BFC21103 Hydraulics

Assignment No. 4

Q1. A river 6 m wide conveys flow at normal depth 2.0 m along a slope of 0.0002 and n =
0.035, upstream of a water fall. The water falls to a depth of 1.9 m. Taking N = 3 steps/
section, determine:

i. type of flow profile

ii. length of gradually-varied flow profile produced based on the method of

numerical integration, and

iii. flow profile sketch

Given:
B = 6 m, yo = 2 m, So = 0.0002, n = 0.035, y = 2 m to 1.9 m, N = 3 steps/ section

i. Flow area A = By = 6 2 = 12 m2
Wetted perimeter P = B + 2 y = 6 + 2(2 ) = 10 m (1)

Discharge per unit width for a rectangular section,

2 1
1
q = y o R 3 S o2
n
2
1
1 12 3
q= 2 0.0002 2
0.035 10
q = 0.9126 m3/s/m (1)

1
q2 3
Critical flow depth y c =

g
1
0.9126 2 3
y c =

9.81
y c = 0.4395 m (1)

yo = 2 m > yc = 0.4395 m M profile

yo = 2 m > y = 2 m to 1.9 m > yc = 0.4395 m M2 profile (1)

M2 profile

yo
y = 2 m ~ 1.9 m
yc

Mild slope
 ii. length of gradually-varied flow profile produced based on the method of
numerical integration

For rectangular channel, horizontal distance dx for incremental dy is

y 3
1 c
dy y ave
dx =
So K 2
1 K
o

ave

Uniform incremental of water depth over N steps

y y min
dy = max
N
2 1.9
dy =
3
dy = 0.0333 m (1)

Given yo = 2 m, A = By o = 6 2 = 12 m2, P = B + 2 y o = 6 + 2(2) = 10 m

2
1
Conveyance K o = AR 3
n
2
1 12 3
Ko = 12
0.035 10
K o = 387.169 (1)

Calculation for length of gradually-varied flow profile

yc
3

1
dy y
ave

y 2 + y1 Byave B + 2y ave Aave 2 So K 2
1 1
o
3
Aave Rave
2 Pave n K ave

3 2
y yave Aave Pave Rave Kave y K dx
1 c 1 o
(m) (m) (m2) (m) (m) (m3/s) (m)
y ave K ave
1.9 1.933 1.917 11.5 9.833 1.169 364.721 0.9879 0.1269 1297.7
1.933 1.967 1.950 11.7 9.900 1.182 373.667 0.9886 0.0736 2239.4
1.967 2.0 1.983 11.9 9.967 1.194 382.658 0.9891 0.0237 6950.2
Length of profile L = dx 10487.3

(9)
 iii. profile sketch

M2 profile

yo = 2.0 m
y = 1.967 m
yc y = 1.933 m y = 1.9 m

Mild slope
6950.2 m
2239.4 m 1297.7 m

L = 10487.3 m

(2)

Gradually-varied flow water depth changes gradually over a long distance.

Examples of gradually-varied flow M2 profile in real-life situations (for steady flow

conditions):

Upstream of waterfalls

Upstream of a drop Flow over road kerb or into road gutter

 If N = 5 steps, then

y
3

1 c
dy y
ave

y 2 + y1 Byave B + 2y ave Aave 2 So K 2
1 1
o
3
2 Pave Aave Rave K
n ave

3 2
y yave Aave Pave Rave Kave y K dx
1 c 1 o
(m) (m) (m2) (m) (m) (m3/s) (m)
y ave K ave
1.9 1.92 1.91 11.46 9.82 1.167 362.938 0.9878 0.1380 715.88
1.92 1.94 1.93 11.58 9.86 1.174 368.294 0.9882 0.1051 940.01
1.94 1.96 1.95 11.70 9.90 1.182 373.667 0.9886 0.0736 1343.64
1.96 1.96 1.97 11.82 9.94 1.189 379.056 0.9889 0.0433 2285.70
1.98 2.0 1.99 11.94 9.98 1.196 384.461 0.9892 0.0141 6996.87
Length of profile L = dx 12282.10

(9)
Q2. A river of width 6 m conveys water at normal depth 2.0 m along a slope of 0.0002 and n
= 0.035, upstream of a water fall. The water falls to a depth of 1.9 m. Using direct step
method with N = 5 steps/ section, determine:

i. type of flow profile

ii. length of gradually-varied flow profile produced, and

iii. profile sketch

Given:
B = 6 m, yo = 2 m, So = 0.0002, n = 0.035, y = 2 m to 1.9 m, N = 5 steps/ section

i. Flow area A = By = 6 2 = 12 m2
Wetted perimeter P = B + 2 y = 6 + 2(2 ) = 10 m (1)

Discharge per unit width for a rectangular section,

2 1
1
q = y o R 3 S o2
n
2
1
1 12 3
q= 2 0.0002 2
0.035 10
q = 0.9126 m3/s/m (1)
1
q2 3
Critical flow depth y c =

g
1
0.9126 2 3
y c =

9.81
y c = 0.4395 m (1)

yo = 2 m > yc = 0.4395 m M profile

yo = 2 m > y = 2 m to 1.9 m > yc = 0.4395 m M2 profile (1)

ii. length of gradually-varied flow profile produced

According to direct step method, horizontal distance dx for incremental dy is

E E1
dx = 2
So i
or
V2 V2
y 2 + 2 y1 + 1
2 g 2 g
dx =
S o S ave

n 2V 2
where S= 4

R3
 Uniform incremental of water depth over N steps
y y min
dy = max
5
2 1.9
dy =
5
dy = 0.02 m (1)

A q V2 V2 V2 n 2V 2 S2 + S1 V2 V2
By B+2y y+ y 2 + 2 y1 + 1 y 2 + 2 y1 + 1
P y 2g 2g 2 g 4 2 2 g 2 g
R 3
S o S ave

2
y A P R V V E E
dx
2g (= E2 E1) S Savg So Savg
(m)
(m) (m2) (m) (m) (m/s) (m) (m) (m)
2.00 12.00 10.00 1.2000 0.4563 0.0106 2.0106 0.00020

1.98 11.88 9.96 1.1928 0.4609 0.0108 1.9908 0.0198 0.00021 0.00020 0.000003 6928.03

1.96 11.76 9.92 1.1855 0.4656 0.0110 1.9710 0.0198 0.00021 0.00021 0.000009 2277.92

1.94 11.64 9.88 1.1781 0.4704 0.0113 1.9513 0.0198 0.00022 0.00021 0.000015 1340.80

1.92 11.52 9.84 1.1707 0.4753 0.0115 1.9315 0.0198 0.00022 0.00022 0.000021 938.55

1.90 11.40 9.80 1.1633 0.4803 0.0118 1.9118 0.0198 0.00023 0.00023 0.000028 714.98

Length of profile L = dx 12200.29

(9)
 M2 profile

iii. profile sketch

2.00 m

1.98 m

1.96 m

1.94 m

1.92 m
yc

1.9 m
Mild slope
6928.0 m
2277.9 1340.8 938.6 715.0

L = 12200.3 m
(2)

If N = 3 steps:
A q V2 V2 V2 n 2V 2 S2 + S1 V2 V2
By B+2y y+ y 2 + 2 y1 + 1 y 2 + 2 y1 + 1
P y 2g 2 g 2 g 4 2 2 g 2 g
R3
S o S ave

2
y A P R V V E E
dx
2g (= E2 E1) S Savg So Savg
(m)
(m) (m2) (m) (m) (m/s) (m) (m) (m)
2.000 12.0 10.000 1.2000 0.4563 0.0106 2.0106 0.00020

1.967 11.8 9.933 1.1879 0.4640 0.0110 1.9776 0.0330 0.00021 0.00020 0.000005 6835.81

1.933 11.6 9.867 1.1757 0.4720 0.0114 1.9447 0.0330 0.00022 0.00021 0.000015 2226.32

1.900 11.4 9.800 1.1633 0.4803 0.0118 1.9118 0.0329 0.00023 0.00023 0.000025 1292.90

Length of profile L = dx 10355.03