaturization (McNab)
selection for greater aerobic capacity (Bennett and Ruben)
support of improved parental care(Farmer)
corollary of increased foraging and assimilation costs(Koteja)
enhancement of metabolic power (Clarke and Porter)

- it is wrong to associate change in posture with metabolic rate

- hair and feathers might have a role in sensitivity, requiring an

enlargement of the sensorimotor cortex in synapsids and archosaurus and
contributed to the increasing resting metabolic rate

- basal metabolic rates of endotherms is 6-10 times higher than the

standard metabolic rate of similarly sized ectotherms at equivalent body
temperature

- ectothermic amniotes (lepidosaurus, turtles, crocodilians) exhibit a

reversed breathing pattern: expiration precedes inspiration

- RT have been lost only in aquatic mammals (cetaceans), and reduced in

warm, humid climate living mammals (primates); lost in diving birds
(pelicaniform species)

- might depend on the trachea length (but maybe its length might be
related to vocalisation)

- heat conservation happens in the trachea too

- presence of preconcha in extant crocodilians suggests that turbinate-like

structures and exothermy are not mutually exclusive

- in extant mammals play a role in heat dissipation and selective brain

cooling during heat stress; in birds, the nose plays a small role; more
important is the heat lost through the eyes

- endothermy develops in neonatal mammals with age and growth

(Frappell)

- the drop in atmospheric level of oxygen at the end of the Triassic would
have resulted in elevated ventilation rates

CHAP. 10: ORIGIN OG THE MAMMALIAN SHOULDER