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LECTURE-1
OBJECTIVE:
We shall discuss functions of two or more variables which are useful in many
ways,particularly for evaluation of extream values of functions and for evaluation
of surface and volume integrals. It will turn out that homogeneous function have a
special character demonstrated by Euler’s theorem and its corollaries.Since most
variables that we need to know depends not on one but severel variables in physical
and social problems,the study of functions of severel variables is amust.
INTRODUCTION:
means that for x close enough to c, the difference between f(x) and L is "small". Very
similar definitions exist for functions of two or more variables; however, as you can
imagine, if we have a function of two or more independent variables, some complications
can arise in the computation and interpretation of limits. Once we have a notion of limits
of functions of two variables we can discuss concepts such as continuity and derivatives.
LIMIT
1. Double limit
The following definition and results can be easily generalized to functions of more than
two variables. Let f be a function of two variables that is defined in some circular region
around (x_0,y_0). The limit of f as x approaches (x_0,y_0) equals L if and only if for
every epsilon>0 there exists a delta>0 such that f satisfies
when the limit exists. The usual properties of limits hold for functions of two variables: If
the following hypotheses hold:
• Linearity 1:
• Linearity 2:
• Products of functions:
• Quotients of functions:
(provided L is non-zero)
The linearity and product results can of course be generalized to any finite number of
functions:
• The limit of a sum of functions is the sum of the limits of the functions.
• The limit of a product of functions is the product of the limits of the functions. It
is important to remember that the limit of each individual function must exist
before any of these results can be applied.
2. Repeated limit A limit of a function of several variables in which the passage to the
limit is performed successively in the different variables. Let, for example, a function of
two variables and be defined on a set of the form , , , and
let and be limit points of the sets and , respectively, or the symbol (if or
, and, respectively, may be infinities with signs: , ). If for any fixed
the
limit
of the function at the point . Similarly one defines the repeated limit
exists, and if for any fixed the finite limit (1) exists, then the repeated limit (2) also
exists, and it is equal to the double limit (4).
If for each the finite limit (1) exists, for each the finite limit
exists, and for the function tends to a limit function uniformly in
, then both the repeated limits (2) and (3) exist and are equal to one another.
Continuity
1. f(x0,y0) is defined
2. exists
3.
Continuous functions of two variables satisfy all of the usual properties familiar from
single variable calculus:
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
1.Prove that both the repeated limits exist but double limit does not exit for the function
xy xy
f ( x, y ) = , x 2 + y 2 ≠ (0, 0) f ( x, y ) = , x 2 + y 2 ≠ (0, 0) and
xy + x − y xy + x − y
f ( x, y ) = 0, x 2 + y 2 = 0 .
x3 + y3 x3
Solution: Here lim lim = lim(
x →0 ) = lim x 2 = 0 . Also
x → 0 y →0 x − y x x→0
{
lim lim f ( x, y ) = lim
y →0 x → 0
} 0
y →0 0 − y
=0
0
Then lim f ( x, y ) = lim f ( x, 0) = lim =0
( x , y ) →(0,0) x →0 x →0 x
x2
Let (x,y) → (0,0) along y=x Then lim f ( x, y ) = lim = 1[Q x → 0 ⇒ x ≠ 0]
( x , y ) →(0,0) x →0 x2
Thus for two different modes of approach of (x,y) → (0,0) the limits are different and
hence the double limit, lim f ( x, y ) does not exist.
( x , y ) →(0,0)
x3 + y3
f ( x, y ) = ,x = y
2. For the function x− y show whether the repeated limits and the
f ( x, y ) = 0, x ≠ y
double limit exist and are equal.Examine whether the function continuous
at(0,0) or not.
x3 + y3 x3
Solution: lim lim
x→0 y →0 x − y
= lim(
x →0 x
) = lim x 2 = 0 ( x → 0 ⇒ x ≠ 0 x → 0 ⇒ x ≠ 0 )
x→0
2
+ y2 )
f ( x , f ( x, y ) y ) = e − ( x
x 2 − xy
f ( x, y ) = , ( x, y ) ≠ (0, 0) Also,
x− y
f ( x, y ) = 0, ( x, y ) = (0, 0)
x3 + y3 y3
lim lim = lim(
y →0 ) = lim( − y 2 ) = 0 [Q y → 0 ⇒ y ≠ 0]
y →0 x → 0 x − y − y y →0
∴ Both the repeated limits exist and are equal.
Now the double of f(x,y) as (x,y) → (0,0) will exist if (x,y) → (0,0) along any path . Let
(x,y) → (0,0) along the path x-y = mx3
x
1. lim =
( x , y ) →(0,0) y
x2 + y2
log( )
x+ y x2 − y2
2. lim =
∂u ∂u ( x , y ) →(0,0) x 2 + y 2
+y
∂x ∂y
1
a) 0 b)1 c) d) none of these
2
ASSIGNMENT:
x2 y 4
Show that lim does not exist.
( x , y ) →(0,0) ( x 2 + y 4 )2
x 3 + y3
f ( x, y ) = 2 , ( x, y ) = (0, 0)
For the function x + y2 show that both the repeated limits as
f ( x, y ) = 0, ( x, y ) ≠ (0, 0)
well as double limit exist at (0,0) and all equal to 0.
Show whether the following functions are continuous or not at the point (0,0)
x 2 − xy
f ( x, y ) = , ( x, y ) ≠ (0, 0)
x− y
2
+ y2 )
i. f ( x, y ) = e − ( x ii.
f ( x, y ) = 0, ( x, y ) = (0, 0)
LECTURE 2
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE
Let f(x,y) be a function with two variables. If we keep y constant and differentiate f
(assuming f is differentiable) with respect to the variable x, we obtain what is called the
partial derivative of f with respect to x which is denoted by
∂f
or fx
∂x
∂f
or fy
∂y
f(x + h , y) - f(x , y)
∂f lim
= h
∂x h→0
We now present several examples with detailed solution on how to calculate partial
derivatives.
Solution to Example 1:
∂f ∂
fy = = [ x2 y + 2x + y ]
∂y ∂y
∂ ∂ ∂
= [ x2 y] + [ 2 x ] + [ y ] = [ x2 ] + [ 0 ] + [ 1 ] = x2 + 1
∂y ∂y ∂y
Solution to Example 2:
∂f ∂
fx = = [ sin(x y) + cos x ] = y cos(x y) - sin x
∂x ∂x
∂f ∂
fy = = [ sin(x y) + cos x ] = x cos(x y)
∂y ∂y
f(x , y) = x ex y
Solution to Example 3:
Differentiate with respect to x assuming y is constant
∂f ∂
fx = = [ x ex y ] = ex y + x y ex y = (x y + 1)ex y
∂x ∂x
∂f ∂
fy = = [ x ex y ] = (x) (x ex y) = x2 ex y
∂y ∂y
Example 4: Find fx and fy if f(x , y) is given by
f(x , y) = ln ( x2 + 2 y)
Solution to Example 4:
Differentiate with respect to x to obtain
∂f ∂ 2x
fx = = [ ln ( x2 + 2 y) ] = 2
∂x ∂x x +2y
∂f ∂ 2
fy = = [ ln ( x2 + 2 y) ] = 2
∂y ∂y x +2y
f(x , y) = y x2 + 2 y
Solution to Example 5:
fx(x,y) = 2x y
fy(x,y) = x2 + 2
We now calculate fx(2 , 3) and fy(2 , 3) by substituting x and y by their given values
fx(2,3) = 2 (2)(3) = 12
fy(2,3) = 22 + 2 = 6
T O TA L D I F F E R E N T I A L
In this topic we motivate the definition of total differential for a function of two variables.
First we recall the derivative and its meaning as the limit of the difference quotient; and
then we explain the linear approximation formula for a function of one variable. Then
the total differential is explained and an example is studied in detail by asking the
question: by comparing the values of the total differential and the absolute change for a
given two variable function, which is easier to work with?
.
We will use the total differential to do the same for functions of two or more variables.
The differentials and are independent variables; that is, they can be given any
values. Then the differential , also called the total differential, is defined by
Solution. By definition,
Putting , , , and , we get
The increment of z is
x3 + y3
1. u ( x, y ) = then xux+yuy =
x+ y
1 5 5 1
a) b) c) u d) u
2 2 2 2
1
a) b)1 c) 0 d) none of these
2
ASSIGNMENT:
∂u ∂u
2 If u=xf(y/x)+g(y/x) ,then show that x +y =xf(y/x)
∂x ∂y
−1 x2 + y2 ∂u ∂u
3.If u= sin ( ), prove that x +y =tanu.
x+ y ∂x ∂y
x2 + y2 ∂f ∂f
4 If f = log( ) ,show that x + y =1
x+ y ∂x ∂y